海带病烂发生过程中的生理生化变化研究--Ⅰ. 糖、蛋白、总抗氧化能力、SOD的变化

为了研究海带自然病烂过程中生理、生化变化,在实验生态条件下,人工促使海带病烂,每隔3d取样,对幼苗可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、总抗氧化能力、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)活性的变化进行连续检测.结果表明,在海带幼苗由健康到病烂的过程中,可溶性糖含量表现为逐渐下降的趋势;可溶性蛋白含量先升高后逐渐下降;总抗氧化能力和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性呈现出先升高后降低的变化规律.     

海带病烂发生过程中的生理生化变化研究——I．糖、蛋白、总抗氧化能力、SOD的变化

为了研究海带自然病烂过程中生理、生化变化，在实验生态条件下，人工促使海带病烂，每隔3d取样，对幼苗可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、总抗氧化能力、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase，SOD)活性的变化进行连续检测。结果表明，在海带幼苗由健康到病烂的过程中，可溶性糖含量表现为逐渐下降的趋势；可溶性蛋白含量先升高后逐渐下降；总抗氧化能力和超氧化物歧化(SOD)的活性呈现出先升高后降低的变化规律。     

海带褐藻多酚对绿烂海带表面分离的一株细菌的抑菌效果研究

海带苗绿烂病暴发严重威胁海带养殖生产,给海带养殖业造成巨大经济损失.研究发现,海带中的多酚化合物可以抵御海带病害初期病原体侵入.为研究多酚对绿烂海带表面附生菌的抑菌效果,在病烂部位分离出一株细菌,通过16s rRNA基因测序的方法,证实该细菌为小孔芽孢杆菌(Bacillus foraminis).进一步以健康海带为原料...     

海带病烂发生过程中的生理生化变化研究(Ⅱ)--PAL,PPO和多酚的变化

为进一步研究海带自然病烂过程中生理生化的变化,引入了高等植物抗病研究中常用的3个指标：苯丙氨酸转氨酶(phenylalanina ammonia—lyse,PAL)、多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)和多酚。在实验生态条件下,对三者在海带病烂过程中的变化进行了研究,结果表明,在海带幼苗由健康到病烂的过程中,海带PAL活性总体表现为下降趋势;PPO活性先升高后降低;多酚含量为下降趋势。经相关性分析,PAL与多酚相关性不显著,而PPO与多酚显著负相关(r=-0．619,p=0．014)。结合前期工作认为,SOD和PPO的联合表现可作为指示海带病烂发生的生物学指标。     

褐藻酸降解菌引起海带病烂的组织学研究

多年来 ,科技工作者为解决海带 (Ｌａｍｉｎａｒｉａｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ)病烂［１］问题作了大量的工作,从中不难看出 ,海带的病烂是由多方面引起的 ,致病的原因也非常复杂 ,其中微生物作用是不可忽视的重要因素之一。陈等１９８１ ,１９８４年通过一系列研究表明 ,褐藻酸降解菌是海带藻体上的主要附生细菌 ,而且在特定条件下参与海带的腐烂过程 ,导致烂苗或掉苗。本实验用褐藻酸降解菌对正常海带进行人为感染 ,通过组织显微切片观察 ,比较感染海带各组织内细胞结构的变化 ,以及感染菌存在的位置、菌量的多少等 ,褐藻酸降解菌对海带组织的…     

褐藻酸降解菌在海带(Laminaria japonica)幼苗藻体表面数量分布特点及其对海带回染的初步研究

在威海泊于、崮山及荣成 3家海带育苗场 ,采用回染实验方法对采集的海带藻体表面褐藻酸降解菌数量分布及特点进行了初步研究。结果表明 ,采自荣成的病烂海带幼苗上 ,其总异养细菌数量 ( 1 2 2× 1 0 8cfu/g)比威海两家育苗场的正常海带幼苗上总异养细菌数量 (崮山 :1 1 5× 1 0 6cfu/g及泊于 :1 1 1× 1 0 6cfu/g)高 1 0 0多倍 ,其褐藻酸降解菌的数量 ( 4 88× 1 0 7cfu/g)比后两家 (崮山 :8 0× 1 0 4 cfu/g及泊于 :4 3× 1 0 5cfu/g)的高 1 0 0— 5 0 0倍。与正常海带幼苗相比 ,烂苗脱落后的总异养细菌数量较高 ( 2 42× 1 0 7∶1 1 1× 1 0 6) ,而褐藻酸降解菌的数量相对更高 ( 1 5 0× 1 0 7∶4 3× 1 0 5) ;其中 ,脱落烂苗上的褐藻酸降解菌数量约占其总异养细菌数量的61 98%。将分离、纯化的部分褐藻酸降解菌对海带孢子体组织块进行回染实验 ,能引起海带组织产生绿烂现象 ,证明褐藻酸降解菌是海带烂苗的条件致病菌。     

褐藻酸降解菌在海带绿烂病发生中的作用

从海带幼苗上病烂明显处分离得到 2 3株褐藻酸降解菌 ,并对其菌落形态、细胞形态及革兰氏染色反应等进行了观察。通过对褐藻酸钠的降解实验 ,筛选出 4株具较高降解能力的菌株。感染实验表明 ,分离到的褐藻酸降解菌为海带幼苗病烂的主要病原菌。     

环境因子对褐藻酸降解菌引起海带病烂影响研究

海带在育苗和养殖过程中常有病烂发生,造成很大经济损失.病烂出现时通常伴生有褐藻酸降解菌的大量繁殖.将接种褐藻酸降解菌而引起病烂的海带切片、镜检,观察到细菌开始侵入海带表面的分生组织,然后进入外皮层、内皮层和髓部.还观察到在细胞间隙有大量细菌存在,许多藻细胞游离,部分游离细胞的细胞壁破损,因而导致组织崩溃、变软.褐藻酸降解菌是海带藻体上的主要附生细菌,在正常情况下并不造成危害.试验表明,在藻体表面损伤、过于密植、水温较高等不利条件下,藻体抗病能力下降,褐藻酸降解菌有机会大量增殖,病烂也就发生.因此,由于多种原因引起的育苗系统生态环境不良,是诱发病烂的主要原因.     

褐藻酸降解菌的研究 Ⅱ.海带夏苗培育中褐藻酸降解菌与烂苗的关系

海带人工育苗是发展我国海带养殖事业的一个重要环节。在人工培育海带幼苗过程中,时常出现烂苗或掉苗现象。多年来,这个问题在南方或北方都存在,严重时甚至可以使整个育苗工作陷入困境,给育苗和供苗工作带来严重威胁。过去,有关育苗单位力图从管理措施上严加控制。但由于对烂苗或掉苗的基本原因缺乏认识,工作难免盲目,预防效果也极不显著,至今尚未获得妥善解决办法。烂苗或掉苗现象,是一个复杂的问题。但     

几种抗生素对褐藻酸降解菌No．20菌株的抑菌作用及其对海带育苗防病应用的初步研究

多年来，在海带人工育苗过程中时常出现烂苗或掉苗现象，给海带育苗和供苗工作造成严重威胁。引起海带幼苗脱落和腐烂的原因是多方面的，但是微生物的作用是重要的因素之一，褐藻酸降解细菌是海带的重要致病因子。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,