中尺度模式中的三维变量配置

由于中尺度模式中采用不同的三维变量配置,必将产生不同的预报和模拟效果.怎样的三维变量分布,才能产生最佳的模拟效果呢?一直没有人从事这方面的研究.为此,在线性非静力滞弹性方程组的基础上,从频率、水平群速和垂直群速方面将中尺度模式中常见的四种三维网格的计算频散性与解析解的情况进行了对比,主要采用图示比较的方法.结果表明:总的来看三维网格C/CP计算频散性能最好,Z/LZ和Z/LY网格次之,C/L网格最差.因此设计非静力斜压模式时,应尽量采用C/CP网格.但C/CP网格对水平波长较短的波,误差相对要大些.如果模拟的波动水平尺度较小时,为减少误差,水平格距要减小.另外C/CP网格主要用在有限差分模式中;要考虑谱模式中的变量配置时,应把C/CP网格和Z/LZ网格或Z/LY网格结合起来使用.     

几种垂直跳点网格计算频散性的比较研究

为证明两种新的垂直跳点网格--LZ网格和LY网格的有效性,从频率、群速和出现错误群速的垂直尺度范围等方面与现有的几种垂直跳点网格和时间--垂直跳点网格进行了比较.结果表明:LZ网格计算频散性与目前使用的最广泛的并且计算频散性也是最佳的CP网格相当,而LY网格次之,从而为模式设计者选取垂直网格提供了又一种选择.     

静力模式中水平分辨率与垂直分辨率的协调性问题

本文将线性斜压适应方程组在最优三维网格C/CP下进行离散,讨论了不同的水平和垂直格距大小对解析解模拟的影响。结果表明:垂直格距为1 km量级时,水平格距应为100km量级;垂直格距为100 m量级时,水平格距应为10 km量级较好。     

非静力滞弹性模式中水平分辨率与垂直分辨率的协调性初探

为了理论上研究非静力滞弹性模式中水平分辨率与垂直分辨率之间的搭配问题，以线性斜压滞弹性方程组为出发方程，导出解析的频散方程、水平群速方程和垂直群速方程，同时在最优三维网格C／CP下进行离散，也导出频散方程、水平群速方程和垂直群速方程，然后用图示的方法，比较了在不同的水平和垂直格距下模拟解析解所产生的误差。结果表明：当垂直格距和水平格距相当时，在C／CP网格上对惯性重力波的频率、水平群速和垂直群速都能较好地模拟，产生的相对误差均在5％以下。     

三维变量配置对惯性重力波频散性模拟的影响

在线性斜压原始方程组的基础上，从频率和群速方面讨论了由水平网格 (C、Z网格) 和垂直网格 (L、CP、LZ、LY网格) 组合而成的几种三维网格 (C/L、C/CP、Z/LZ、Z/LY) 的计算频散性并分析了各种网格出现偏差的原因，结果表明三维网格C/CP (水平网格为C网格垂直网格为Charney-Phillips网格) 与Z/LZ（水平网格为Z网格垂直网格为LZ网格）计算频散性能较好。从而为原始方程大气模式选取三维网格提供指导。     

非静力模式中几种垂直网格计算特性的对比研究

从非静力滞弹性方程组出发，将惯性重力波的水平波长分几百公里、几十公里和几公里三种情况，从频率、群速和各速的垂直尺度范围等方面对现有的几种垂直网格进行比较讨论。结果表明：在非静力模式中，CP网格和LZ网格适合于各种不同水平尺度惯性重力波的模拟；L网格和LY网格适合于水平尺度为几十公里以上的惯性重力波的模拟；LTS网格和CPTS网格比较适合于水平尺度的几十公里以下的惯性重力波的模拟。     

适用于GRAPES模式C-P边界层方案的设计和实现

基于K廓线闭合方案,通过考虑不稳定边界层和稳定边界层中热量交换系数在半层上求取及下边界条件的设置,将温湿倾向在整层上直接计算,设计了Charney-Phillips跳点（简称C-P跳点）的边界层方案,使之与GRAPES全球模式的C-P跳点相协调,解决了Lorenz跳点物理过程与C-P跳点动力框架耦合时插值造成的不协调问题,同时避免了耦合时反复插值造成的误差,提高了边界层物理过程参数化方案及其反馈的准确性和合理性。试验表明:C-P跳点边界层方案因为避免了温度和湿度在垂直方向上的插值,消除了温湿变量在垂直方向上的锯齿状抖动,使温湿廓线分布更合理,减小了模式预报误差,形势场的预报效果也得到一定改善。C-P边界层方案的应用提升了GRAPES全球模式的总体预报性能。     

宁夏农业气候资源要素场模拟

根据气候要素影响因素 ,采用小网格点 (格距 1 1× 1 1km)对主要农业气象要素进行展开。给出了宁夏各网格点上的农业气候资料基本状况。从模拟结果看 ,除日照时数在冬季效果相对较差外 ,其它模拟结果均比较理想。气温的日最大误差为 0 9℃ ,降水量绝对误差只有7 6mm ,日照时数旬最大误差为 3 9h。     

基于国家气象观测站逐日降水格点数据的交叉检验误差分析

利用2006-2008年2 403个国家气象观测站地面雨量计的逐日降水量资料,采用与网格点最近的观测站有、无降水确定该网格点有、无降水和Barnes插值方案确定网格点降水大小的混合插值方案,得到全国空间分辨率为0.1°×0.1°（约10km×10km）的逐日降水量格点数据,在此基础上通过交叉检验方法统计格点数据的误差,...     

“雅安天漏”研究 II. 数值预报试验

本文建立了一个用于研究“雅安天漏”的有限区域数值预报模式，并用该模式对10个“雅安天漏”个例进行了数值预报试验，取得了较满意的结果。该模式动力框架的主要特点是: (1) 模式的基本方程组便于构造出完全能量守恒的差分格式；(2)采用了静力扣除；(3)模式的垂直坐标选用了η坐标；(4)选用E网格作为变量的水平分布形式；(5)位势高度与其他预报量在垂直方向交错分布；(6)对E网格的波解分离问题采取了特殊的处理技巧；(7) 首次采用“半格距”差分解决了矩形E网格及球坐标E网格沿对角线的差分计算；(8)采用显示分解的时间积分方案；(9)尽量保留初始场信息。模式的物理过程主要包括: (1)大尺度凝结降水；(2)对流调整及对流降水；(3)水平扩散和垂直通量输送；(4)地面辐射收支和边界层参数化。试报降水的主要降水中心及降水范围与观测分析比较相似。大于10 mm和２５ mm降水的TS平均评分分别为0.41和0.32。     

Modeling Arctic Boundary Layer Cloud Streets at Grey-zone Resolutions

To better understand how model resolution affects the formation of Arctic boundary layer clouds,we investigated the influence of grid spacing on simulating cloud streets that occurred near Utqiaġvik(formerly Barrow),Alaska,on 2 May 2013 and were observed by MODIS(the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer).The Weather Research and Forecasting model was used to simulate the clouds using nested domains with increasingly fine resolution ranging from a horizontal grid spacing of 27 km in the boundary-layer-parameterized mesoscale domain to a grid spacing of 0.111 km in the large-eddy-permitting domain.We investigated the model-simulated mesoscale environment,horizontal and vertical cloud structures,boundary layer stability,and cloud properties,all of which were subsequently used to interpret the observed roll-cloud case.Increasing model resolution led to a transition from a more buoyant boundary layer to a more shear-driven turbulent boundary layer.The clouds were stratiform-like in the mesoscale domain,but as the model resolution increased,roll-like structures,aligned along the wind field,appeared with ever smaller wavelengths.A stronger vertical water vapor gradient occurred above the cloud layers with decreasing grid spacing.With fixed model grid spacing at 0.333 km,changing the model configuration from a boundary layer parameterization to a large-eddy-permitting scheme produced a more shear-driven and less unstable environment,a stronger vertical water vapor gradient below the cloud layers,and the wavelengths of the rolls decreased slightly.In this study,only the large-eddy-permitting simulation with gird spacing of 0.111 km was sufficient to model the observed roll clouds.     

三维静力适应过程中声重力波的特性和能量转换研究

为了研究三维静力适应过程的机理,推导三维静力适应方程组并导出声重力波的频散特征、解析解和能量转换关系以及位涡方程。结果表明,三维静力适应过程实际上就是三维声重力波和重力内波的频散过程,声重力波和重力内波的频率在水平方向上可以区分开来。声重力波的频率随着水平波数和垂直波数的增大而增大。取近轴近似,其解析解在空间上呈螺旋曲面,为大气中热通量和动量从一个区域向另一个区域的输送提供了一种机制,从而为研究大气提供了新的视角。垂直速度在动能与有效势能的转换、有效势能与有效弹性势能的转换中发挥着重要的作用,并且只发生在垂直方向上。在静力适应过程中总能量和位涡是守恒的。适应终态中有效势能比有效弹性势能大一个数量级。      

Proof of the monotonicity of grid size and its application in grid-size selection for mesoscale models

Terrain characteristics can be accurately represented in spectrum space. Terrain spectra can quantitatively reflect the effect of topographic dynamic forcing on the atmosphere. In wavelength space, topographic spectral energy decreases with decreasing wavelength, in spite of several departures. This relationship is approximated by an exponential function. A power law relationship between the terrain height spectra and wavelength is fitted by the least-squares method, and the fitting slope is associated with grid-size selection for mesoscale models. The monotonicity of grid size is investigated, and it is strictly proved that grid size increases with increasing fitting exponent, indicating that the universal grid size is determined by the minimum fitting exponent. An example of landslide-prone areas in western Sichuan is given, and the universal grid spacing of 4.1 km is shown to be a requirement to resolve 90% of terrain height variance for mesoscale models, without resorting to the parameterization of subgrid-scale terrain variance. Comparison among results of different simulations shows that the simulations estimate the observed precipitation well when using a resolution of 4.1 km or finer. Although the main flow patterns are similar, finer grids produce more complex patterns that show divergence zones, convergence zones and vortices.Horizontal grid size significantly affects the vertical structure of the convective boundary layer. Stronger vertical wind components are simulated for finer grid resolutions. In particular, noticeable sinking airflows over mountains are captured for those model configurations.     

A Prediction System for Local Wind Variations in Mountainous Terrain

A three-level model system for the prediction of local flows in mountainous terrain is described. The system is based upon an operational weather prediction model with a horizontal grid spacing of about 10 km. The large-scale flow is transformed to a more detailed terrain, first by a mesoscale model with grid spacing of about 1 km, and then by a local-scale model with a grid spacing of about 0.2 km. The weather prediction model is hydrostatic, while the two other models are non-hydrostatic. As a case study the model system has been applied to estimate wind and turbulence over Várnes airport, Norway, where data on turbulent flight conditions were provided near the runway. The actual case was chosen due to previous experiences, which indicate that south-easterly winds may cause severe turbulence in a region close to the airport. Local terrain induced turbulence seems to be the main reason for these effects. The predicted local flow in the actual region is characterized by narrow secondary vortices along the flow, and large turbulent intensity associated with these vortices. A similar pattern is indicated by the sparse observations, although there seems to be a difference in mean wind direction between data and predictions. Due to fairly coarse data for sea surface temperature, errors could be induced in the turbulence damping via the Richardson number. An adjustment for this data problem improved the predictions.     

A cold air lake formation in a basin — a simulation with a mesoscale numerical model

Summary A formation of a cold air lake in a basin is studied with a mesometeorological model.A dynamic Boussinesq hydrostatic mesoscale numerical model is developed in a staggered orthogonal grid with a horizontal resolution of 1 km and with a varying vertical grid. The topography is presented in a block shape so that computation levels are horizontal.The mesometeorological model is tested in three idealized topography cases (a valley, a single mountain, a basin) and test results are discussed.In an alpine basin surrounded by mountains and plateaus the air is supposed to be stagnant at the beginning of the night. Due to differences in radiation cooling an inversion layer is formed in the basin and local wind circulation is studied by model simulations.With 14 Figures     

A Multiple-Cell Flat-Level Model for Atmospheric Tracer Dispersion over Complex Terrain

A multiple-cell flat-level tracer dispersion model is developed for atmospheric pollution study. The horizontal domain may be constructed with multiple-sized cells for varied resolution. The sequence of cells is arbitrary, as in unstructured grids, as long as no holes are left in the horizontal domain, which may be tailored in shape according to local orography. The vertical levels are truly flat and the level spacing may vary from level to level. The surface orography is included by removing cells from the bottom of the three-dimensional cell block. The arrangement of wind velocity and tracer concentration is similar to the Arakawa C grid. Advection and horizontal diffusion are formulated on each cell face, using tracer concentrations in the two cells that share the cell face. Pointer-orientated numerical loops are used to facilitate the arbitrary horizontal cell arrangement and orographic variation of vertical levels. A second-order upstream upper limiter advection scheme is developed for this model and numerically tested to be positive-definite and mass conserving. Vertical diffusion is solved with an implicit scheme and simplified vertical diffusivity, which is parameterised as a function of the mixing layer depth. The model is fast, compact, easy to implement and highly portable. It is suitable for studies ofmesoscale and small-scale atmospheric tracer dispersion over complex terrain, including steep slopes. The model is used to simulate traffic pollution in London, UK, and is compared with available observations.