Rural organizational impacts,mitigation strategies,and resilience to the 2010 Darfield earthquake,New Zealand

A methodology for evaluating real-time optimal reservoir releases under flooding conditions that minimizes flood damages for a river-reservoir system is described in this paper. The problem is formulated as a discrete-time optimal control problem in which reservoir releases are the control variables, and water surface elevations and discharges are the state variables. Constraints imposed on the reservoir’s water surface elevations and reservoir releases to the downstream reaches are incorporated into an objective function using a penalty function method. The optimal control model consists of the two primary interfaced components: (1) the U.S. Geological Survey Full EQuation routing model to simulate the unsteady flow dynamics of the river-reservoir system and (2) an optimization technique, simulated annealing that optimizes reservoir releases (flood control gate operations) subject to system constraints. The model solves an augmented control problem. The model was applied to the river-reservoir system of Lake Travis on the Lower Colorado River in Texas. The model application to Lake Travis revealed the usefulness of the model in improving a given operation policy, regardless of the type objective function (linear or nonlinear). The methodology and the operation model developed here are unique since they can be applied to any river-reservoir system, do not require simplification of nonlinearities, and guarantee the determination of an optimal or near-global optima.     

Optimization of the Garzan Hydropower System operations

Through the rapid development of the watersheds in Turkey with projects developed by incorporated companies, a problem has arisen of how to operate a cascade reservoir system composed of state- and private sector-owned reservoirs in terms of the volume and timing of water releases to meet downstream water demands. This study presents a catchment-based optimization model based on inflow forecast with frequent updating for the integrated operation of hydropower plants under various sales methods. The model is formulated in terms of nonlinear programming (NLP) on a monthly basis for a 1-year period to assess the production strategies of the system reservoirs for that year. This model provides the basic constraints on the reservoir volume for daily and hourly optimization procedures. Forecasted flows are generated using seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models based on historical flow values. The proposed model is tested on the Garzan Hydropower System using historical, mean, and forecasted flow values. The results show that the integrated operation plan and improvement in the accuracy of inflow forecasts yield economic benefits as a consequence of optimal reservoir operation.     

基于防洪库容总量控制的雅砻江下游梯级水库蓄水策略研究

根据长江防御洪水方案对雅砻江梯级水库的防洪库容预留要求,分析了预留防洪库容对梯级电站蓄水发电的影响。结合雅砻江水电开发的特点,提出了梯级水库防洪库容总量控制的解决思路,建立了基于防洪库容总量控制的蓄水期发电量最大模型,计算分析了9种不同来水情景的梯级水库优化蓄水方案,并给出了梯级水库总体优化蓄水策略。对该类问题研究具有一定借鉴意义。     

水库群防洪调度的逐次优化方法

针对防洪系统的具体问题,分析了并联水库群下泄流量与河道防洪控制点洪峰流量之间的内在联系,根据“先泄、后蓄、再分洪”的一般洪水调度原则,提出了水库群拱水调度模型及其逐次优化解法。该方法成功地实现了水库群之间以及水库群与区间汇流的错峰,为洪水实时调度及防洪系统规划提供了一套简捷、高效而又符合实际的模型和解法。     

Study of the comprehensive risk analysis of dam-break flooding based on the numerical simulation of flood routing. Part I: model development

Dam-break floods have been of increasing concern to safety engineers and decision makers. The presence of complex terrain in inundation areas multiplies the simulation difficulty of flood routing. In previous studies, representing the flood routing parameters empirically does not reflect the characteristics of flood routing, which strongly influences the accurate assessment of the dam-break consequences. The basis for carrying out dangerous reservoir reinforcement is just engineering safety, without considering the actual situation of downstream areas. In this study, a comprehensive risk analysis of the dam-break flood was implemented based on the numerical simulation of flood routing. First, coupled with the volume of fluid method, a three-dimensional k–? turbulence mathematical model was developed for flood routing in complex inundation areas. Then, based on the flow parameters obtained through computational fluid dynamics modeling, the attribute measure methodology was used for the evaluation of consequences combined with the calculation of the dam-break consequences (loss of life, economic loss, social and environmental influence). Furthermore, a methodology containing the combined weight method and the technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution method was proposed for risk ranking of dangerous reservoirs due to its logical consideration of scalar values that simultaneously account for both the best and worst alternatives. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was performed to provide information about the stability of risk ranking. The aforementioned model and methodology are applied to a case involving five reservoirs in the Haihe River Basin in China for Part II of this study.     

沂沭河流域大型水库至下游控制站河道流量演算方案研究

本文对沂沭河流域大型水库至下游控制站的河道流量演算方案进行了系统研究.文中根据马斯京根分段连续流量演算法原理.依据实测库、河中高水资料,分析确定了大型水库至下游控制站之间河段的特征河长及稳定流传播时间关系,建立了由水库泄洪最大流量和中游河道站洪峰流量推求河段代表流量的计算公式.使用本方案,可快速准确地将上游大型水库的泄洪流量过程汇流演算至下游控制站,能够有效提高下游控制站的洪水作业预报精度.     

金沙江下游梯级水库运行期设计洪水及汛控水位

研究探讨梯级水库运行期设计洪水计算理论和方法,实现防洪和发电效益最大化。采用t-Copula函数建立各分区洪水的联合分布,通过蒙特卡罗法和遗传算法(GA)推求金沙江下游梯级水库的最可能地区组成;分析计算各水库运行期的设计洪水及汛控水位。结果表明:①最可能地区组成结果合理可靠,可为梯级水库运行期设计洪水的分析计算提供依据;②金沙江下游梯级水库受上游水库调蓄影响显著,向家坝水库1000年一遇设计洪峰15400m^3/s(35%),3d、7d和30d洪量的削减量(削减率)分别为35.6亿m^3(33%)、70.2亿m^3(30%)和85.0亿m^3(11%);③在不降低防洪标准的前提下,下游各水库在运行期汛控水位相比汛限水位可适当抬高,白鹤滩、溪洛渡和向家坝水库的汛控水位(汛限水位)分别为788.82m(785m)、570.67m(560m)和371.36m(370m),汛期年均发电量分别增加2.1%、6.1%和1.4%,年增发电量17.1亿kW·h。     

Floodwater utilization for cascade reservoirs based on dynamic control of seasonal flood control limit levels

Reservoirs play an important role in flood control and conservation, in which the flood control limit level (FCLL) is the most significant parameter of the tradeoff between flood control and comprehensive utilization of water resources. This study was aimed at constraining the seasonal FCLL for cascade reservoirs to obtain more economic benefits without reducing the original flood prevention standards. Based on flood initiation and ending times during the flood season, fuzzy set theory was used to build the experiential and theoretical membership function of each day, which clarified the relationship between the seasonal FCLL and the designed FCLL, and then the total flood season was divided into sub-seasons. The seasonal FCLL was revised by analyzing numerous flood control operation schemes of cascade reservoirs to satisfy a given flood prevention standard. Using the case study of ShiQuqn and XiHe cascade reservoirs in the Hanjiang River, the proposed method was demonstrated to provide an effective design for the seasonal FCLL, which increased the FCLL in the pre-flood and post-flood seasons. Forty-five operation schemes with different combinations of ShiQuqn and XiHe reservoir’s FCLLs under five flooding frequency scenarios were evaluated to revise the seasonal FCLL. An optimization model with real-coded genetic algorithm was proposed to maximize hydropower generation by dynamic control of the FCLL. The results show that compared with the traditional operation, joint operation based on dynamic control of FCLL can generate 0.23 × 108 kWh (3.18%) more hydropower for the cascade reservoir system during the flood season without increasing the flood risk.     

基于动库容曲线的水库调洪高水位查算方法研究

河道型水库因动库容特性显著,传统的静库容调洪方法难以适用,研究动库容调洪方法是亟待解决的问题。当坝前水位爬升到最高点时,库区内的洪水演进到达一种临界状态,库区内的水文、水力条件相对稳定,在出库流量和入库流量一定的情况下,可望获得最高坝前水位与同时刻库容之间良好的对应关系。依托三峡库区水文水动力耦合预报模型,建立了一组以出库流量、入库流量为参数的动库容曲线,以供调洪时快速查算最高坝前水位。采用2009年以来三峡水库16场场次洪水资料,检验所建动库容曲线的合理性。结果表明,各场洪水的最高库水位查算值与实况平均偏差仅0.20m,证明建立的基于动库容曲线的三峡水库最高库水位查算方法具有较好的实践价值。     

梯级水库优化调度的有后效性动态规划模型及应用

建立了梯级水库在洪水期间发电调度的优化模型,由于含有河道洪水演进方程,该模型成为一类有后效性的动态规划模型.提出了两种新的解法——多维动态规划近似解法与有后效性动态规划逐次逼近算法.实例研究表明:这两种解法可行,结果合理,特别是逐次逼近算法计算更快速,是求解这类问题的有效的方法.     

Risk variation of reservoir regulation during flood season based on bivariate statistical approach under climate change: a case study in the Chengbihe reservoir,China

The risk analysis of reservoir regulation in the flood season is crucial and provides the valuable information for reservoir flood control, safety operation, and decision making, especially under climate change. The purpose of this study is to propose a framework for reasonably estimating the variation of reservoir regulation risk including the dam extreme risk and the overtopping risk during the flood season under climate change. The framework consists of an integrated diagnostic system for detecting the climate abrupt change time, a copula function-based bivariate statistical approach for modeling the dependence between the flood peak and flood volume, a Monte Carlo simulation for generating numerous random flood peak–volume pairs, and a risk calculation model for routing the design flood hydrographs to obtain the frequency curve of the maximum water level reached in front of dam and evaluating the reservoir regulation risk. The methodology was implemented in the Chengbihe reservoir in south China by using the 55-year (1963–2017) hydrometeorological data, including temperature, evaporation, precipitation, and streamflow, in the flood season. Results show that the hydrometeorological series during the flood season changed abruptly in 1992 and the entire data can be divided into two periods (1963–1992 and 1993–2017). The dam extreme risk and overtopping risk during the two periods are assessed, respectively, and a comparison analysis is made based on different flood limit water-level schemes (185.00–188.50 m). It demonstrates that both the dam extreme risk and the dam overtopping risk increase under the influence of climate change. The dam extreme risk increases by 22.91–95.03%, while the climate change-induced increase in the dam overtopping risk is between 38.62 and 123.59%, which indicates that the dam overtopping risk is more sensitive to climate change than the dam extreme risk. The risk evaluations in the study are of great significance in the safety operation and risk management of reservoirs under future climate change.

     

基于预报及库容补偿的水库汛限水位动态控制研究

结合清江流域梯级水电站工程特性及防洪任务,以不降低梯级防洪标准为原则,建立基于预报及上游水布垭水库库容补偿的汛限水位动态控制模型,推求隔河岩水库汛期汛限水位动态控制方案。计算表明,该模型在不降低水库及梯级原有的防洪标准前提下,能有效利用上游水布垭水库的防洪库容,分担隔河岩水库部分防洪任务,并显著提高其发电量。其中,多年平均弃水量减少4．1444亿m~3,发电量增加1．2172亿kW·h。     

水库防洪补偿调节线性规划模型及应用

防洪补偿调节是水库防洪规划和实时调度的基本原理,构模方法及后效性是制约水库洪水优化补偿调节数学模型求解的关键问题。对于一个水库和一个防洪控制点所组成的基本防洪系统,基于水库调度阶段划分及出流上界分析引入水库出流上下界约束,将水库防洪库容最小目标转换为累计蓄水量最小的等价目标,建立了水库防洪补偿调节线性规划模型（RFCR-LP）,实现了水库调度决策和下游河道水流演进的完全耦合,避免了常规多阶段决策优化方法的后效性。该模型不仅具有结构简单、易于求解等显著特点,而且实现了水库防洪规划与实时调度优化数学模型的统一,基本形成了覆盖水库全周期的多功能洪水优化补偿调节模型,为构建水库群防洪优化补偿调节模型提供了一种解决方案。实例验证了RFCR-LP的适用性、灵活性及稳定性。     

Decision-tree analysis on optimal release of reservoir storage under typhoon warnings

The wet and dry seasons are distinctive in Taiwan as the amount of precipitation in wet seasons accounts for over three-fourth of the total rainfall. And the water-resources management relies pretty much on the rainfall brought in by typhoons as it accounts for a significant portion of the precipitation during wet seasons. Furthermore, as the storage of reservoirs is limited due to topographical factors, the management of typhoon rainfall has always been an important issue in Taiwan. The technique of decision-tree analysis is applied in this article to determine the optimal reservoir release in advance upon the issuance of a typhoon warning by the Central Weather Bureau (CWB), and the proposed methodology may provide solution to the trade-off judgment of reservoir operations between flood control and water supply according to economic efficiency. In this article, the economic loss functions of flooding damage and water-supply shortage are assumed in linear and nonlinear conditions, and the respective expected optimal releases based on the predicted precipitation as issued by CWB are derived. The proposed methodology has been applied to the Shihmen Reservoir System, and the capabilities of the model as an aid to real-time decision-making as well as the evaluation of the economic worth of forecasts is presented.     

基于优化-模拟技术的生态库容

为发挥水库在水资源开发利用与河流生态环境问题之间的协调作用,以丹江口水库为例,探讨了综合利用水库生态库容划分方法。以丹江口水库下游襄阳和仙桃为控制断面,采用Tennant法计算下游河道生态流量的参考值。在考虑丹江口水库的防洪、生态、供水、调水、发电、航运等综合任务和汉江中下游水量联系的基础上,建立了综合利用水库的生态库容优化模型,拟定了4组调度规则,应用自适应遗传算法和模拟调度方法进行求解。计算结果表明:设置生态库容后的调度图能较好地满足控制断面对生态流量的需求,获得较佳综合利用效益。     

应对干旱的黄河干流梯级水库群协同调度

科学控制梯级水库蓄泄过程是减少旱灾损失的重要手段。以减少干旱年份流域缺水量和优化缺水时空分布为目标,构建应对干旱的梯级水库群多时空尺度协同优化调度模型。采用交互式与改进粒子群优化方法,外层寻求多年调节水库旱限水位最优控制,内层优化梯级水库群年内蓄泄过程,实现流域水资源年际调控、年内优化、库群协同、空间协调。以2014年的黄河流域重旱为例,通过模型优化提出2012—2014年龙羊峡水库旱限水位及梯级水库群年内蓄泄过程,结果表明:通过龙羊峡水库旱限水位控制实现跨年度补水,控制各年度缺水率在4.9%~5.7%之间,通过水库群出库过程优化控制不同区域各时段缺水均匀分布,将农业缺水率控制在7.0%~11.0%之间,显著减轻了旱灾损失。     

应对干旱的黄河干流梯级水库群协同调度

科学控制梯级水库蓄泄过程是减少旱灾损失的重要手段。以减少干旱年份流域缺水量和优化缺水时空分布为目标,构建应对干旱的梯级水库群多时空尺度协同优化调度模型。采用交互式与改进粒子群优化方法,外层寻求多年调节水库旱限水位最优控制,内层优化梯级水库群年内蓄泄过程,实现流域水资源年际调控、年内优化、库群协同、空间协调。以2014年的黄河流域重旱为例,通过模型优化提出2012—2014年龙羊峡水库旱限水位及梯级水库群年内蓄泄过程,结果表明:通过龙羊峡水库旱限水位控制实现跨年度补水,控制各年度缺水率在4.9%~5.7%之间,通过水库群出库过程优化控制不同区域各时段缺水均匀分布,将农业缺水率控制在7.0%~11.0%之间,显著减轻了旱灾损失。     

考虑综合利用要求的三峡水库提前蓄水方案

采用三峡水库汛期分期方案,将蓄水时间提前至汛末期,综合考虑上下游防洪、发电、通航和蓄满率等要求,建立了多目标蓄水调度模型,构建了"优化-模拟-检验"的算法流程,采用遗传算法进行求解。结果表明,最优方案在满足上下游防洪安全要求的前提下,蓄水期可增发电量17%,减少弃水44%,蓄满率和通航保证率显著提高。通过对汛末期防洪库容进行科学划分和对蓄水调度图进行优化,既确保防洪安全又最大限度挖掘兴利效益,为研究水库汛末蓄水调度问题提供了一种新的思路和方法。     

三峡为中心的长江防洪系统实时优化调度模型研究

主要介绍以三峡为中心的长江防洪系统联合调度运行的数学模型--洪水模拟模型和水库优化调度模型.前者包括水文学洪水演进模型,一维非恒定流模型,一维和二维组合洪水模拟模型,荆江分洪区与洪湖分洪区联合运用模型,用于反映洪水在河湖中的运动及防洪措施蓄泄效果;后者由总体控制模型与模糊决策,大系统解耦以及网络分析等模型组成,用于确定使库群起到最佳防洪效果的优化调度策略.     

三峡区间入库洪水实时预报系统研究

三峡区间的数字流域水系模型采用基于格网型的数字高程模型坡面流模拟方法和处理"洼地"的最短流程法构建,并以新安江模型为基础建立具有诸多特点的三峡区间流域水文模型;以水动力学理论为基础建立考虑水利工程影响的河川型水库洪水演进模型,并实现这两者的有机耦合。在GIS平台上,将三峡区间流域水文模型、库区洪水演进模型和流域水系生成模型在底层集成,研制了功能先进和完善的三峡水库实时洪水预报系统。该系统已安装在三峡总公司梯级水库调度中心,投入试运行。