水库测绘信息系统的设计与实现

水库中测量数据的采集方式已经发生改变,效率大大提高,但是数据管理和处理方式仍然滞后,特别对于冲刷淤积等计算主要还是依赖于人工进行计算,这样处理费时费力而且容易出错。为了改变这种状况,作者选用GIS组件技术和高级开发语言Visual C++开发了水库测绘信息系统,实现了对水库测量数据的有效管理和处理自动化。首先论述了系统的设计目标和开发技术,然后再详细阐述了系统各模块的功能和系统实现的关键技术。     

基于GIS和遥感的水库面积计算方法比较研究——以石梁河水库为例

水库作为水利设施的重要组成部分,在蓄水、供水、防洪、泄洪等方面起着极为重要的作用。计算水库面积,对于水库的蓄水量,影响的流域范围等有着重要的参考价值。本文以石梁河水库为例,选取了较为常见的利用GIS技术和遥感技术计算水库面积的方法,并科学地比较了两种方法的优缺点,为选择水库面积计算方法提供有力依据。     

基于VR与GIS的水利工程视算一体化系统的研制

介绍了采用整合虚拟现实与地理信息系统技术,开发水利工程规划设计视算一体化系统的方法,结合水电站水库库容和淹没面积的实时计算、水利工程施工设计土石方填挖量的计算,阐述了系统研制的关键技术,并实现了具体的功能.     

基于地质环境遥感调查与监测数据探讨洞庭湖演变规律

20世纪70年代、2000年和2007年3期地质环境遥感调查与监测结果表明:洞庭湖地区存在新构造活动,断陷盆地仍处于构造沉降期.三峡水库蓄水以前,泥沙淤积严重,湖泊快速变小,自然湿地变少,人工湿地增多;三峡水库蓄水以后,湖泊岸带变化小,自然湿地和人工湿地变化不大,洲滩发育出现分化;周边及上游水土流失、荒漠化状况不断好转.三峡水库运行后,由于入湖泥沙、水量减少,东洞庭湖将延续淤积变小趋势,但速度有所放缓;南洞庭湖将冲刷加深但面积不会变小;目平湖将延续原有冲淤状况,淤积继续增高,但速度有所放缓.洞庭湖的环境问题将不再是洪水和泥沙淤积,而是枯水期水位降低和地下水水位降低,以及由此引起的干旱、农业鼠害、排污能力降低等其他环境问题.     

水下地形探测与变化模拟方法研究

多波束测深系统是获取高精度水下地形信息的重要手段,但由于一次数据采集量大且地形构建过程复杂,导致成本较高,在水下冲刷淤积定量评估作业中应用较少。以观音岩水电站2013年、2014年两期点云文件为数据源,综合运用多波束测深技术、Arc Engine组件式开发技术和Matlab强大的数学分析功能,完成了从多波束数据存储管理、海量点云有效信息挖掘到冲刷淤积时空格局分析的成套系统智能化研究。结果表明,该系统在水下地形变化监测中具有方便、快捷、精度高、成果多样化和直观性强等优点,对冲刷淤积核查分析的准确度有极大提高。     

黄河万家寨水库泥沙淤积测量初析

影响水库库容的主要因素有上游来水来沙条件，水库运行情况，其中来沙条件起着主导作用。本介绍了万家寨水库泥沙淤积测量情况，并对库容淤损及泥沙淤积量分布进行了初步分析。     

水库容水量遥感监测方法研究

水库不仅是一个衡量区域水资源储量的重要指标,同时也肩负着到区域防洪调蓄的重大任务功能。因此,如何能够突破传统的观测方法,运用更新、更快的方法,对水库贮水量进行测算,从而为决策者制定相应的政策提供科学的依据。本文利用了美国TM卫星影像,并结合地面常规观测技术,创立了一种测算水库库容的有效技术方法。其机理是,首先利用实地观测数据,建立起水库面积-库容的关系曲线,然后利用TM影像计算出水库当时的面积,最后在建立的水库面积-库容模型中,直接求出水资源量。从而显示了遥感技术在水库资源的定量测算中的技术优势,为干旱区域水资源的监测评价与可持续利用,拓展了更新的技术空间。     

近十年来长江口九段沙周边地貌演变GIS分析

长江口深水航道工程改变了长江口自然环境,导致周边水下地貌形态发生明显的变化。本文选取长江口九段沙周边浅滩区域作为研究区,搜集不同年份的海图资料,利用GIS技术进行地貌演变空间分析。分析发现：自2001年一期工程完工以来,九段沙周边浅滩总体处于稳定状态,冲淤空间分布特征明显;沿着南导堤堤坝泥沙淤积明显,导致南导堤北侧丁坝内形成淤积带,九段沙尾部沿着堤坝形成淤积带;江亚南沙下沙阻挡作用,使得上游来水在沙头处分流,在两股水流的作用下,九段沙西南侧分别形成两条平行的淤积带和冲刷带。     

基于RS和GIS的大南川水库溃坝灾害模拟方法研究

综合运用遥感图像处理系统和地理信息系统,探讨一种无需编程即可快速计算水库溃坝后所产生的洪水量、下游淹没水深和淹没面积的溃坝模拟方法,适用于溃坝源头与淹没区落差较大地区。以青海大南川水库灌溉区的南川河流域作为研究区域,假定由于暴雨、地震等自然灾害的发生使得大南川水库坝体瞬间溃决而形成有源洪水,计算洪水到达时间、淹没区的洪水深度和淹没面积,并分析洪水造成的损失情况,通过模拟计算,其结果比较接近实际。     

基于GIS和TM影像的水库水位面积曲线测定

利用GIS软件,以大汶河流域雪野水库近年的TM影像为基础资料,根据GIS的栅格数据矢量化处理应用原理进行了水库库区矢量和栅格文件的处理,提出了基于GIS技术的水库水域面积的提取分析方法,结合水文统计观测数据,得到水库汛期水位面积曲线,相比传统的水库面积量算方法,具有快速、精准、效率高的优势,大大简化了测量过程。为水库更进一步的水文分析奠定了基础。     

遥感与水问题

介绍了10 年来遥感技术在水资源领域的应用成果,特别是在洪涝灾害监测、水资源与水环境调查、旱情监测、土壤侵蚀调查、河口、河道、湖泊和水库泥沙淤积调查及大型工程选址和环境效益评估等领域的主要成就,并对未来遥感技术在相关领域的应用与开发提出了建议。     

A comparative study of soil erosion modelling by MMF,USLE and RUSLE

The quantitative assessment of spatial soil erosion is valuable information to control the erosion. The study area in a part of Narmada river in central India is selected. The main objective is to assess and compare the results obtained from three soil erosion models using GIS platform. Variation in the rate of erosion of the three models is compared considering varying slope, soil and land use of the area. Three models selected are Morgan–Morgan–Finney (MMF), Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). The best fit or the most reliable model for the study area is selected after validation with the observed sedimentation data. The results give –39.45%, –9.60% and 4.80% difference in the values of sedimentation by MMF, USLE and RUSLE, respectively, from the observed data. Finally, RUSLE model has been found to be most reliable for the study area.     

Reservoir Sedimentation Assessment Through Remote Sensing and Hydrological Modelling

Reservoir sedimentation is the gradual accumulation of incoming sediments from upstream catchment leading to the reduction in useful storage capacity of the reservoir. Quantifying the reservoir sedimentation rate is essential for better water resources management. Conventional techniques such as hydrographic survey have limitations including time-consuming, cumbersome and costly. On the contrary, the availability of high resolution (both spatial and temporal) in public domain overcomes all these constraints. This study assessed Jayakwadi reservoir sedimentation using Landsat 8 OLI satellite data combined with ancillary data. Multi-date remotely sensed data were used to produce the water spread area of the reservoir, which was applied to compute the sedimentation rate. The revised live storage capacity of the reservoir between maximum and minimum levels observed under the period of analysis (2015–2017) was assessed utilizing the trapezoidal formula. The revised live storage capacity is assessed as 1942.258 against the designed capacity of 2170.935 Mm³ at full reservoir level. The total loss of reservoir capacity due to the sediment deposition during the period of 41 years (1975–2017) was estimated as 228.677 Mm³ (10.53%) which provided the average sedimentation rate of 5.58 Mm³ year¹. As this technique also provides the capacity of the reservoir at the different elevation on the date of the satellite pass, the revised elevation–capacity curve was also developed. The sedimentation analysis usually provides the volume of sediment deposited and rate of the deposition. However, the interest of the reservoir authorities and water resources planner’s lies in sub-watershed-wise sediment yield, and the critical sub-watersheds upstream reservoir requires conservation, etc. Therefore, in the present study, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used for the estimation of sediment yield of the reservoir. The average annual sediment yield obtained from the SWAT model using 36 years of data (1979–2014) was 13.144 Mm³ year^?1 with the density of the soil (loamy and clay) of 1.44 ton m^?3. The findings revealed that the rate of sedimentation obtained from the remote sensing-based methods is in agreement with the results of the hydrographic survey.     

江苏省海岸线演变及地质灾害遥感分析

江苏省漫长的海岸曾经历了大淤大蚀的沧桑变化。现代海岸仍经常受到侵蚀崩岸、岸滩淤涨以及沿岸泥沙流的袭扰破坏。沿岸港口建设、交通航运及滩涂围垦等也不时受到危害,成为江苏海岸带特有的地质灾害。     

An integrated approach for prioritization of reservoir catchment using remote sensing and geographic information system techniques

This study is aimed at evolving a watershed prioritization of reservoir catchment based on vegetation, morphological and topographical parameters, and average annual soil loss using geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing techniques. A large multipurpose river valley project, Upper Indravati reservoir, situated in the state of Orissa, India, has been chosen for the present work. Watershed prioritization is useful to soil conservationist and decision makers. This study integrates the watershed erosion response model (WERM) and universal soil loss equation (USLE) with a geographic information system (GIS) to estimate the erosion risk assessment parameters of the catchment. The total catchment is divided into 15 sub-watersheds. Various erosion risk parameters are determined for all the sub-watersheds separately. Average annual soil loss is also estimated for the sub-watersheds using USLE. The integrated effect of all these parameters is evaluated to recommend the priority rating of the watersheds for soil conservation planning.     

近30年来密云水库上游水土流失动态监测

使用修正的通用土壤流失方程RUSLE,综合考虑降雨、土壤可蚀性、地形、土地覆盖和水土保持措施等因素,计算得密云水库上游地区1990年、2000年和2008年3期的土壤侵蚀数据,并对土壤侵蚀变化结果及其原因进行分析,发现：①研究区近20年水土流失状况经历由加剧到减轻的过程,但总体来说是减轻的,1990～2008年减轻区面积和加剧区面积分别为3083．11km。和2287．71km2;②研究区水土流失变化的原因主要为以土地利用类型变化为特征的人为因素,降雨也有影响,而与坡度没有关系。     

ERS-1 modulation transfer function impact on shoreline change model

The impact of wave spectra modulation transfer function (MTF) in shoreline change model accuracy has been presented. The MTF consisted of real aperture radar (RAR) and velocity-bunching which is utilized to map the wave spectra observed from ERS-1 into the observed real ocean wave spectra. Based on this information, the shoreline change model have developed. Two hypotheses were concerned with the shoreline change model based on ERS-1 wave spectra. First, there is a significant difference between RAR and velocity-bunching modulations for ERS-1 wave spectra modeling. Second, this significant difference is induced a different spatial variation for shoreline change pattern.This study shows that there was the significant difference between velocity-bunching and quasi-linear models. The study shows that velocity-bunching model produces wave spectra pattern approximately close to the real ocean wave compared to the quasi-linear model. The error percentage occurred with velocity-bunching and quasi-linear models were 33.5 and 46.7%, respectively. The highest rate of erosion occurred to the shore south of Chendering with −5 m per year and the highest rate of sedimentation occurred to north of Chendering headland with 3 m per year. It can be concluded that ERS-1 data could be used to model shoreline change and identify the locations of erosion and sedimentation. The sedimentation was occurred due to the effect of lowest wave spectra energy captured along the range direction while the erosion was occurred due to highest spectra energy captured near azimuth direction.     

Assessment of sediment distribution pattern in the Tungabhadra reservoir using satellite imagery

In order to understand the dynamic aspects of suspended sediments in an inland water body, Tungabhadra reservoir on the Tungabhadra river in the Krishna basin was studied. The study has been carried out using Landsat MSS and IRS-1 A LISS-II images. Visual interpretation techniques have been used to obtain information on the location and extent of sediment distribution pattern in the water-spread area of the reservoir. It has been possible to monitor the seasonal fluctuations in the reservoir water-spread; measure corresponding fluctuation in the volume of water in the reservoir, and study seasonal changes in the suspended sediment distribution pattern in the reservoir. An attempt has also been made to prepare area capacity curve for the reservoir. Semi-quantitative assessment of sediment deposits between reservoir levels were made considering water spread area from the satellite images (May 1986, April 1987, Jan. 1988, Jan. 1989 and March 1989) and sedimentation survey report of KERS 1985, (Karnataka Engineering Research Station). The results indicated that the high Concentration of sediments is at the western confluence of the Tungabhadra river. On the basis of tonal variation as observed, the reservoir could be divided into four major zones, viz., very high and high at the river confluence, moderate at the periphery and low at the dam site.     

“礼炮”号遥感图像在于桥水库流域土壤侵蚀调查及治理规划中的应用

本文论述了采用前苏联“礼炮”号航天遥感图像作信息源开展天津市于桥水库流域1:10万比例尺土壤侵蚀现状调查与制图、面积量算、分区治理规划措施等项研究工作的方法和结果。并在典型样区初步探讨了遥感调查土壤侵蚀与氮、磷元素流失关系,为天津市人民生活和工农业用水水质富营养化问题的解决提供了科学依据。