CO2 processes in an alpine grassland ecosystem on the Tibetan Plateau

In this paper, the CO2 concentrations profile from 1.5 m depth in soil to 32 m height in atmosphere were measured from July 2000 to July 2001 in an alpine grassland ecosystem located in the permafrost area on the Tibetan Plateau, which revealed that CO2 concentrations varied greatly during this study period. Mean concentrations during the whole experiment in the atmosphere were absolutely lower than the CO2 concentrations in soil, which resulted in CO2 emissions from the alpine steppe soil to the atmosphere. The highest CO2 concentration was found at a depth of 1.5 m in soil while the lowest CO2 concentration occurred in the atmosphere. Mean CO2 concentrations in soil generally increased with depth. This was the compositive influence of the increasing soil moistures and decreasing soil pH, which induced the increasing biological activities with depth. Temporally, the CO2 concentrations at different layers in air remained a more steady state because of the atmospheric turbulent milking. During the seasonal variations, CO2 concentrations at surface soil interface showed symmetrical patterns, with the lowest accumulation of CO2 occurring in the late winter and the highest CO2 concentration in the growing seasons.     

青藏高原高寒草原生态系统CO2过程研究

In this paper, the CO2 concentrations profile from 1.5 m depth in soil to 32 m height in atmosphere were measured from July 2000 to July 2001 in an alpine grassland ecosystem located in the permafrost area on the Tibetan Plateau, which revealed that CO2 concentrations varied greatly during this study period. Mean concentrations during the whole experiment in the atmosphere were absolutely lower than the CO2 concentrations in soil, which resulted in CO2 emissions from the alpine steppe soil to the atmosphere. The highest CO2 concentration was found at a depth of 1.5 m in soil while the lowest CO2 concentration occurred in the atmosphere. Mean CO2 concentrations in soil generally increased with depth. This was the compositive influence of the increasing soil moistures and decreasing soil pH, which induced the increasing biological activities with depth. Temporally, the CO2 concentrations at different layers in air remained a more steady state because of the atmospheric turbulent milking. During the seasonal variations, CO2 concentrations at surface soil interface showed symmetrical patterns, with the lowest accumulation of CO2 occurring in the late winter and the highest CO2 concentration in the growing seasons.     

Fluxes of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>, CH<Subscript>4</Subscript> and N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O from alpine grassland in the Tibetan Plateau

Using static chamber technique,fluxes of CO2,CH4 and N2O were measured in the alpine grassland area from July 2000 to July 2001,determinations of mean fluxes showed that CO2 and N2O were generally released from the soil,while the alpine grassland accounted for a weak CH4 sink.Fluxes of CO2,CH4 and N2O ranged widely.The highest CO2 emission occurred in August,whereas almost 90?of the whole year emission occurred in the growing season.But the variations of CH4 and N2O fluxes did not show any clear patterns over the one-year-experiment.During a daily variation,the maximum CO2 emission occurred at 16:00,and then decreased to the minimum emission in the early morning.Daily pattern analyses indicated that the variation in CO2 fluxes was positively related to air temperatures(R^2=0.73)and soil temperatures at a depth of 5 cm(R^2=0.86),whereas daily variations in CH4 and N2O fluxes were poorly explained by soil temperatures and climatic variables.CO2 emissions in this area were much lower than other grasslands in plain areas.     

祁连山北麓不同海拔土壤化学计量特征

对祁连山中段冰沟流域土壤有机C、N、P含量垂直分布与化学计量特征及其影响因素进行研究.结果表明:冰沟流域土壤有机C、N、P含量在各样点随土层深度而降低,并在表层土中聚集较明显;在0-40 m土层中,土壤有机C、N、P平均含量随海拔升高总体呈现先增高后下降的趋势,在中、高海拔处最高,P含量变异较小.0-40 cm土层中土...     

土壤CO_2浓度昼夜变化及其对土壤CO_2排放量的影响

对石林地区两个研究点土下20、40和60cm土壤CO2浓度和土壤CO2排放量的昼夜变化进行的研究表明二者之间具有一定的正相关关系,因此土壤CO2排放量除受环境因子影响之外,还受土壤CO2浓度所控制。土壤CO2浓度和土壤CO2排放量之间的相关关系可以用来解释土壤有机碳含量及温度对土壤CO2排放量的影响,即土壤有机碳含量高和温度升高是通过影响土壤空气中CO2的形成速率,导致土壤CO2浓度升高,从而促进土壤CO2的排放。     

Fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O from alpine grassland in the Tibetan Plateau

Using static chamber technique, fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O were measured in the alpine grassland area from July 2000 to July 2001, determinations of mean fluxes showed that co2 and N2O were generally released from the soil, while the alpine grassland accounted for a weak CH4 sink. Fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O ranged widely. The highest co2 emission occurred in August, whereas almost 90% of the whole year emission occurred in the growing season. But the variations of CH4 and N2O fluxes did not show any clear patterns over the one-year-experiment. During a daily variation, the maximum co2 emission occurred at 16:00, and then decreased to the minimum emission in the early morning. Daily pattern analyses indicated that the variation in co2 fluxes was positively related to air temperatures (R2=0.73) and soil temperatures at a depth of 5 cm (R2=0.86), whereas daily variations in CH4 and N2O fluxes were poorly explained by soil temperatures and climatic variables. co2 emissions in this area were much lower than other grasslands in plain areas.     

青藏高原高寒草原生态系统CO2,CH4和N2O排放通量研究

Using static chamber technique, fluxes of CO2, CHh and N2O were measured in the alpinegrassland area from July 2000 to July 2001, determinations of mean fluxes showed that CO2 and N2Owere generally released from the soil, while the alpine grassland accounted for a weak CH4 sink.Fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O ranged widely. The highest CO2 emission occurred in August, whereasalmost 90% of the whole year emission occurred in the growing season. But the variations of CH4and N2O fluxes did not show any clear patterns over the one-year-experiment. During a dailyvariation, the maximum CO2 emission occurred at 16:00, and then decreased to the minimumemission in the early morning. Daily pattern analyses indicated that the variation in CO2 fluxes waspositively related to air temperatures (R2=0.73) and soil temperatures at a depth of 5 cm (R2=4).86),whereas daily variations in CH4 and N2O fluxes were poorly explained by soil temperatures andclimatic variables. CO2 emissions in this area were much lower than other grasslands in plain areas.     

土壤CO2、土壤水的动态特征及其 对岩溶作用的驱动

为了研究不同土壤CO2浓度和不同土壤水化学条件下的岩溶作用发生程度,文章对广西桂林地区的土壤CO2浓度、土壤水和石灰岩试片溶蚀速率进行了监测,结果表明：1）该地区土壤CO2浓度具有明显的季节性变化特征,总体上夏季是其他季节的3~5倍,最大值时达到60 899.64 mg/m2,而最小值时仅为5 587.21 mg/m2;2）就相同深度的土壤CO2浓度来说,洼地大于坡地,夏季时洼地比坡地高近20 000 mg/m2,且深层土CO2浓度大于表层土,其平均值比表层土高4 353.54 mg/m2;3）坡地和洼地土壤水水化学指标平均值分别是：pH为7.49和6.41、电导率为300和78 μS/cm、Ca2+为60和15.43 mg/L、 为2.78和0.44 mg/L,坡地处的pH、电导率、Ca2+和 均高于洼地;4）从溶蚀试验说明该地区的岩溶作用发生程度非常明显,说明土壤CO2和土壤水能驱动岩溶作用的发生。     

念青唐古拉山北麓草甸海拔分布上限土壤温湿度的季节变化

本研究基于西藏念青唐古拉山北麓高山嵩草草甸海拔分布上限(5125 m) 地下10 cm和30 cm土壤温度和水分连续3 年(2008-2010 年) 的监测数据, 分析了草甸海拔分布上限土壤温度和未冻水含量的季节动态特征。结果表明:1) 土壤在4 月中下旬解冻, 10 月中下旬冻结;6-8月份土壤温度日振幅最大, 10 cm和30 cm分别为3.8℃和1.4℃;2) 土壤未冻水含量回升(下降) 在解冻(冻结) 开始后, 5-10 月份未冻水含量较高, 其中10 cm和30 cm 分别为2%~6%和15%~20%;3) 基于10 cm土壤温度推算的本地区高山嵩草草甸海拔分布上限的生长季在6 月初至8 月末或9 月初, 持续时间为80-87 天, 生长季平均土壤温度和含水量分别为6.78±0.73℃和4.14±0.91%, 生长季期间日最低温度集中在3~7℃之间(占90%以上天数);4) 与较低海拔处(4980 m) 相比, 高山嵩草草甸海拔分布上限处10 cm土壤温度和未冻水含量均明显偏低, 生长季8月份出现日最低温< 5℃的天数也明显增加。     

青藏高原太阳辐射对高山草甸净生态系统二氧化碳的影响(英文)

On the Tibetan Plateau, the alpine meadow is the most widespread vegetation type. The alpine meadow has a low biological productivity and low vegetation coverage in the growing season. The daytime NEE between the atmosphere and the alpine meadow ecosystem was influenced by solar radiation. To analyze the characteristics of change in NEE and to calculate the parameters related to photosynthesis and respiration in different solar radiation environments, the NEE measurements were taken in Damxung from July to August in 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006 using the eddy covariance technique. Solar radiation was grouped into three levels according to the net radiation, which was more than 155 W m-2 d-1 on clear days, 144±5 W m-2 d-1 on partly cloudy days and less than 134 W m-2 d-1 on cloudy days. The diurnal relationships between NEE and PAR varied with differences in solar radiation, which was a rectangular hyperbola form on clear days, two different concave curves on partly cloudy days and an irregular triangle form on cloudy days. The mean CO2 absorption rate showed a decreasing trend with increasing solar radiation. The daytime absorption maximum occurred around 10:00 on clear days with an average of slightly less –0.2 mg m-2 d-1, around 11:00 on partly cloudy days with an average of about –0.2 mg m-2 d-1, and around 12:00 on cloudy days with an average of about –0.25 mg m-2 d-1. As solar radiation increased, the Amax and the Q10 decreased. However, the R10 increased and the maximum of the α occurred on partly cloudy days. The optimum net solar radiation was about 134–155 W m-2 d-1, which induced a PAR of about 1800-2000 μmol m-2 s-1 and soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm of about 14℃. Therefore, on the Tibetan Plateau, the alpine meadow ecosystem will have a higher carbon absorption potential while solar radiation decreases in the future.     

Microbial production of CO2 in red soil in Stone Forest National Park

Lunan stone forest is a kind of typical karst in China,Which is mainly developed under red soil.In the winter of 1999,three study sites were chosen in stone forest national park according to vegetation cover,geomporphologic location and soil types,CO2 concentration was measured with Gastec punp at different dephts of soil (20,40,60cm) and at the same time soil samples were gatered and soil properties such as soil moisure,pH,soil organic content were analyzed and the total nmuber of viable microbes were counted in laboratory,In the study,dependent variable was chosen as the mean soil log(PCO2),and soil properties were chosen as the independent variables.Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that the totla amount of microbes and soil moisture are the best indicators of the CO2 production,With the equation LOG(PCO2)=-0.039(TNM)-0.056 (Mo) 1.215 accounting for 86% of the variation of the soil CO2 concentration,where TNM is the total number of microbes in teh soil and Mo is the moisture of soil sample.     

The cooling effect of crushed rock structures on permafrost under an embankment

Based on the analysis and comparison of soil temperature, thermal regime and permafrost table under the experimental embankment of crushed rock structures in Beiluhe, results show that crushed rock structures provide an extensive cooling effect, which produces a rising permafrost table and decreasing soil temperatures. The rise of the permafrost table under the embankment ranges from an increase of 1.08 m to 1.67 m, with an average of 1.27 m from 2004 to 2007. Mean annual soil temperatures under the crushed rock layer embankment decreased significantly from 2005 to 2007, with average decreases of ?1.03 °C at the depth of 0.5 m, ?1.14 °C at the depth of 1.5 m, and ?0.5 °C at the depth of 5 m. During this period, mean annual soil temperatures under the crushed rock cover embankment showed a slight decrease at shallow depths, with an average decrease of ?0.2 °C at the depth of 0.5 m and 1.5 m, but a slight rise at the depth of 5 m. After the crushed rock structures were closed or crammed with sand, the cooling effect of the crushed rock layer embankment was greatly reduced and that of the crushed rock cover embankment was just slightly reduced.     

Influences of fine-scale disturbance on germinant success in a treeline ecotone

Fine-scale disturbance can increase seed access to suitable substrates, facilitating germinant emergence and survival, which are necessary elements for treeline advance. We conducted an experiment to test this hypothesis in a white spruce (Picea glauca) treeline ecotone in southwest Yukon, Canada. Sixty seed germination quadrats were established at two elevations (treeline and alpine tundra) and subjected to three levels of simulated disturbance. We sowed 125 seeds in half of the quadrats (30) and measured their emergence and survival over 3 years. Soil temperature, moisture, and organic depth were recorded in all treatments. Treeline quadrats had significantly greater seedling emergence and survival than alpine tundra quadrats. Mean soil temperature, moisture, and organic layer depth were all greater in treeline quadrats. Partially scarified quadrats had the highest germinant emergence compared to unscarified and completely scarified quadrats. Completely scarified quadrats had the highest temperature range and the lowest soil moisture. The results indicate that moderate levels of disturbance can positively influence seedling emergence, while more severe disturbance can lead to high temperature ranges and moisture loss that negate the benefits of lower interspecific competition. Collectively, our findings suggest that fine-scale disturbance can play a significant role in influencing seedling presence in treeline ecotones.     

放牧对高寒草甸地表特征和土壤物理性状的影响

在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站地区,选择五种处于不同放牧强度的高寒草甸为研究对象,进行放牧对高寒草甸植被演替规律和土壤对放牧压力的响应过程研究,为合理利用和提高草地生产力提供科学依据。结果表明:随着放牧强度的增加,高寒草甸地上生物量呈急剧下降趋势,由禾草草甸的646.24 g/m2下降到小嵩草草甸的328.16 g/m2,容重逐渐减小;在小嵩草草甸阶段地表逐渐出现塌陷和裂缝,0~10 cm土层中根土体积比逐渐变大;土壤的质地类型发生变化,由禾草草甸粘壤土转变为壤质粘土;放牧强度对牧草返青开始时间和生长期都没有影响,但在重牧处理时,非生长季地温降低程度很明显。     

亚热带人工湿地松林土壤溶解性有机碳动态变化及控制因素

土壤可溶性有机碳（DOC）是土壤有机碳库的活性组分,联接陆地和水生生态系统。DOC的降解影响碳循环、营养动力学机制和微生物的能源供给,因此改变生物地球化学过程。本研究对千烟洲森林试验站（QFES）土壤溶解性有机碳浓度垂直剖面和季节的变化及其控制因子,包括土壤性质和环境因素进行分析。2007年11月至2009年3月每两个月、2009年4月至2010年103每月,分别在土壤10、20、30cm深度和10、30、50cm深度,采用机械式真空取样装置共收集了土壤溶液样品。用总碳分析仪（TOC）测定DOC浓度,DOC浓度平均值范围为3．0-26．2mgL^-1。在土壤剖面10、20、30、50cm深度DOC浓度平均值（±标准差）分别为12．4±4．4、10．6±6．3、8．7±2．6及8．0±5．9mgL^-1。DOC季节平均浓度和春李DOC浓度平均值具有明显的随深度增加而降低的特征。而在夏季、秋季和冬季,DOC浓度在土壤剖面上的变化不具有明显的特征。春季、夏季、秋季和冬季DOC浓度平均值分别为10．2、10．5、10．8和8．3mg^L1,不同深度DOC浓度的季节变化没有一致的特征。分析表明,凋落物有机碳含量与DOC浓度之间无明显相关关系,SOC与DOC含量具有相同的土壤剖面变化特征,SOC与DOC之间具线性正相关关系（R^2=0．19,p〈0．01）,表明SOC是DOC的主要来源之一。在湿地松、马尾松和杉木林,土壤溶液10cm深度和5cm土壤温度间具有指数正相关关系（R^2=0．12,p〈0．01）。在湿地松土壤剖面,DOC浓度与土壤湿度具负线性相关关系（R^=0．15,p〈0．001）,在湿地松、马尾松和杉木林,土壤溶液10cm深度DOC浓度和5cm土壤湿度之间具有负指数相关关系（R^2=0．13,p〈0．001）。取样月降雨量与DOC季节平均浓度不相关。然而,对取样前不同时间降雨量与DOC季节平均浓度的分析表明,取样前降雨事件的时间对不同深度的DOC季节平均浓度有不同的影响。通过分析揭示了SOC和环境变量土壤温度、土壤湿度和降雨是DOC的控制因子。本研究以人工湿地松林碳循环中DOC动力机制为重点,为评价亚热带红壤区生态恢复的效果提供依据。     

新疆伊犁河谷不同植被带下土壤有机碳分布(英文)

We analyzed and estimated the distribution and reserves of soil organic carbon under nine different vegetation conditions including alpine meadow,meadow steppe,typical steppe,desert steppe,and temperate coniferous forest and so on,in the Ili River valley,Xinjiang according to data from field investigations and laboratory analyses in 2008 and 2009.The study results show that the soil organic carbon content in the Ili River valley varies with the type of vegetation.In the 0-50 cm soil horizon,the soil organic carbon content is the highest under the vegetation types of alpine meadow and meadow steppe,slightly lower under temperate coniferous forest and typical steppe,and the lowest under the intrazonal vegetation and desert vegetation types.The soil organic carbon content shows basically a tendency to decrease as soil depth increases under various vegetation types except in the case of the intrazonal vegetation.Similarly,the soil organic carbon density is the highest and varies little under the vegetation types of alpine meadow,meadow steppe and temperate coniferous forest,and is the lowest under the desert vegetation type.Both the soil organic carbon content and density in the topsoil of meadows in the Ili River valley are high,so protecting meadows in the Ili River valley,and especially their topsoil,should be a priority so that the potential of change in soil organic carbon in the shallow soil horizon is reduced,and this means maintenance of the stability of the soil carbon pool.     

Distribution of soil organic carbon under different vegetation zones in the Ili River Valley,Xinjiang

We analyzed and estimated the distribution and reserves of soil organic carbon under nine different vegetation conditions including alpine meadow, meadow steppe, typical steppe, desert steppe, and temperate coniferous forest and so on, in the Ili River valley, Xinjiang according to data from field investigations and laboratory analyses in 2008 and 2009. The study results show that the soil organic carbon content in the Ili River valley varies with the type of vegetation. In the 0–50 cm soil horizon, the soil organic carbon content is the highest under the vegetation types of alpine meadow and meadow steppe, slightly lower under temperate coniferous forest and typical steppe, and the lowest under the intrazonal vegetation and desert vegetation types. The soil organic carbon content shows basically a tendency to decrease as soil depth increases under various vegetation types except in the case of the intrazonal vegetation. Similarly, the soil organic carbon density is the highest and varies little under the vegetation types of alpine meadow, meadow steppe and temperate coniferous forest, and is the lowest under the desert vegetation type. Both the soil organic carbon content and density in the topsoil of meadows in the Ili River valley are high, so protecting meadows in the Ili River valley, and especially their topsoil, should be a priority so that the potential of change in soil organic carbon in the shallow soil horizon is reduced, and this means maintenance of the stability of the soil carbon pool.     

伊犁河谷不同植被带下土壤有机碳分布

结合2008年和2009年野外实地调查与室内分析的资料,运用方差分析等方法对伊犁河谷高山草甸、草甸草原、典型草原、荒漠草原、温性针叶林等9种不同植被条件下的土壤有机碳含量分布及其储量进行了分析估算.研究结果表明:伊犁河谷土壤有机碳含量因植被类型变化而不同.在0～50 cm土层范围,高山草甸、草甸草原土壤有机碳含量较高,其次是温性针叶林和典型草原,含量最低的是隐域植被和荒漠植被土壤.除隐域植被外,各植被类型下土壤有机碳含最基本呈随着土层深度增加而降低的,变化趋势.有机碳密度同样是高山草甸、草甸草原和温性针叶林土壤有机碳密度较高且比较相近,荒漠植被下土壤有机碳密度最低.伊犁河谷草地表层土壤有机碳含量高、密度大,因此应重视对伊犁河谷草地的保护,尤其要保护草地表层土壤以降低浅层土壤有机碳发生变化的可能性,维护土壤碳库的稳定性.     

加拿大海盆的营养盐极大

根据 1 999年和 2 0 0 3年中国北极科学考察航次 ,从Canada海盆收集温、盐、深和营养盐浓度数据 ,用文献报道的低浓度1 2 9I和高浓度金属钡 (Ba)来指示太平洋源水、用相应的高浓度1 2 9I和低浓度Ba来指示大西洋源水 ,划分了该海盆物理化学特征的 4个水团。表层水 ( <40m)的盐度从 2 5至 31 .6;硝酸盐处于耗尽水平 ,而磷酸盐和硅酸盐处于最低水平。营养盐再生水大致位于 40- 2 0 0m ;盐度特征为 31 .6- 33.1 ;营养盐浓度一致增至最高 ;极大峰的盐度在 33.1附近 ,其位温则处于最低水平 (约 - 1 .5°C)。混合水 (深约 2 0 0- 385m)盐度从 33.1至 34.8;位温从局域最低升至整个水柱最高的 0 .5 0- 0 .65 7°C ;营养盐则逐渐降低。深层水深度变化较大 ( 385m至 1 90 0m以下海底 ) ;但其盐度变化较小 ( 34.8- 34.9) ;位温则从最高降低到 - 0 .4至 - 0 5 4°C ;营养盐均轻微增加。结合文献中对于营养盐极大的年际观测 ,1 2 9I、Ba与氯氟烃CFC 1 1的浓度及3H 3He示踪年龄的结果分析表明 ,营养盐再生水是无季节性变化的、高年龄 (约 8- 1 5年 )的太平洋源水 ;深层为大西洋源水 ;而混合水团即为上述 2大源水的混合层。硅酸盐和磷酸盐的强极大指示优势种硅藻及其再生主导太平洋源水。     

干旱对青藏高原腹地高寒草地生态系统净CO2交换的影响

干旱对草地生态系统NEE有深刻影响。基于涡度相关技术提供的碳通量及小气候数据,研究了2009年当雄高寒草地生态系统的碳交换特征及其主控因子,同时分析了干旱的可能影响。5—7月初及9月发生的干旱导致草地GLAI、ALB和GPP较低,6月中旬到7月初碳吸收一度下降。干旱使6、7月份NEE日变化进程发生改变。同时,NEE和GPP的季节变化也受到干旱影响。由于干旱导致生态系统吸收能力降低,75]3日出现NEE日净碳排放最高值（0．9gCm-2d-1）。5-7月的NEE月总量均大于0,且逐月增加。该草地2009年的GPP和NEE分别为-158．1和52．4gCm。日均0〈01时,0成为影响白天NEE变化的主控因子。GLAI、r和目是3个对NEE季节变异影响最大的指标,且其影响程度依次降低。GPP季节变化的主控因子是GLAI、θ、PPT、VPD和瓦,生态系统水分状况（0、PPT或VPD）对GPP的影响大于T20。Rcco主要受控于t、GLAI、PAR和PPT,且其影响力依次降低。GLAI的季节变化可解释NEE和GPP变异的60．7％和76．1％。当雄高寒草地生态系统水分条件的年际变化可能是影响NEE年际变异的主要因子。