生油岩产生低分子量有机酸的模拟实验研究

通过对低成熟的生油岩样岩样品进行有水和无水热解实验，在不同温阶下的水溶液产物中均检测到低分子量有机酸。把这些有机酸的分布与油田水样品相比较，发现两者在组成上很近似。再加入不同矿物的样品，热解后的有机酸组成与干酷根单热解样品有较大差别，这表明产酸过程中水和无机矿物起了重要作用。     

原油族组分成气的化学动力学模型及其标定

利用等温密封热解实验技术及恒速升温热解实验与PY—GC分析技术的结合,本文分别建立并标定了原油中各族组分,即饱和烃、芳烃、非烃和沥青质成气的化学动力学模型。结果表明,原油中不同族组分成气的过程均可用平行一级反应描述,但不同组分在平均活化能及活化能分布上有明显的差异。各族组分在地史过程中成气的过程可由各自的化学动力学模型来描述。这将使原油成气过程的定量、动态描述成为可能。     

实验室条件下微生物降解原油的地球化学特征研究

通过对胜利油田四个正常原油样品微生物作用前后的族组分及饱和烃色谱质谱分析,发现实验室条件下微生物对原油有明显的降解作用。微生物作用以后的原油族组分其饱和烃相对含量降低,饱/芳比也明显降低,而芳烃、非烃和沥青质的相对含量都不同程度的升高。通过饱和烃色谱-质谱分析,发现微生物作用以后原油正构烷烃被严重降解,姥/植(Pr/Ph)比值和∑C_21-/∑C₂₂₊比值都明显降低。微生物作用原油后能产生表面活性剂,造成了培养基表面张力的降低。     

3种常见细菌胞外特征有机酸对方解石的溶蚀研究

为了更深入地了解微生物与大气可吸入矿物细颗粒的作用机理,实验以方解石(PM2.5)为研究对象,采用反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)对硅酸盐细菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌胞外有机酸主要组分进行定性定量分析,考察了细菌胞外有机酸对方解石的溶蚀效应。实验结果表明,3种常见细菌的胞外有机酸主要组分有草酸、乳酸、柠檬酸和琥珀酸;不同有机酸对方解石的溶蚀效应不同,但均能不同程度地促进Ca离子的释放;草酸、乳酸和琥珀酸对方解石发生作用后,表现为颗粒失重,而柠檬酸对方解石发生作用后,导致其发生重结晶行为,能改变方解石的表面形貌,使残余固体呈纤维状;在草酸和柠檬酸作用下,残余固体表现出了对有机酸基团(如C=O、C—C或C—H)的吸附,特别是柠檬酸在1 600~500 cm-1区域。     

在线PYGC分析技术在气源岩评价中的应用

为了研究高演化地区气源的生成特征与生气潜力，分别采用热解温度为560℃不加内标、CDS2000热解系统，700℃加内标（聚苯乙烯）、由实验室自制热解系统的在线热解气相色谱分析技术，对不同气源岩（代表性的煤、固体沥青及四川地区以下古生界碎屑岩为主的全岩）进行5s的快速热解分析。在对实验系统加内标定量的可行性进行了认真研究后，提出了产烃定量公式。560℃的热解谱图可清楚地将烃源岩分为生油、生气和生凝析油三种类型，并可根据谱图计算出油气比（GOGI）。根据700℃加内标的热解测试结果，计算了气源岩的热解烃总量和C1－5－C5－C15组分的相对含量。热解烃总量随热演变程度增高而递减，其中以碎屑岩的热解烃量减低最快。相同样品的热解烃量与TOC和Rock-Eval测定结果具有很好的可比性。对比不同演化阶段热解产物的相对组成，显示低演化阶段的烃源岩热解产物以C1－5组分为主。由此表明，在高演化阶段，好的油源岩就是好的气源岩。较高演化阶段（测试前R^0为2．5％－4．2％）烃源岩的热解烃中C5－15含量呈增加趋势，这一结果与前人资料吻合，它除了表明C5-15 分的含量可能与烃存在的载体，如无机矿物或固体有机质对早期轻烃的包裹与吸附有关外，可能还揭示了有机质在石墨化过程中高演化阶段有着与低演化阶段不同的特性。固体沥青广泛分布在四川地区下古生界地层中，PY－GC测试结果也表明，固体沥青比相同演化阶段的碎屑岩热解产物多数倍到一个数量级，因此，在高演化地区固体沥青是不可忽视的气源岩。     

黄钾铁矾类矿物生成对嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌浸提废旧印刷线路板铜的影响

摘要:研究柱浸条件下黄钾铁矾类矿物生成对嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌浸提废旧印刷线路板金属铜的浸出影响,结果表明:柱浸体系中黄钾铁矾类矿物生成是影响浸铜效率的主要因素;pH值在2.20时可以保持浸出体系中一定的Fe3+量与较高的ORP值;黄钾铁矾类矿物在有细菌作用时生成;加酸维持低pH值(pH2.50)可减少黄钾铁矾类矿物的生成,浸出反应能持续进行。     

不同有机酸对矿物溶解的动力学实验研究

用石英、微斜长石和方解石混合颗粒模拟碎屑组分分别与不同有机酸水溶液进行溶蚀实验,以比较储集层内不同矿物在含低分子量有机酸地层水中溶解的速率,并试图探讨矿物溶蚀的微观机理。结果表明：①所有矿物颗粒都发生了不同程度的溶解,表现为颗粒失重,溶液中SiO2和金属阳离子含量增加,pH值上升。②优先溶解的是方解石,其次是硅酸盐矿物。③温度增加,硅酸盐矿物在水中的溶解度明显增加,而方解石的溶解度基本不变。④由于不同有机酸与二氧化硅和金属阳离子生成的络合物稳定性不同,因此,在不同有机酸水溶液中,矿物的溶蚀速率有较大差别。多官能团有机酸的水溶液中,不同矿物有更大的溶解;但在含有丰富Ca2＋的草酸水溶液中,由于矿物颗粒表面难溶草酸钙的沉淀,方解石的溶解变得更加困难。⑤多官能团有机酸与SiO2形成的多环螯合物由于完全取代了硅氧四面体的氧原子,在水中具有高度稳定性,可能有助于(铝)硅酸盐的溶蚀和硅元素的迁移     

含铀矿物对烃源岩生烃影响的热模拟研究

采用密闭容器加水的热模拟方法,从生烃组成特征、生烃量等方面,探讨了含铀矿物对烃岩热解生烃过程的影响.热模拟实验结果表明,在暗色泥岩和煤岩样品中加入含铀矿物后,气态烃和液态烃的生烃量都有比较明显的增加,其中煤岩的气态烃产量平均增加值为34%,而泥岩样品平均增加值也达到了30%以上.液态烃产率分析表明,含铀矿物也促进了泥岩和煤岩的液态烃产率.从泥岩氯仿沥青'A'族组成分析发现,加入催化剂后泥岩的饱和烃和芳烃在高温阶段具有规律性的明显增大的趋势,反映出非烃和沥青质甚至不溶有机质向相对稳定的饱和烃转化以及芳烃随演化程度增加的高聚合作用.综合以上分析,认为放射性铀对油气生成具有积极的意义.     

柴达木盆地西部地区有机酸形成演化模式及其应用

有机酸对储集层的改造作用得到广泛的承认和重视,柴达木盆地西部地区裂缝型油气藏的形成与有机酸对次生裂缝和孔隙的改造作用是密切相关的。该文通过对柴达木盆地西部地区岩心、原油和油田水中的有机酸进行分析,提出了有机酸的生成演化模式及其主要影响因素;并结合古埋深和古水文条件,计算了各生油层不同地质历史时期的排酸量和地层水中有机酸的浓度。研究发现,有机酸的高浓度区与已知的裂缝型油气藏分布非常吻合,说明利用该技     

纯油条件下合成碳酸盐岩烃类包裹体及其捕获机制探讨

设计了在接近实际储层温压条件下,流体介质为纯原油时在冰洲石中合成烃类包裹体的实验。合成样品的显微观察及荧光分析证实实验成功合成了烃类包裹体,实验证明油气对晶体生长和包裹体的形成有抑制作用,但不会终止其形成,纯油条件晶体仍能生长捕获包裹体,水并不是矿物生长捕获烃类包裹体的必须条件。结合矿物润湿性实验及前人研究将碳酸盐岩烃类包裹体捕获机制归纳为3种情况:油水共存(水润湿)、油水共存(油润湿)及纯油条件。水润湿条件下由水溶液提供矿物质来源,较易形成包裹体; 油润湿条件下由水溶液和油中的极性组分共同提供矿物质来源; 纯油条件下由原油中的极性组分和裂解产生的有机酸提供物源,形成烃类包裹体较少,晶体生长受到抑制。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of