海洋荧光溶解有机物研究进展

海洋荧光溶解有机物(FDOM)是海洋有色溶解有机物中可产生荧光的组分,其理化性质对于海洋上层的水色遥感、光化学以及浮游植物的生产力和生态系统结构与功能等都有重要影响。总结了FDOM的3种荧光光谱分析技术及其特点,重点对其两种主要成分(类腐殖质和类蛋白质荧光物质)的荧光特性、分布变化以及来源、分布变化及其去除等进行了全面细致的综述,阐述了研究FDOM的海洋学意义,并对今后有待深入研究的重点问题作了展望。     

海洋蛋白质荧光分析法的研究进展

本文对海洋中浮游植物、细菌及海水溶解态蛋白质的荧光分析方法及其研究进展进行了较为系统的评述．着重阐明了荧光光谱法分析海洋浮游植物、细菌和海水溶解态蛋白质中色氨酸和酪氨酸的可行性和优势，讨论了海水中溶解蛋白质的来源、分布变化及地球化学行为，最后对今后的研究重点和方向进行了展望。     

溶解有机物的光降解及其对浮游细菌和浮游植物的影响

作为海洋中最大的动态有机碳储库,溶解有机物的光降解(主要是紫外波段)对生源要素的生物地球化学循环以及海洋生态系统的结构和功能具有重要的影响。本文探讨了影响溶解有机物光降解的环境因素、其光化学过程和产物,并重点阐述了溶解有机物的光降解对浮游细菌和浮游植物的影响。溶解有机物的来源和成分复杂,其光降解在不同海区有不同的生态效应,为了能更准确地把握其生态效应,需要更全面和深入的研究。     

海水中腐植质的测定及其在长江口和东海的分布

海水可溶有机物对海洋中生物学、环境化学和地球化学的变化过程具有重要影响,然而至今能鉴定出的可溶有机物仅为溶解有机物的10％,在其余90％的未鉴定部分中有60—80％为海水腐植质,因此它是海洋有机物的主要组成部分。作者自1980年成功地从海水中分离出海水腐植质后,逐步开展了其化学性质、组成和结构等方面的研究。本文在这些工     

芦苇和海洋微藻有色溶解有机物的吸收和荧光光谱特征分析

有色溶解有机物(CDOM)是海洋碳循环的重要组成部分,其来源、组成和特性是揭示复杂的河口过程的重要依据。本文选取北方河口地区有机碳的主要贡献者,芦苇和海洋微藻,研究其生产的CDOM的吸收光谱和荧光光谱特征。结果显示,芦苇和海洋微藻CDOM吸光度随波长缩短呈指数增长,Sg值与M值之间呈对数型正相关;采用PARAFAC方法解析CDOM荧光三维谱图(EEMs),共识别出3种荧光组分:类色氨酸、类酪氨酸和类腐殖质。芦苇和海洋微藻新溶出或分泌的类酪氨酸组分,其结构基本相同;细胞破碎裂解产生的类色氨酸组分,其结构存在一定差异;类腐殖质组分来源于芦苇和海洋微藻细胞分泌物质降解或细胞破碎裂解产物。     

辽河口芦苇湿地有色溶解有机物的光谱特征研究

为深入认识芦苇湿地溶解有机碳的生物地球化学过程,分别于2015年5、6和9月,对辽河口湿地芦苇生长密集区和稀疏区积水进行24h连续监测,通过分析有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的吸收光谱和荧光光谱,来揭示芦苇生长初期、快速生长期和成熟期湿地积水CDOM的组成、性质和转化特征。研究结果表明,CDOM相对含量以5月最高,其吸收系数a(280)约是9和6月的2倍;5和6月CDOM平均分子粒径相当,略高于9月。CDOM荧光组分由高到低依次包括类富里酸、类色氨酸、类腐殖酸、微生物代谢产物和类酪氨酸五大类,其中类腐殖质组分占50%以上。DOC含量、CDOM相对含量和CDOM荧光强度间均呈现极显著正相关关系,说明研究区域CDOM的来源或产生过程具有相似性,或者相伴发生。CDOM吸收光谱和荧光光谱特征与环境理化因子的CCA分析结果表明,芦苇湿地积水中的初级生产是9月CDOM的初始来源,温度和光照是促进CDOM降解和转化的主要因素。芦苇生长初期和快速生长期苇田积水中CDOM主要为自生源,5月主要来自河水与苇田冬季留存有机物再溶解后的混合,6月积水中初级生产活动对溶解有机物有一定程度的添加;9月芦苇生长成熟期苇田积水中初级生产活动最为旺盛,带来旺盛的微生物活动。     

海水中二甲基硫的光化学氧化研究

二甲基硫(DMS)是海洋中最重要的挥发性生源硫化物,其在大气中的氧化产物会对全球气候变化和酸雨的形成产生重要影响。海水中DMS的光化学氧化,作为一个重要的去除途径,是控制海水中DMS浓度的重要因素。这个复杂的动态过程会受到光照、深度、海水中的溶解无机和有机物这些物理、化学因素的影响。根据光化学降解在DMS的全球生物地球化学循环中的重要作用,作者综述了国际海洋科学工作者近20年来在海水中DMS光化学研究方面的最新进展。     

海洋沉积物腐植质

海洋中的溶解有机物,通过溶解有机物(?)颗粒有机物的平衡过程形成颗粒有机物,或者被吸附到颗粒有机物(包括生物排泄物和碎屑)和粘土悬浮物上,最终缓慢地沉向海底,加上沉下的生物死骸,构成沉积物的有机组     

稀土元素和海洋化学

近年来研究海洋中痕量元素的化学行为日益受到人们的重视。通过对海洋中痕量元素浓度的分布、元素与阴离子和有机配位体的络合作用、在微粒上的吸附、痕量金属离子的氧化还原反应等的研究,可以解决海洋地球化学中的一些重要问题。稀土元素的离子半径在痕量金属的海洋化学研究中起着独特的作用。 海洋中稀土元素的主要来源有:大陆上的稀土元素随江河流入海洋,含稀土的气溶胶溶解在海水中;海洋底部的热液作用。通过生物体的下沉过程,使稀     

南海东北部海区的溶解有机碳

碳是生态系统中重要的生命元素之一。近年来,海洋学家们对海水中溶解有机质的研究已经引起了很大的注意。海水中总有机质的重要来源是海洋内部的生物学过程,包括浮游植物通过光合作用固定二氧化碳,浮游植物的直接分解,死细胞的溶解和部分矿化、海洋沉积物的再悬浮作用和河流以及大气将陆源有机质搬入海洋等。这些溶解有机物很快被异氧生物(主要是微生物)所利用,可能也有不到10％的溶解有机质变成大分子量的络合物混进难溶的残质中沉到海底。目前,一般采用有机碳的测定     

海洋雾状层的成因及其对海洋碳循环过程的影响

海洋雾状层既是陆源物质进入海底的输送通道,又是海洋水体中沉降颗粒及底部再悬浮颗粒物的停留场所。雾状层物质来源主要有陆源、生源以及海底表层沉积物的再悬浮,不同海区、不同层位的雾状层的物质来源有所差异;雾状层的成因具有复杂性,既有物理作用,又有生物及化学作用,大量研究表明,海底洋流、内波(潮)等物理作用是雾状层形成的主要控制因素。雾状层中碳的存在形态主要有颗粒有机碳(POC)、溶解有机碳(DOC)、胶体有机碳(COC)以及无机碳,雾状层与其上下海水之间、雾状层与海底表层沉积物之间不同形态碳在生物-化学-物理动力系统作用下不断发生物质交换与迁移,对海洋碳循环生物地球化学过程起重要的控制作用,是整个海洋碳循环的一个不可忽视的环节。     

Biochemical composition and size distribution of organic matter at the Pacific and Atlantic time-series stations

Amino acids, neutral sugars and amino sugars were analyzed to investigate the chemical composition and diagenetic processing of suspended particulate organic matter (POM, > 100 nm), high-molecular-weight dissolved organic matter (HMW DOM, 1–100 nm) and low-molecular-weight dissolved organic matter (LMW DOM, < 1 nm) at the time-series stations near Bermuda (BATS) and Hawaii (HOT). Differences between BATS and HOT were principally related to location-specific biogeochemical processes and water mass ventilation ages. Concentrations of amino acids, neutral sugar and amino sugars in unfiltered seawater sharply declined with depth at both stations, indicating an upper ocean source and rapid turnover of these components. The size distribution of organic matter was heavily skewed to smaller molecular sizes. Depth comparisons showed that larger size classes of organic matter were more efficiently removed than smaller size classes. Carbon-normalized yields of amino acids, neutral sugars and amino sugars decreased rapidly with depth and molecular size. Together these biochemicals accounted for 55% of organic carbon in surface POM but only 2% of the organic carbon in LMW DOM in deep water. Chemical compositions showed distinct differences between organic matter size classes indicating the extent of diagenetic processing increased with decreasing molecular size. These findings are consistent with the size-reactivity continuum model for organic matter in which bioreactivity decreases with decreasing molecular size and diagenetic processes lead to the formation of smaller components that are resistant to biodegradation. The data also provided evidence for a size-composition continuum. Carbon-normalized yields of amino acids, neutral sugars and amino sugars were sensitive indicators of diagenetic alterations. Diagenetic indicators based on amino acid compositions revealed distinct patterns for the North Pacific and Sargasso Sea possibly indicating the influence of varying sources or diagenetic processing.     

胶州湾海水中一氧化碳光致生成影响因素的研究

海水中的一氧化碳(CO)主要由溶解有色有机物(CDOM)光降解产生,且CO的光致生成量受到环境因素的影响。采集了胶州湾及其河口表层水样,通过实验室模拟实验开展了不同的环境条件(辐射强度、光照时间、温度、pH和盐度)以及水体中CDOM的来源对CO光致生成的影响研究。结果表明胶州湾海水中CO的光致生成速率随辐射强度的增强、水温的升高和水体pH的增大而增大;随着光照时间的延长、水体盐度的增大而逐渐减小;不同来源的CDOM对水体中CO的光致生成速率产生了不同的影响。     

胶州湾海水中一氧化碳光致生成影响因素的研究

海水中的一氧化碳(CO)主要由溶解有色有机物(CDOM)光降解产生,且CO的光致生成量受到环境因素的影响。采集了胶州湾及其河口表层水样,通过实验室模拟实验开展了不同的环境条件(辐射强度、光照时间、温度、pH和盐度)以及水体中CDOM的来源对CO光致生成的影响研究。结果表明胶州湾海水中CO的光致生成速率随辐射强度的增强、水温的升高和水体pH的增大而增大;随着光照时间的延长、水体盐度的增大而逐渐减小;不同来源的CDOM对水体中CO的光致生成速率产生了不同的影响。     

Continental runoff of solid matter as a source of dissolved calcium in the ocean

It was found in the experiments that the transfer of calcium from the solid phase to the dissolved state took place under the interaction of terrigenous matter (bottom sediments from the freshwater lake) with the solutions modeling the interstitial waters of the sediments of high-productive regions of the ocean. This calcium might later bind the autochthonous CO₂ formed in the ocean under the oxidation of organic matter. According to the data of the three-week experiment, 1 g of the terrigenous matter evolved on average ～2.3 mg Ca²⁺ into interstitial solutions, which conforms to the involving of exclusively surface layers of the grains of the solid phase into the reaction. In view of the true rate of halmyrolysis of the grains of terrigenous silicates (a few μm/year), at the value of the continental runoff of solid matter being equal to 16 billion t/year, the amount of dissolved calcium supplied to the ocean as a result of the transformation of the terrigenous sedimentary matter at the stage of diagenesis amounts to 250–440 million t/year and over. These values are 3- to 5-fold higher that the amount of calcium in the continental runoff of dissolved matter supplied by the erosion of silicates and capable of forming carbonate sediments in the ocean under the interaction with autochthonous CO₂, unlike the calcium that is product of the dissolution of carbonate rocks.     

北极孔斯峡湾表层沉积物中溶解有机质的来源与转化历史

在北极地区孔斯峡湾采集28个表层沉积物样品,测定了其中水溶性有机质(也称溶解有机质,DOM)的分子量分布、紫外/可见吸收光谱和三维荧光光谱特征,并利用平行因子分析(PARAFAC)模型对DOM的荧光组分和来源进行了解析。结果表明:孔斯峡湾表层沉积物中有色溶解有机质(CDOM)及其中的荧光溶解有机质(FDOM)含量均从内湾向外湾方向呈逐渐累积的趋势,但CDOM中的FDOM所占比例逐渐减小,与DOM趋于老龄化密切相关。沉积作用减弱以及长期的光化学降解和微生物降解作用对此起主要贡献,并导致腐殖质和小分子组分在沉积物DOM中所占的比例呈逐渐递增的趋势。沉积物DOM包含陆源类腐殖质、自生源类腐殖质和类蛋白等三个荧光组分,但是其组成比例空间差异很大。吸收光谱斜率比(S_R)随自生源所占百分比增加而减小,随DOM腐殖质组分中陆源与自生源的比值增加而增加;腐殖化指数(HIX)随类腐殖质与类蛋白质比值和水深的增加而增加,生物源指数(BIX)随自生源比例增加而增加。峡湾沉积物DOM的组成和来源存在着高度的空间差异,在冰川湾区由水体颗粒有机质(POM)的近期转化和迁移而来,而在峡湾中央及口门附近以较老的腐殖质为优势,主要源于水体DOM长期迁移和转化。研究表明,FDOM/CDOM,S_R,HIX和BIX等构成的CDOM光谱指纹信息可以作为揭露沉积物溶解有机质来源及迁移转化历史的工具,对探索海洋与冰川相互作用影响下的峡湾环境演变有着重要意义。     

Carbohydrates as indicators of biogeochemical processes

A method is presented to study the carbohydrate composition of marine objects involved into sedimento- and diagenesis (plankton, particulate matter, benthos, and bottom sediments). The analysis of the carbohydrates is based upon the consecutive separation of their fractions with different solvents (water, alkali, and acid). The ratio of the carbohydrate fractions allows one to evaluate the lability of the carbohydrate complex. It is also usable as an indicator of the biogeochemical processes in the ocean, as well of the genesis and the degree of conversion of organic matter in the bottom sediments and nodules. The similarity in the monosaccharide composition is shown for dissolved organic matter and aqueous and alkaline fractions of seston and particulate matter.     

Seasonal variations in dissolved organic carbon concentrations and characteristics in a shallow coastal bay

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition and dynamics in temperate shallow coastal bays are not well described although these bays may be important as local sources of organic carbon to ocean waters and are often sites of economically-important fisheries and aquaculture. In this study surface water samples were collected on a monthly to bi-monthly basis over two years from a mid-Atlantic coastal bay (Chincoteague Bay, Virginia and Maryland, USA). Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and light absorbance characteristics were measured on sterile-filtered water, and high-molecular weight (> 1 kDa) dissolved OM (DOM) was isolated to determine stable isotope composition and molecular-level characteristics. Our time series encompassed both a drought year (2002) and a year of above-average rainfall (2003). During the dry year, one of our sites developed a very intense bloom of the brown tide organism Aureococcus anophagefferens while during the wet year there were brown tide bloom events at both of our sampling sites. During early spring of the wet year, there were higher concentrations of > 1 kDa DOC; this fraction represented a larger proportion of overall DOC and appeared considerably more allochthonous. Based upon colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and high-molecular weight DOM analyses, the development of extensive phytoplankton blooms during our sampling period significantly altered the quality of the DOM. Throughout both years Chincoteague Bay had high DOC concentrations relative to values reported for the coastal ocean. This observation, in conjunction with the observed effects of phytoplankton blooms on DOM composition, indicates that Chincoteague Bay may be a significant local source of “recently-fixed” organic carbon to shelf waters. Estimating inputs of DOC from Chincoteague Bay to the Mid-Atlantic Bight suggests that shallow productive bays should be considered in studies of organic carbon on continental shelves.     

Distribution, partitioning and fluxes of dissolved and particulate organic C, N and P in the eastern North Pacific and Southern Oceans

Concurrent distributions of dissolved and suspended particulate organic carbon (DOC and POC_susp), nitrogen (DON and PON_susp) and phosphorus (DOP and POP_susp), and of suspended particulate inorganic phosphorus (PIP_susp), are presented for the open ocean water column. Samples were collected along a three-station transect from the upper continental slope to the abyssal plain in the eastern North Pacific and from a single station in the Southern Ocean. The elemental composition of surface sedimentary organic matter (SOM) was also measured at each location, and sinking particulate organic matter (POM_sink) was measured with moored sediment traps over a 110-d period at the abyssal site in the eastern North Pacific only. In addition to elemental compositions, C : N, C : P and N : P ratios were also calculated. Surface and deep ocean concentrations of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and inorganic nutrients between the two sites displayed distinct differences, although suspended POM (POM_susp) concentrations were similar. Concentrations of DOM and POM_susp displayed unique C, N and P distributions, with POM_susp concentrations generally about 1–2 orders of magnitude less than the corresponding DOM concentrations. These differences were likely influenced by different biogeochemical factors: whereas the dissolved constituents may have been influenced more by the physical regime of the study site, suspended particulate matter may have been controlled to a greater extent by biological and chemical alteration. Up to 80% of total particulate P in POM_susp, POM_sink and SOM consisted of PIP. For all organic matter pools measured, elemental ratios reveal that organic P is preferentially remineralized over organic C and organic N at both sites. Increases in C : P and N : P ratios with depth were also observed for DOM at both sites, suggesting that DOP is also preferentially degraded over C and N as a function of depth. A simple one-dimensional vertical eddy diffusion model was applied to estimate the contributions of dissolved and suspended particulate organic C, N and P fluxes from the upper mixed layer into the permanent thermocline. Estimated vertical DOM fluxes were 28–63% of the total organic matter fluxes; POM_susp and POM_sink fluxes were 8–20 and 28–52% of the total.