The influence of macronitrogen (NO3- and NH4+) addition with Ulva pertusa on dissolved inorganic carbon system

The influence of macronitrogen (NO - 3 and NH + 4 ) addition with Ulva pertusa on dissolved inorganic carbon system in seawater was studied. The results indicate that p(CO 2 ) and HCO 3 concentration decrease significantly, while pH and CO 2- 3 concentration increase significantly. When the concentration of NO 3 was less than 71 μmol/dm 3 or NH + 4 was less than 49.7 μmol/dm 3 , dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) absorption rates by Ulva pertusa generally increased with the increasing of nitrogen concentration. The DIC decreased 151 μmol/dm 3 with the addition of 71 μmol/dm 3 NO 3 and decreased 232 μmol/dm 3 with the addition of 49.7 μmol/dm 3 NH + 4 after the experiment compared with DIC measured without nitrogen addition. A significant negative-correlation was found between c(DIC) and growth rate (μ) of Ulva pertusa (r = -0.91, P <0.000 1, n=11). NH + 4 had more influence on the species of inorganic carbon system than NO 3 .     

海水中-氧化氮的化学发光法测定

基于鲁米诺-H2O2混合溶液作为发光液与海水中NO发生反应产生发光信号的原理,提出了一种测定海水中痕量NO的化学发光法.确定了化学发光法测定NO的最佳条件:pH9.2、浓度1×10-2 mol/dm3的碳酸盐为缓冲体系,鲁米诺浓度为8.4×10-5 mol/dm3,H2O2浓度为1×10-2 mol/dm3,测定温度为...     

流动注射Ferene分光光度法测定海水中溶解态铁的方法优化

热液流体中溶解态铁是海水原位测量的重要参数之一。本研究采用Ferene分光光度法,搭建流动注射分析系统,优化进样条件、显色条件,实现了热液流体中溶解态铁的在线测定。结果表明,测定Fe(II)时,Ferene、缓冲液浓度分别为8×10–3、0.4 mol/L,Ferene、样品流速分别为0.8、0.6 m L/min,显色盘管长度为40 cm时,方法的灵敏度、检测限最佳;测定Fe(III)时,Ferene、缓冲液、抗坏血酸浓度分别为1×10–2、0.5、0.01 mol/L,Ferene/抗坏血酸、样品流速均为1.0 m L/min,还原、显色盘管长度均为40 cm时,方法的灵敏度、检测限最佳。最佳实验条件下,Fe(II)、Fe(III)在0.2~10μmol/L和0.5~16μmol/L范围内,工作曲线回归方程分别为A=0.0834 C+0.0564(μmol/L,n=8,R2=0.997)和A=0.0478C+0.0423(μmol/L,n=8,R2=0.997)。Fe(II)、Fe(III)检测限分别为24、39 nmol/L,相对标准偏差分别为0.8%、1.2%(n=10),加标回收率为97.9%~103.0%。共存离子实验表明,流体中的Na+、Mn2+、Cu2+、Cu+不会对测量造成干扰。     

绿潮藻浒苔光合固碳与防治海水酸化的作用Ⅰ.光合固碳与海水pH值提高速率研究

以黄海绿潮暴发的主要漂浮种类浒苔 (Ulva prolifera)为材料,在实验室条件下研究了浒苔光合参数、固碳速率及提升海水pH的作用,结果表明:浒苔光合作用半饱和常数K_m为0.25 mmol/dm3,光合作用饱和时海水溶解无机碳(DIC)浓度也只需1.2 mmol/dm3,为正常海水DIC浓度(2.4 mmol/dm3)一半,故黄海绿潮暴发时藻体可以一直保持光合作用饱和与旺盛生长状态。水生条件下浒苔藻体主要吸收海水中的DIC,0.5 g/dm3培养密度下,1个光周期内净光合固碳速率为10.92 mg /(g·d)(鲜重)。连续培养5 d,0.5,1.0和2.5 g/dm3培养密度组的DIC浓度从22 mg/dm3分别降为4.85,2.62和0.66 mg/dm3,表明DIC去除率随藻体培养密度提高而增强,分别可达77.78%,88.00%,96.98%;藻体吸收海水中无机碳的同时可使海水pH升高,0.5 g/dm3培养密度下,1个光周期内净提升pH速率高达0.96/(dm3·g·d)。连续培养5 d,0.5,1.0和2.5 g/dm3培养密度组第1天其pH分别可达到9.1,9.2和9.7,表明藻体密度越高pH提升越快,而且第5天pH均可稳定在9.9左右。浒苔暴露在空气中可直接吸收空气中CO₂,1个光周期内其光合固碳速率约为46.14 mg/(g·d),而在海水中的光合固碳速率为10.92 mg/(g·d),可见浒苔在空气中的光合固碳速率是水中的4.23倍。水生和气生时单位质量藻体的固碳效率因藻体间相互遮蔽而下降。结果可为今后黄海绿潮暴发机制及CO₂减排和防止海洋酸化作用的评估提供技术支撑。     

离子色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用测定海水中的IO_3~-和I~-

研究了离子色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱(IC-ICPMS)联用技术直接进样测定海水中IO3-和I-的方法.采用IonPacAG23离子色谱保护柱分离IO3-和I-,以浓度4.0mmol/dm3的KOH为流动相,流量为1.0cm3/min,每个样品的分析时间为2.5min.采用2.5×10-3cm3的进样量,IO3-和I-的检出限分别达到0.6和0.4nmol/dm3,可满足海水中碘形态的定量分析.该方法的IO3-和I-浓度范围在2.0nmol/dm3～2.0μmol/dm3.     

Comparative study on in vitro transformation of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in different shellfish tissues

Dissected tissues of three shellfish species,the Chinese scallop,Chlamys farreri,Manila clam,Ruditapes philippinarum,and Razor shell,Solen strictu were evaluated for in vitro transformation of paralytic shellfish poisoning(PSP) toxins. Tissue homogenates were incubated with extraction from toxic algae Alexandrium minutum to determine toxin conversion. The effects of heating and addition of a natural reductant(glutathione) on toxin conversion were also assessed. The toxin profile was investigated through high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection(HPLC-FLD) . The evident variations in the toxin content were observed only in Chinese scallop viscera homogenates. The concentration of GTX4 was reduced by 45%(approximately 0.8 μmol/dm 3 ) and 25%(approximately 1 μmol/dm 3 ) for GTX1,while GTX2 and GTX3 increased by six times(approximately 1 μmol/dm 3 ) and 3 times(approximately 0.3 μmol/dm 3 ) respectively. Simultaneously,the total toxicity decreased by 38% during the 48 h incubation period,the final toxicity was 20.4 nmol STXeq/g. Furthermore,heated Chinese scallop viscera homogenates samples were compared with non-heated samples. The concentration of the GTX4 and GTX1 was clearly 28%(approximately 0.53 μmol/dm 3 ) and 17%(approximately 0.69 μmol/dm 3 ) higher in heated samples,GTX2 and GTX3 were four times(0.66 μmol/dm 3 ) and two times(0.187 μmol/dm 3 ) lower respectively. GSH(+) Chinese scallop viscera homogenates samples were compared with GSH(-) samples,the concentration in the GTX4 and GTX1 was 9%(approximately 0.12 μmol/dm 3 ) and 11%(approximately 0.36 μmol/dm 3 ) lower respectively,GTX2 and GTX3 was 17%(approximately 0.14 μmol/dm 3 ) and 19%(approximately 0.006 μmol/dm 3 ) higher respectively. In contrast,there was a little change in the concentration of PSP toxins of Manila clam and Razor shell tissue homogenates. These observations on three shellfish tissues confirmed that there were species-specific differences in PSP toxins transformation. PSP toxins transformation was more pronounced in viscera tissue than in muscle tissue. PSP toxins was possibly interfered by some carbamoylase enzyme,and the activity in Chinese scallop viscera tissue is more remarkable than in the other two species.     

RP-HPLC法同时测定翅碱蓬中四种黄酮化合物的含量

建立RP-HPLC(反相高效液相色谱法)同时测定翅碱蓬中四种黄酮化合物-芸香苷、槲皮素3-β-D-葡萄糖苷、水仙苷和槲皮素的含量。采用Kromasil C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),检测波长为361nm,柱温为30℃,流动相为甲醇-0.4%冰乙酸(55︰45),流速1.0mL/min,四种黄酮类化合物得到很好的分离。芸香苷、槲皮素3-β-D-葡萄糖苷、水仙苷和槲皮素浓度均为0.001~0.01 mg/mL范围内呈现良好线性关系,相关系数R2在0.9990~0.9996,加标回收率(n=3)范围为82.39%~99.03%。该方法简单、快速、高效,可以用于翅碱蓬中四种黄酮化合物的含量分析。     

秋季东海溶解态和颗粒态氨基酸的分布与组成*

本文对2012年秋季中国东海31个站位的海水样品中溶解态氨基酸（THAA）和颗粒态氨基酸（PAA）的分布与组成进行了研究。结果表明：表层海水中溶解游离氨基酸(DFAA)的平均浓度为0.12±0.04 μmol/L (0.06~0.19 μmol/L),溶解结合氨基酸(DCAA)的平均浓度为0.61±0.51 μmol/L (0.15~1.79 μmol/L),PAA的平均浓度为0.11±0.06 μmol/L (0.02~0.27 μmol/L)。THAA的水平分布特点大致为近岸高、远岸低;PAA的水平分布特点是近岸海域向远海海域分布呈现逐渐减小的趋势。THAA的垂直分布特点是由表层向底层逐渐降低。DCAA、PAA与Chl-a有很好的相关性,而DFAA与Chl-a的相关性不明显。东海表层海水中THAA的主要组分是天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸、苏氨酸及丙氨酸,PAA的主要组分是天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸及亮氨酸。在表层海水中氨基酸是作为一个整体而对海洋生物地球化学过程产生影响的。     

液相色谱要原子荧光联用测定海水中无机砷和有机砷

本文研究并建立了海水中测定砷形态的液相色谱—原子荧光法。进行了实验参数流动相浓度、pH、流速的优化。在优化的实验条件下，采用Hamilton PRP-X100分析柱在6 min内可以完成三价砷、甲基砷和五价砷3种形态的分离、检测。在载流5% HCl，还原剂2% KBH4、0.5% KOH，进样量100 μL的条件下，三价砷、甲基砷和五价砷的检出限分别为0.31 μg/L、0.52 μg/L和0.36 μg/L。在浓度2~80 μg/L范围内，3种砷形态均有良好的线性关系，相关系数均优于0.999。用本文所建立的方法进行了海水样品中无机砷和有机砷形态的测试，海水中三价砷、甲基砷的含量较低，五价砷稍高，说明海水中砷形态主要以五价砷存在，当加标量为5~10 μg/L，加标回收率在73%~104%之间。该方法操作前处理简单，灵敏度高、运行费用低廉，适用于海水中砷形态的测试。     

莱州湾海水中营养盐分布与富营养化的关系

根据2001年5月和9月2个航次莱州湾海区海水营养盐等的调查资料,分析了该海域海水中5项营养盐的分布特征及时空变化,评价了水质的富营养化状况。结果表明,溶解无机氮的平均浓度为9.80μmol/dm3,2个季节中溶解无机氮以NO3-N浓度为最高,平均为7.61μmol/dm3,占总无机氮的77.65%,是莱州湾海水中的无机氮主要形式;活性磷酸盐的平均浓度为0.48μmol/dm3,活性硅酸盐的平均浓度为11.31μmol/dm3。研究发现,莱州湾海水中溶解无机氮和活性磷酸盐浓度分别是12 a前的2.03倍和3.2倍。DIN∶P,Si∶P,Si∶DIN比值分别为69.5,34.2,1.4;因此,磷酸盐为限制因素。按照营养状态指数值,莱州湾海区湾顶近岸海域划分为富营养化区,秋季一旦水文气象等条件适宜有发生赤潮的可能。     

海水中~（137）Cs的快速富集与分析

以亚铁氰化铜（CuFC）作为吸附剂,采用循环吸附的方法制备用于海水中137Cs富集的富集材料,同时采用湿样制源的方法制备样品源.研究结果显示当流量在5.0、6.0 dm3/min,且富集体积保持在900 dm3以下时,对海水中137Cs的富集效率保持在85%以上,且随富集体积的变化并不明显;当流量增大到7.0、8.0 dm3/min,且富集体积从500 dm3增大到1 000 dm3时,其富集效率从85%左右下降到75%左右,呈现出明显的下降趋势;而当流量进一步增大到10 dm3/min时,富集效率急剧下降到68%左右.研究结果表明,将流量控制在5.0~8.0dm3/min且富集体积在500 dm3以下时,可以在保证较高的富集效率的同时有效地减少富集时间,达到快速富集的目的.此外,湿样制源的方式缩短了样品前处理时间,提高了样品处理效率.本研究中所使用的海水中137Cs的富集和分析方法总计耗时约需8h左右,只相当于传统分析方法耗时的1/5左右.     

The chemical distribution characteristics of variant form phosphorus in the seawater of the South China Sea

According to two cruises investigation information in summer and winter during 1998 and1999, the phosphorous concentration distribution and changes of summer and winter were discussed pri-marily in the South China Sea. The results show that the phosphate concentration of surface seawater insummer is distinctly lower than that in winter, averaging 0.04 μmol/dm3 in summer and 0.35 μmol/dm3 in winter. The organic phosphorous concentration of surface seawater in summer is higher than thatin winter, averaging 0.12μmol/dm3 in summer and 0.04 μmol/dm3 in winter respectively. The season-al changes of total phosphorus are similar to phosphate, averaging 0.22 μmol/dm3 in summer and 0.61μmol/dm3 in winter respectively. In vertical direction, phosphate, TDP and TP content are the lowestin upper 50 m water column, and increase in linearity rapidly with water depth, increasing slowly under500 m, reach to maximum about 1 000 m, then decrease slightly with water depth increasing. The ver-tical distribution is typical in summer, and there is small dispersed for phosphorus concentration for thesame depth of different stations. However, in winter there is a large disperse for phosphate, TDP andTP, specifically for phosphate at 200 m at which the concentration is maximum. This result indicatesthat there are large differences in hydrology and biology conditions that affect largely the chemical envi-ronment of the South China Sea. The organic phosphorus is the predominant in surface seawater of theSouth China Sea, but the inorganic phosphorus is the predominant in layers below depth of 150 m. Theorganic phosphorus concentration in deep water usually decreases with water depth increasing. The or-ganic phosphorus in summer is remarkably more than that in winter because of the strong biology activi-ties in summer.     

海口湾海水重金属的行为特征

本文对海口湾溶解态铜、铅、锌、镉进行了测定.铜的变化范围为:0.47～1.16μg/dm3,平均值为0.78μg/dm3;铅的变化范围为:0.94～2.36μg/dm3,平均值为1.36μg/dm3;锌的变化范围为:1.28～4.83μg/dm3,平均值为3.14μg/dm3;镉的变化范围为:0.005～0.072μg/dm3,平均值为0.030μg/dm3,Cu、Zn的溶解态含量在龙昆路生活污水排污沟口、秀英工业排污沟口及海甸溪口的测站相对较高,Pb、Cd溶解态含量较低,湾内各站平面分布较为均匀.它们的溶解态含量垂直变化趋势为:Cu、Pb、Zn底层大于表层,而Cd表层大于底层.对Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的颗粒态含量也进行了测定,指出海口湾海水中的颗粒物对重金属的净化起一定作用.对铜的溶解态中的强络合态和不稳态铜也进行了研究,强络合态占总溶解态的比例均在85%以上,对生物起毒性作用有关的不稳态铜含量很低,均小于5nmol/dm3,表明目前海口湾海水中的重金属铜不会对生物生长产生影响.     

南海海域海水中各形态磷的化学分布特征

根据1998年7月和1999年1月两个航次的调查资料,对南海水体中磷的含量分布以及夏、冬季变化规律进行了探讨.结果表明,南海表层水体中磷酸盐夏季含量明显低于冬季,夏季平均含量为0.004μmol/dm3,而冬季为0.35 μmol/dm3;有机磷含量夏季高于冬季,含量分别为0.12,0.04 μmol/dm3;总磷含量的季节变化与无机磷酸盐类似,夏、冬季含量分别为0.22,0.61 μmol/dm3.在垂向分布上表层50 m水柱中PO₄3--P,总溶解态磷和总磷含量最小,随水深增加基本上呈线性快速增加,至500 m增加减缓,1 000 m左右为最大含量,然后随着水深略有下降.在夏季垂直分布比较典型,不同站位在一水深的含量离散性小,而冬季PO₄3--P,总溶解态磷和总磷的垂直分布则显得离散性大,尤其是PO₄3--P分布在200 m左右出现最大值,说明当年冬季南海各区域存在着较大水文、生物差异,很大的影响了化学环境的变化.在南海表层水中通常以有机磷占优势,在150 m深处以下的水中则以无机磷为主.深水中溶解的有机磷含量一般随水深减少.夏季的有机磷明显高于冬季,表明夏季的生物作用强烈.     

Distribution of dissolved organic carbon in and near the Prydz Bay, Antarctica

INTRODUCTIONDissolvedorganiccarbon (DOC)makesupthesecondlargestofthebioactivepoolsofcar bonintheocean ,secondtothelargestpoolofdissolvedinorganiccarbon .Theglobaldissolvedorganiccarbonpoolisestimatedtobe 6 85Gt,avaluecomparabletothemassofCO2 intheat mosphere (Hedges,1 992 ) .Thesizeofthereservoir,aswellasitsdynamics ,indicatesthatDOCplaysacentralroleintheoceancarboncycle .AsitrelatestogreenhousegasessuchasCO2 andassociatesclimatecycle ,oceanicDOCbiogeochemicalcycleshavebeenoneoftheh…     

南极普里兹湾及其邻近海域溶解有机碳的分布

中国南极科学考察第16航次期间(1999年11月～2000年4月),在南极普里兹湾及邻近海域的不同站位与水深采集海水样品用于溶解有机碳测定,通过高温催化氧化法完成样品的分析.结果表明,在调查期间,南极普里兹湾及其邻近海域各测站上层水体(0～100m)溶解有机碳浓度的变化范围为14.3～181.1μmol/dm3,平均为52.5μmol/dm3,该变化幅度比Ross海、太平洋等海域的相应值略大.溶解有机碳垂直分布的特征是0大于25大于50大于100m,即随深度的增加溶解有机碳浓度逐渐减小,与生物活动在垂直方向上的强弱变化相关.根据200m以深水柱溶解有机碳的垂直分布,可确定研究海域难降解溶解有机碳的浓度为40.4μmol/dm3,与其他研究所报道的数值(～42μmol/dm3)相近.上层水体(0～100m)过剩溶解有机碳的空间分布显示,64°S以北海域溶解有机碳过剩较多,而64°S以南海域则过剩溶解有机碳较少.溶解有机碳浓度与分布特征显示,普里兹湾及其邻近海域溶解有机碳浓度与南大洋其他海域相当,具有低溶解有机碳的一般特征.溶解有机碳浓度的空间分布呈现由西南向东北方向逐渐增加的趋势,这可能与南极陆架夏季上层水的北向扩展有关.生物活动及水体运动是研究海域溶解有机碳分布的主要影响因素.     

南黄海和东海表层水两种粒级颗粒物和颗粒氮含量的分布特征

测定了南黄海和东海表层水0.7~53.0μm和〉53.0μm这2种悬浮颗粒物（SPM）、颗粒氮（PN）的含量.其结果表明,南黄海和东海表层水0.7~53.0μm粒级的SPM、PN平均含量分别为4.68 mg/dm3、18.50μg/dm3;而〉53.0μm粒级的SPM、PN平均含量分别为0.20 mg/dm3、2.65μg/dm3.0.7~53.0μm和〉53.0μm粒级的PN/SPM含量平均比值分别为0.78%、1.41%（m/m）,后者约是前者的2倍.统计分析结果表明,尽管这2种粒级的SPM、PN含量和PN/SPM含量比值的范围较大,但约80%的数据集中在较小范围内,即0.7~53.0μm和〉53.0μm粒级SPM含量分别集中在0.37~3.68、0.02~0.29 mg/dm3的范围内;0.7~53.0μm和〉53.0μm粒级PN含量分别集中在2.54~18.90、0.40~2.69μg/dm3的范围内;0.7~53.0μm和〉53.0μm粒级的PN/SPM含量比值分别集中在0.14%~1.00%和0.15%~1.95%之间.研究结果表明,研究海域0.7~53.0μm粒级SPM、PN含量有2个高值区,分别位于近岸海区和东海东北部海区.〉53.0μm粒级SPM、PN含量的分布分为2个部分：南黄海表层水SPM、PN含量分布呈从近岸向外海降低的趋势;而东海表层水SPM、PN含量分布呈断面中间高,并分别向近岸和外海降低的趋势.     

海水反硝化和厌氧氨氧化速率同步测定的15N示踪法及其应用

反硝化与厌氧氨氧化作用是海洋结合态氮迁出的主要途径,15N示踪法是定量反硝化和厌氧氨氧化作用的新方法,它具有灵敏度高、可同步测量反硝化与厌氧氨氧化速率的优点.本研究开展了一系列方法学实验,以确定高纯氦气驱赶水样所含气体的时间、超声赶气时间、同位素比值质谱仪测量N2含量的精度、N2含量及其同位素组成测定的工作曲线以及示踪剂的最佳添加量等,从而确立起15N示踪同步测定海水反硝化和厌氧氨氧化速率的方法.所建立方法测量N2含量的相对标准偏差小于8%,可满足海洋反硝化与厌氧氨氧化速率测定的需要.应用该方法实测了厦门筼筜湖富氧与缺氧水体的反硝化与厌氧氨氧化速率,结果表明,缺氧底层水的反硝化速率[4.10～5.47μmol/（dm3·d）]比富氧表层水[0.43～0.46μmol/（dm3·d）]明显来得高,但缺氧底层水的厌氧氨氧化速率[0.00～0.12μmol/（dm3·d）]则比富氧表层水的速率[0.52～0.67μmol/（dm3·d）]低得多.     

Chemical characteristics and estimation on the vertical flux of N, P, Si in upwelling area of Taiwan Strait

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