内转塔式单点系泊系统设计方法研究

以南中国海恩平24-2油田开发工程为背景,针对南中国海海域恶劣环境条件,提出了新建单点系泊系统的总体方案规划与设计方法,为工程总承包(EPCI)提供技术支持,并确定了适用于恩平24-2油田开发的单点形式——带解脱装置内转塔式永久单点系泊系统。首先针对恩平24-2油田海域特征,规划出最适宜的单点总体布置,然后根据油田环境参数,提出了内转塔式单点系泊系统(包括浅水系泊系统、动态立管和动态电缆)的设计方法并对其系泊系统进行分析。研究结果可以看出内转塔式单点系泊系统设计方法对于环境恶劣海况下的单点设计具有指导意义,并能为国内单点的技术发展积累设计经验。     

海洋油气开发工程环境影响评价特点浅析

相比陆上油气开发工程和其他海洋工程而言,海洋油气开发工程有其自身的特点,海洋油气开发工程环境影响评价应关注的内容与其他工程有所不同。文章通过分析海洋油气开发工程的特点以及对环境影响的特点,提出海洋油气开发工程环境影响评价要点,即包括施工期悬浮泥沙及钻井液钻屑排放对海洋生态环境的影响、运营期含油生产水排放对海洋生态环境的影响、工程建设对海洋环境敏感目标的影响、溢油事故环境风险分析、污染防治及生态保护措施,并针对目前海洋油气开发工程环境影响评价存在的问题提出改进建议。     

海洋油气开发与安全保障教育部工程研究中心

海洋油气开发与安全保障工程研究中心于2007年获教育部批准立项建设，坐落在中国海洋大学崂山校区。中心旨在满足国家油气资源中长期发展要求，围绕海洋油气勘探开发中急需解决的关键性技术难题。     

环境经济损益分析在海洋油气开发工程环评中的应用

在海洋油气开发工程中进行环境经济损益分析,可衡量该项目需要投入的环保投资与经济实效。文章研究了海洋油气开发工程项目环境影响评价的经济损益分析,并加以实例分析,以便更好地为决策部门提供科学依据。     

FPSO甲板上浪研究现状

浮式生产储油轮（FPSO）是当今海洋石油开发的主流设施。FPSO通常采用单点系泊系统,船首暴露在波浪作用下,定位于特定海域进行长达数年的长期作业,上浪的风险很大。甲板上浪及其产生的载荷已是当前国际FPSO工程和研究领域的热点之一。介绍了国内外在试验研究和理论研究两方面对FPSO甲板上浪研究的进展情况,并建议我国开展这方面的研究。     

国外Spar平台研究现状及中国南海应用前景分析

Spar平台是1种新型深水平台,其吃水深,水线面积小,运动稳定性好,适合500～3 000 m水深的油气开发工程.文中详细介绍国外Spar平台及其关键技术研究和开发现状,分析中国南海深水油气开发的应用前景及南海环境条件下的新概念Spar平台.     

南海深水油气开发顶层设计“亮剑”

10月18日,南海深水油气开发顶层设计在北京“亮剑”。四个深水技术研究室、—三个深水中心将共同构成国家能源深水油气工程技术研发中心（下称国家深水工程研发中心）,具有我同自主知识产权的深水油气田开发工程技术体系已现雏形。     

FPSO水动力研究与进展

浮式生产储油轮(FPSO)是当今海洋石油天然气开发的主流工程设施。就目前国际上最为关注的FPSO水动力问题,包括深水FPSO与系泊、立管系统的耦合水动力预报、甲板上浪、FPSO与穿梭油轮组成的多浮体系统水动力、横摇运动与减摇措施、单点系泊FPSO的运动稳定性等进行了阐述,介绍了我国在浅水FPSO水动力问题上的研究进展,提出加强相关研究的建议。     

系泊方式与结构外形对水下中部悬置构筑物稳定性影响的数值模拟研究

针对水下中部悬置构筑物,本文基于ANSYS中的Fluent和Aqwa模块,比较了单索单点系泊、三索单点系泊、三索三点系泊及球形、圆柱-半球形、碟形三种外形对其水中稳定性的影响。由数值模拟结果显示,在200 m水深,水流速度为2 m/s作用下,碟形构筑物采用三索单点系泊方式的稳定性更为优。     

《中国海上油气(地质)》征订启事

《中国海上油气(地质)》是经国家科委批准在国内外公开发行的科技综合性刊物,由中国海洋石油总公司主办的刊物。刊载海洋石油地质、地球物理勘探、油气侧试、油气田开发、油藏工程和计算机应用等方面的科研成果和学术论文;介绍海洋油气勘探的新技术、新     

深水系泊新型拖曳锚研发关键技术

作为深海工程应用中一种新型的拖曳嵌入式系泊基础,法向承力锚与目前新型的深水绷紧索系泊方式结合,在深水条件下的优势非常明显.综合比较了新型拖曳锚、吸力锚以及桩锚在施工、性能以及经济性等多方面的特点.提出了开展新型拖曳锚研发的若干关键技术.在对国外的实验研究现状进行综合评述的基础上,重点介绍了在构建新型拖曳锚模型实验平台方面取得的成果,涉及模型水槽、拖曳与回收系统、测量系统、模型锚板设计以及拖曳-系泊转换机构等关键技术.     

Reliability of mooring lines and piles for a permanently manned vessel in a tropical cyclone environment

The factors of safety for stationkeeping systems in current standards (ISO, API) are not derived or validated using reliability analyses. As the oil and gas exploration and production is breaking new boundaries, deploying new floating systems and moving into regions with harsher environments, it is of paramount importance to understand what level of reliability these new marine structures are achieving. This paper presents a reliability analysis of the mooring system of a Floating LNG (FLNG) vessel permanently moored and permanently manned offshore North West Australia in a tropical cyclone environment. The reliability analysis addresses both the mooring chain and the pile foundation. The analysis accounts for the long term characteristics of the environment, including the short term variability, in response to a given sea state and the variability and uncertainty in strength of the mooring chain and the pile. The stationkeeping system was analysed using detailed time domain simulations, capturing system non-linearities and low frequency oscillations as well as wave frequency responses and, thereby, reducing modelling uncertainties to a minimum.It is found that for the conditions modelled, neither the chain nor the pile meet a target reliability of 10⁻⁴/annum using the factors of safety commonly used in design following current ISO and API standards. New factors of safety are proposed to achieve this target reliability. For the pile design, one complicating factor is that current design standards do not explicitly define the exceedance probability that should be associated with the characteristic value of the undrained shear strength to be used in the design. It is demonstrated that the required factor of safety is crucially dependent on the definition of this characteristic value and on the level and the type of uncertainty in the soil strength profile. A recommendation is made regarding the definition of this characteristic value and the associated factor of safety. Furthermore, it is found that designing the mooring system to an environmental condition with a return period of 10,000 yr (as an Abnormal Limit State event), and setting the factor of safety to unity, meets the target reliability of 10⁻⁴/annum for the pile, if the characteristic undrained shear strength is a lower bound, defined in this paper by the 10th percentile value. For the chain however, this target reliability is not achieved.     

Inclined loading capacity of suction piles in sand

A series of centrifuge model tests have been conducted on a model suction pile embedded in sand to evaluate its inclined pull-out loading capacity. This paper describes the centrifuge model tests, the analytical solution, and comparisons between the centrifuge model test results and the analytical predictions of the pull-out capacities of the suction pile under inclined loads. The main variables of the study are the load inclination angle and the point of mooring line attachment which varies from the top to the bottom of the suction pile’s side surface. Effects of these two parameters on the suction pile inclined pull-out loading capacity are described.     

Mooring system reliability in tropical cyclone and North Sea winter storm environments

The characteristics of waves, winds and currents in a tropical cyclone environment differ significantly from those in a winter storm environment, like the North Sea. This can have a significant effect on the reliability of a mooring system that is designed to satisfy 100 yr conditions with specified Factors of Safety in accordance with ISO19901-7 or API RP 2SK. This paper presents reliability analysis of the mooring system of a permanently connected Floating LNG vessel, placed at two locations: (a) a tropical cyclone environment of the North West Shelf of Australia and (b) a winter storm environment of the North Sea. It is demonstrated that as a result of differences in the long term distribution of environmental parameters (waves, winds) between a North Sea environment and a tropical cyclone environment, the long term distribution of the mooring line response differs significantly in these two locations.This paper shows that a mooring system which is designed in accordance with ISO (or API), in these two environments, will achieve very different reliability levels because of the significant differences in environmental characteristics. In order to achieve the same reliability for the mooring system at these two geographical locations, Factors of Safety for use with 100 yr environmental conditions (Ultimate Limit State) were derived to achieve the same target probability of failure of 10⁻⁴/annum. It was found that for the North Sea environment, a factor of 1.5 is required for both the mooring chain and the pile, while for the tropical cyclone environment the required Factor of Safety has to be increased to 2.1. These differences are very significant and design standards need to be revised to reflect these findings.     

Safety Assessment of Buried Pipeline during Pile Driving Vibration in Offshore Engineering

To assess the impact of pile driving on adjacent submarine pipelines during the reconstruction of a pier berth, the local damage model of submarine pipelines is established to explore the safety thresholds of the particle peak velocity and horizontal displacement. The results are analyzed and adjusted by the existing standards and the corresponding literatures. Then, a three-dimensional numerical model is presented to assess the feasibility of the construction of piles by the obtained safety limits, in which the nonlinear behavior of the soil and stress–seepage coupling analysis are considered. After the construction, the safety of submarine pipelines is rechecked by the measured value of the particle peak velocity and horizontal displacement. Meanwhile, the propagation law of vibration, the horizontal displacement of underground soil, and the pore pressure during pile driving are explored. The results indicate that the construction of piles of 2# mooring pier did not cause damage to adjacent submarine pipelines. However, the construction of piles of 1# mooring pier which is nearer may cause damage to submarine pipelines.     

安装误差对半潜漂浮式风机悬链线系泊系统性能的影响

由于浅水深条件下悬链线系泊系统的性能对系泊缆长度和几何形状更为敏感,悬链线系泊系统的安装误差对其性能的影响较深水条件下的更为显著。因此首先对适用于半潜漂浮式风机的悬链线系泊系统施工进行研究,分别确定了锚安装位置误差、系泊缆预铺误差和系泊缆与漂浮式基础回接误差的来源,并根据施工条件给出了误差值。之后,以浮体动力学仿真作为手段,对系泊缆系统施工误差对其性能的影响进行基于时域仿真的量化研究。研究表明,锚安装位置误差对系泊系统性能影响不大,但系泊缆预铺和回接的误差对系泊系统性能的影响较大。系泊缆回接的误差可造成系泊缆张力平均值和标准差与设计值偏差近20%,可能对系泊系统疲劳寿命评估产生较大的影响。与系泊缆回接误差相比,系泊缆预铺误差的产生原因更为复杂,由于系泊缆预铺误差往往导致系泊缆长度增长,存在误差的系泊缆张力的各项统计值总体偏小,但可能会造成同组无误差系泊缆的张力过载。     

The two mooring dolphin concept for exposed tanker terminals

The conventional design for a tanker terminal provides for two or more mooring dolphins on each side of the breasting dolphins. Head and stern lines are attached to the outer mooring dolphins and breast lines to the inner mooring dolphins. In exposed locations, the expense of construction may be significantly reduced if a way can be found to reduce the number of mooring dolphins required for the safe mooring of ships at a fixed berth.This paper, based on studies for a proposed terminal for tankers from 25,000 to 100,000 DWT in the Bay of Fundy in Eastern Canada, discusses the possibility of reducing the total number of mooring dolphins from four to two. Results of a static analysis of mooring loads due to wind and current and a hydraulic model test for mooring loads due to waves are presented.Operational aspects of the two mooring dolphin layout are discussed. It is concluded that the two mooring dolphin concept is an efficient mooring arrangement which will reduce the cost of fixed berth terminals. It is noted, however, that many of the smaller, older tankers in the world fleet do not have adequate mooring equipment to use such a berth and it is recommended that the necessary change in deck equipment be made to allow for such an arrangement. It is also recommended that ship personnel acquaint themselves with mooring procedures using breast and spring lines alone.     

法向承力锚(VLA)--一种适用于深海工程的新型系泊基础

深水系泊基础是深水系泊系统的重要组成,随着海洋油气资源开发的加速发展,深水系泊系统的关键技术成为国际海洋油气资源开发的重要研究领域.法向承力锚（VLA）是一种崭新的适用于深海油气资源开发的系泊基础形式,论文对其应用、性能特点、工作原理、安装与回收以及计算分析方法等进行了全面介绍,以期对科研人员进一步认识深水系泊系统的关键技术有所帮助,并对国内深水系泊系统的研发起到一定的借鉴作用.     

半潜式支持平台系泊系统的设计方法及应用

系泊系统是半潜式支持平台抵抗恶劣海洋环境作用、限制平台偏移、实现海上定位的重要设备，辐射状多点系泊是常用的布置方式。针对该平台系泊系统开展了设计方法和分析流程研究，阐述了系泊系统配置设计，包括系泊缆的数量、抛出长度、单根系泊缆的刚度、直径、破断负荷、定位锚的型式、最大抓力等；系泊系统的布置设计，包括系泊缆之间的水平夹角、系泊绞车、导缆器、定位锚的位置等；同时归纳风载荷、流载荷以及波浪慢漂载荷的常用估算方法；总结适用于该类平台系泊系统设计的规范要求。将上述方法和流程应用于某型半潜式支持平台系泊系统的开发和设计，采用系泊定位分析程序MIMOSA对该系统的定位能力进行分析，研究了系泊缆形状、夹角等参数随张力的变化特征，同时系泊缆按照船级社的规范要求进行衡准，反复调整和优化系泊系统的配置和布置方式，直至系泊系统满足要求，最终设计出较合适的系泊系统。相关方法、流程和结论为实际工程项目提供重要的设计思路。     

聚酯系缆损伤对绷紧式系泊系统动力响应影响的数值分析

由于聚酯缆绳具备优异的力学性能,促使以其为主体系缆的绷紧式系泊系统得以广泛应用和发展。但聚酯系缆具有复杂的黏弹性和黏塑性,且由于在安装和使用过程中可能产生不同程度的损伤,使得聚酯系缆的动刚度特性发生演变,从而对系泊系统的动力响应产生直接影响。以一系泊于1 020 m水深的Spar平台为例,运用ABAQUS软件建立了由聚酯缆绳组成的系泊系统有限元模型,并利用ABAQUS子程序将损伤缆绳动刚度经验公式进行导入计算,以更好地反映系缆真实的动刚度变化。基于该有限元模型,计算了在相同水流、波浪工况下,不同损伤度、不同损伤系缆的系缆张力历程和平台的横荡、纵荡位移响应,分析了不同损伤度、不同损伤系缆对系缆张力及平台位移的影响。这些成果对把握绷紧式系泊系统在聚酯系缆有损伤情况下的非线性动力响应及其安全应用具有重要的参考价值。