Accuracy assessment of InSAR derived input maps for landslide susceptibility analysis: a case study from the Swiss Alps

In recent years SAR interferometry has become a widely used technique for measuring altitude and displacement of the surface of the earth. Both these capabilities are highly relevant for landslide susceptibility studies. Although there are many problems that make the use of SAR interferometry less suitable for landslide inventory mapping, it’s use in landslide monitoring and in the generation of input maps for landslide susceptibility assessment looks very promising. The present work attempts to evaluate the usefulness and limitations of this technique based on a case study in the Swiss Alps. Input maps were generated from ERS repeat pass data using SAR interferometry. A land cover map has been generated by image classification of multi-temporal SAR intensity images. An InSAR DEM was generated and a number of maps were derived from it, such as slope-, aspect, altitude- and slope form classes. These maps were used to generate landslide and rockfall susceptibility maps, which give fairly well acceptable results. However, a comparison of the InSAR DEM with the conventional Swisstopo DEM, indicated significant errors in the absolute height and slope angles derived from InSAR, especially along the ridges and in the valleys. These errors are caused by low coherence mostly due to layover and shadow effects. Visual comparison of stereo images created from hillshading maps and corresponding DEMs demonstrate that a considerable amount of topographic details have been lost in the InSAR-derived DEM. It is concluded that InSAR derived input maps are not ideal for landslide susceptibility assessment, but could be used if more accurate data is lacking.     

三维卫星遥感图像生成技术及其在第四纪构造地貌研究中的应用

近年来一系列中高分辨率立体成像卫星传感器相继发射成功,如法国的SPOT卫星、日本的ASTER和ALOS卫星,它们除了具有获取多光谱遥感数据的能力外,还具有立体成像的功能。随着计算机图像处理技术和卫星遥感立体成像技术的不断发展,地质体及其地形地貌的三维图像生成及其可视化技术得到了迅速发展。本研究介绍了利用ER-M apper图像处理软件提供的三维图像生成及可视化技术,将ASTER卫星遥感数据生成的数字高程模型与多光谱图像信息有机融合,生成地质体三维可视化图像,再现地质体的三维空间特征,从而从整体上直观、综合地对活动地质构造及其构造地貌特征进行可视化分析研究。本研究重点介绍了ASTER三维可视化立体遥感图像在晚第四纪活动构造和第四纪火山地貌研究中的应用,并展示了在阿尔泰山富蕴断裂带、北天山独山子背斜带、东昆仑断裂带以及长白山天池火山的研究实例。     

机载InSAR数据自动生成DEM技术及其在内蒙古丰镇地区的应用

合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)技术是传统的合成孔径雷达技术和射电天文学中的干涉测量技术相结合而发展起来的一项新的遥感技术,这一新技术以其在大范围地表高程测量和地表变形测量方面所具有的独特优势和巨大潜力,而成为对地测量和地学科学研究的一个重要的工具。同星载InSAR相比,机载InSAR在高分辨率区域测图方面具有较大的优势,而且数据采集的时间安排及飞行方位选取方面相对较灵活。而且SAR是一种主动微波遥感技术,具有全天时全天候的工作特征,这一技术也正在成为中国西部困难地区测图的一个非常有效的工具。在详细分析应用机载InSAR数据测量地表高程的基本原理的基础上,提出了机载InSAR自动生成DEM的技术流程,并以内蒙古丰镇地区的机载InSAR数据为基础进行了试验研究,取得了较好的效果,为这一新技术的进一步实际应用奠定了基础。     

Geological applications potential of DEM,ETM+, and gravity data in arid and semi-arid regions with special reference to south Western Desert,Egypt

The study area comprises the southeastern part of the Western Desert of Egypt. The aims of the present study are to delineate the major surface and subsurface structures and to evaluate tectonic framework of the study area. Surface studies of the present work are based mainly on data from two different types of remote sensing systems: 15 cloud-free Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) images and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) DEM data. The remote sensing data were used to recognize and extract geological lineaments by calculating and interpreting DEM derivatives, including shaded relief maps, slope maps, and traverse profiles. A Bouguer anomaly map (scale 1:500,000) was used to delineate a detailed picture of the subsurface structure in the study area. The analysis of surface data, including SRTM DEM and ETM+, was combined with subsurface data, including Bouguer anomaly map, and gave new insight into the tectonic and structure patterns of the study area.     

基于Sentinel-1和DEM数据的南岭高植被覆盖区地形线性特征提取方法

在南岭高海拔山脉、植被茂密等地区开展地质调查难度大,人员和物资难以进入,因此需提前根据该区域的地形线性特征合理设计野外调查路线;此外地形线性特征可为区域构造运动信息的认知提供辅助知识.遥感技术以其宏观性、多尺度、多层次的特点成为地质研究和地质勘查的重要手段,然而在高植被覆盖区,常见的光学影像难以穿透植被,而微波雷达遥感则因为较好的植被穿透性,使得其应用成为可能.因此,提出了一种基于雷达卫星Sentinel-1和数字高程模型（digital elevation model,DEM）数据的地形线性特征提取方法.该方法首先利用似然比边缘检测算法提取Sentinel-1影像中的边缘特征,然后对DEM进行线性特征增强以生成山体阴影影像,再利用Canny边缘检测算子提取DEM数据中的山脊线与山谷线等主要线性特征,以DEM提取出的特征线为中心建立缓冲区并与雷达影像的提取结果做相交处理,将得到的线性特征利用道格拉斯-普克算法进行局部直线拟合,最后得到研究区的地形线性特征.结果表明,该方法综合考虑了雷达影像的微观细节信息和DEM数据的宏观趋势信息,在保留主要线性地形特征的同时剔除了伪边缘和噪声点,提取效果较好.      

Usefulness of adaptive filtering for improved Digital Elevation Model generation

The Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), which represent the variation of elevation in a terrain at spatial level, are an important source of input to a variety of applications for deriving a number of terrain parameters such as relative relief, slope, aspect direction etc. In recent years, Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry has been viewed as a powerful approach to derive quality DEMs from a pair of SAR images. Despite the interferometric technique is often limited by several de-correlations several researchers demonstrate its effectiveness in topographic mapping. The DEM accuracy is strongly influenced by the effectiveness of the phase unwrapping technique. In this study an effective adaptive filtering approach has been used to reduce the phase noise due to de-correlation and in improving the accuracy of phase unwrapping. Two well known phase unwrapping approaches such as branch cut and minimum cost flow network have been used. Interferometric data from ASAR sensor onboard ENVISAT satellite have been used. A highly undulated terrain condition near Dehradun city situated in Uttarakhand state of India was selected to investigate the performance of this adaptive filtering approach. The RMS error between the InSAR derived elevations and the map derived elevations was obtained as 7.2 m using adaptive filter. However, elevation map of the study area could not be generated due to high de-correlation effect without the use of adaptive filter. This result clearly demonstrates the effectiveness of adaptive filtering approach for generation of DEM at meter level accuracy, which is sufficient for many engineering applications.     

极具潜力的空间对地观测新技术——合成孔径雷达干涉

“合成孔径雷达干涉(InSAR)”是近十年发展起来的空间对地观测遥感新技术。它具有从覆盖同一地区的星载(或机载)合成孔径雷达复数图像对提取干涉相位图,借助于雷达成像时的姿态数据重建地表三维模型(即数字高程模型)的巨大潜力。尤其是基于多幅雷达复数图像处理的差分干涉技术(D-InSAR)可以用于监测地表形变,精度可达厘米级甚至更高,其监测空间分辨率是前所未有的。介绍了InSAR和D-InSAR的基本原理,对影响干涉结果的一些重要因素做了分析,重点回顾和展望了差分干涉技术在与地表形变有关的地震监测和震后形变测量、地面下沉和山体滑坡、火山运动监测等方面应用的现状和前景。     

Potential of Satellite Remote Sensing and GIS for Landslide Hazard Assessment in Southern Kyrgyzstan (Central Asia)

Big landslides are one of the main natural hazards in Kyrgyzstan, which are concentrated in the foothills of the high mountain ranges along the Eastern rim of the Fergana Basin. Because of the high number of landslides and their occurrence over large areas there is a strong need for effective and objective landslide hazard assessment at a regional scale. In Kyrgyzstan satellite remote sensing data represent the only source of multitemporal information about surface conditions covering large areas. Against this background the goal is the development of a satellite remote sensing and GIS-based system for quantitatively oriented and spatially differentiated hazard assessment. During the presented pilot investigations in the area of the Upper Maili Suu river basin a methodological framework has been developed incorporating remote sensing and GIS techniques for various levels of information extraction. So far, methodological investigations have been focused on the potential of satellite remote sensing data from different optical (Landsat-(E)TM, ASTER, MOMS-2P) and radar (ERS-1/2) systems for the creation of an improved knowledge basis for hazard assessment. This includes landslide identification, generation of topographic information and characterization of the geological setting. The derived primary information have been analyzed in a GIS environment to gain an improved process understanding as a main prerequisite for successful hazard assessment. The results show that currently available satellite remote sensing data are suitable for landslide investigation in Kyrgyzstan. Full exploitation of their information potential requires combined analysis with other thematic information based on methods of interactive and automated information extraction.     

IRS-P5卫星影像提取DEM及其地学应用

基于高分辨率遥感卫星数据提取DEM技术已广泛应用于地学研究中,但基于IRS-P5立体像对提取DEM的研究应用目前还比较少。主要介绍了IRS-P5卫星获取立体像对的工作原理,立体像对提取DEM原理、方法及精度评定,列举了该技术在地学研究中的应用实例及其应用前景以及存在的问题。结果表明,在良好的地面控制点的支持下,IRS-P5立体像对提取的DEM平面和高程精度均可满足国家山地1∶1万地形图测图规范要求,在地学研究中具有广阔的应用前景。     

四川省矿山遥感监测主要成果与进展

针对四川省矿产资源分布特征,开展了矿山遥感监测工作,构建了“遥感数据源选取—遥感数字图像处理—遥感信息提取—野外验证—图件制作”相对完整且较为成熟的矿山开发遥感监测技术方法体系。以卫星光学遥感数据为主、航空光学遥感数据和雷达数据为辅,并采用无人机遥感图像; 在正射纠正、几何配准、数据融合等图像预处理基础上,结合有关资料建立矿山开采面、矿山建筑、排土场、尾矿库、选矿厂、滑坡和泥石流的遥感解译标志; 采取以目视解译为主、计算机自动提取与目视解译相结合、辅以野外验证的方法进行遥感解译; 建立以遥感调查数据为主要数据源的矿山地质环境评价指标体系与GIS定量评价方法,实现矿山地质环境评价; 采用矿山遥感监测与传统地质环境调查技术相结合方法,开展矿山环境综合治理区划研究。取得的成果与进展包括: ①首次建立了省域矿产资源开发环境本底数据库,为实现矿山开发环境动态监测和国土资源空间数字化管理提供了基础数据; ②监测成果已在矿产卫片执法、矿山环境治理和矿产资源规划等国土资源管理工作中发挥了重要作用,成为了四川省矿政管理的重要参考依据; ③开展了矿山遥感监测技术方法研究与探索,形成了适应川西南山区的矿山遥感监测技术方法体系。     

基于Goldstein路径跟踪的相位解缠算法研究

InSAR（合成孔径干涉雷达测量）是一种新型对地观测技术,由于其高精度、大区域、可穿透云雾、全天候、全天时的工作特性,在数字高程模型（DEM）提取以及地表形变监测方面有着独特的优势.在InSAR图像处理的过程中,相位解缠是至关重要的一步,相位解缠效果的好坏直接影响到高程图的精度.本文利用ASAR数据,在ROI_PAC软件下进行处理,对DEM提取流程进行简要的分析.ROI_PAC软件处理InSAR数据所应用的相位解缠算法是最经典的路径跟踪法——枝切法.对于该算法本文进行了详细的分析探讨,并针对算法中残差点搜索的过程提出了一种新的改进算法思想.     

Investigating landslides with space-borne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometry

This paper is addressed to readers without advanced knowledge of remote sensing. It illustrates some current and potential uses of satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar interferometry (InSAR) for landslide assessment. Data acquired by SAR systems can provide 3D terrain models and be used to assist in regional scale investigations, e.g. aimed at evaluation of susceptibility of slopes to failure. Under favourable environmental conditions, the innovative Permanent Scatterers (PS) technique, which overcomes several limitations of conventional SAR differential interferometry (DInSAR) applications in landslide studies, is suitable for monitoring slope deformations with millimetric precision. The PS technique combines the wide-area coverage typical of satellite imagery with the capability of providing displacement data relative to individual image pixels. With the currently available radar satellites, however, only very slow ground surface displacements can be reliably detected and measured. The presented case study of a landslide from the Liechtenstein Alps indicates that the most attractive and reliable contribution provided by this remote sensing technique lies in the possibility of (i.) wide-area qualitative distinction between stable and unstable areas and (ii.) qualitative (relative) hazard zonation of large, slow landslides based on the identification of segments characterised by different movement rates. Since only the radar line of sight projection of the displacements can be detected, a quantitative exploitation of the PS data is possible only where sufficient ground truth is available. In site specific or single landslide investigations the PS data can represent a very useful complementary data source with respect to the information acquired through ground based observations and in situ surveying. However, the difficulties associated with the feasibility assessments of the applicability of SAR data to local scale problems, as well as with the interpretation of PS results, require a close collaboration between landslide experts and specialists in advanced processing of radar satellite data. The interpretation of the exact geotechnical significance of small, radar sensed ground surface deformations is challenging, especially where ground truth is lacking. Although any ground deformation is potentially of interest to an engineering geologist, detection of movements in both vertical and horizontal directions is needed in the case of landslides to evaluate slope failure mechanisms. With their high radar viewing angles, however, the current space-borne systems can detect only a fraction of the horizontal component of movement. It is expected that the upcoming SAR dedicated missions with new sensors and different acquisition geometries, combined with the rapid developments in the field of advanced radar data processing, will allow a full 3D reconstruction of deformation data and help to further reduce the current limitations of the PS and similar DInSAR approaches.     

基于数字填图系统的遥感等数据在构造-地层分区和地层单位识别中的应用——以1：25万民和县幅、临夏市幅和定西市幅数字地质填图为例

在甘肃和青海交界地区的1：257Y民和县幅、临夏市幅和定西市幅数字区域地质调查中,以“数字填图系统（RGMAP）”为平台,使用遥感ETM^＋数据和地形数据对岩石地层进行了信息挖掘。数据准备主要是遥感和数字地形多源信息的提取和预处理．从数字地形图的等高线数据中提取高程,进而提取汇水网络等水文信息和地形参数。遥感数据经过地形校正、线性增强、色彩拉伸,进行空间分辨率增强,经彩色合成并结合数字高程,实现了对调查区构造-地层区划和部分岩石地层单元的识别。实践证明该项工作是地质填图的重要辅助手段。     

Ground subsidence in Semarang-Indonesia investigated by ALOS–PALSAR satellite SAR interferometry

The focus of this study is investigation of land subsidence in Semarang city Indonesia with the use of Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) of ALOS–PALSAR satellite. We processed 22 ascending SAR images during January 2007 to January 2009 plus two descending SAR images acquired on 6 June 2006 and 17 June 2007. The time series analysis of interferometry was performed by using 12 pairs of interferogram relative to 21 January 2007 and 8 pairs of interferogram relative 24 January 2008. The topographic phase contribution was removed using the 3-arcsec (90 m) Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), Digital Elevation Model (DEM). We performed precision baseline estimation to vanish the fringes from baseline effect between master and slave data. In order to investigate the contribution of horizontal movement in our analysis, we constructed two interferograms of ascending orbit and descending orbit. The time series results exhibited that the area is subsiding continuously without a significant seasonal effect during January 2007 to January 2009. The land subsidence observed from InSAR data is approximately up to 8 cm/year. Three cross sections on image displacement show the extreme land subsidence occurred especially along the coastal area and lowland area where this area is considered as industrial with high-density settlements, consuming a lot of groundwater, and land is changed from agriculture and cultivation purposes to industrial estates and house. Our result also shows a consistency with historical pattern of subsidence measured by leveling data. The results highlight the potential use of InSAR measurements to provide better constraints for land subsidence in Semarang city Indonesia.     

野外地质调查作业管理与安全保障系统设计与实现

基于北斗导航定位、遥感卫星以及基础地理空间信息承载与综合显示平台而建立的野外地质调查作业管理与安全保障系统,采用组件化、平台化的系统体系结构,具备强大且灵活的可扩展性和可集成性。该系统可实现野外地质调查区域基础遥感影像、GIS和DEM数据等的分层显示、北斗通讯和导航信息的实时显示、通讯历史记录和定位信息的查询、野外地质调查人员的通讯与定位等;同时可实现野外地质调查人员与各级管理部门的互联互通,管理部门对野外作业人员的作业态势、作业进度可进行综合查询,对野外作业人员的外勤安全、遇险救援提供决策支撑。该系统在部分野外地质调查示范单位运行效果良好。      

复杂自然环境时空定量信息的获取与融合处理的理论与应用

从理论、方法与应用实现三方面,对国家“973 ”项目“复杂自然环境时空定量信息的获取与融合处理的理论与应用”在地球信息科学领域中的研究进展作一个概述。在遥感机制与信息理论上,以合成孔径雷达（ SAR ）研究为背景,发展全极化散射与SAR 成像信息理论;以微波辐射遥感为背景,发展非均匀自然介质矢量辐射传输（ VRT ）理论。在这基础上,开展在轨业务与试验遥感卫 星在多类陆地地表和大气遥感数据验证的方法与算法的研究。结合遥感、辐射传输、地理信息系统、中国陆面水文过程、数据同化技术,建立一个中国陆地水环境数据同化系统（ CLDAS ）;针对我国未来气象卫星的发展,由在轨SSM / I 、AMSU 、MTI 等遥感卫星数据、结合地面台站实测与探空等工作,形成了星载微波大气三水（降水、水汽、云水）反演与气象卫星数据业务算法与数据库;针对我国SAR 技术的发展,由ERS 、RADARSAT 等SAR 数据图像的应用研究,形成SAR - INSAR 多类应用技术研究与软件遥感应用平台。同时,结合多源信息融合理论方法与环境中目标跟踪实验与仿真,发展了目标与环境复合建模与特性数值仿真、开展了沿海区域异常大气结构中波传播实验等 研究。     

Evaluation of the seismic risk of the unreinforced masonry building stock in Antioquia,Colombia

This work focuses on the exploitation of very high-resolution (VHR) satellite imagery coupled with multi-criteria analysis (MCA) to produce flood hazard maps. The methodology was tested over a portion of the Yialias river watershed basin (Nicosia, Cyprus). The MCA methodology was performed selecting five flood-conditioning factors: slope, distance to channels, drainage texture, geology and land cover. Among MCA methods, the analytic hierarchy process technique was chosen to derive the weight of each criterion in the computation of the flood hazard index (FHI). The required information layers were obtained by processing a VHR GeoEye-1 image and a digital elevation model. The satellite image was classified using an object-based technique to extract land use/cover data, while GIS geoprocessing of the DEM provided slope, stream network and drainage texture data. Using the FHI, the study area was finally classified into seven hazard categories ranging from very low to very high in order to generate an easily readable map. The hazard seems to be severe, in particular, in some urban areas, where extensive anthropogenic interventions can be observed. This work confirms the benefits of using remote sensing data coupled with MCA approach to provide fast and cost-effective information concerning the hazard assessment, especially when reliable data are not available.     

Monitoring and analysis of changes in a wetland landscape in Xingzi county

Wetlands play an important role in water conservation, environmental protection, and biodiversity conservation. Remote sensing is an economical and efficient technique for wetland monitoring which can limit disturbance in sensitive areas and support wetland conservation. In this paper, we used three phases of Thematic Mapper/Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (TM/ETM+) remote sensing images from October 1989, October 1999, and October 2009 to study wetlands in Xingzi County. The images were segmented using the object-oriented remote sensing image interpretation software eCognition Developer 8.64, then segmented images were classified by slope, digital elevation model (DEM) data, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Specific Leaf Area Vegetation Index (SLAVI), and Land and Water Masks (LWM) index to produce land type classification maps. Land use change information was obtained by analyzing the superposition of two classification maps of the wetland area from different years. The results showed that landscape patches in Xingzi County displayed fragmentation in their spatial distribution over time. Based on an index of changes in landscape patches, the fastest growing landscape type is grassland, while the fastest decreasing type is irrigated land. Dominant driving factors of changes in Xingzi County’s wetland landscape are population growth and policy changes.     

基于重轨InSAR的积雪深度反演方法

利用合成孔径雷达（Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR）反演积雪深度是流域尺度积雪遥感监测的热点之一, SAR的干涉测量（Interferometic SAR, InSAR）扩展了其在积雪研究中的应用. 微波能够穿透干雪,并在雪-空气界面发生折射,导致传播路径变化;根据InSAR原理,降雪前后的SAR像对会形成由于干雪覆盖导致的干涉相位差. 基于此,提出了基于重轨InSAR技术的积雪深度反演方法：首先,结合气象、水文、野外观测数据,判断积雪状态,以选择最佳干涉像对（无雪和干雪覆盖）;然后,优化干涉处理过程,利用差分原理,获得由于干雪覆盖导致的相位差;最后,基于雪深与相位差的几何关系,反演积雪深度,并探讨反演结果精度的影响因素. 以新疆玛纳斯河流域山前平原为研究区,利用Envisat ASAR数据,实现积雪深度的反演. 结果表明：2009年2月份研究区大部分地区雪深为20 cm左右,与野外观测结果相符;与同时期HJ-1光学影像比较,所获得的积雪覆盖范围吻合. 同时指出,失相干和输入参数（入射角、雪密度）误差是反演结果误差的主要来源.     

基于遥感专题解译的白洋淀湿地底部DEM构建

基于多时相Landsat遥感影像,利用适合白洋淀湿地信息提取的综合提取方法提取湿地范围。将湿地范围视为水体淹没区,淹没区的边界线视为对应地表水位高程的等高线,并根据遥感影像、高程控制点等对淀区内受人为影响的局部区域进行校正,插值生成白洋淀湿地底部的数字高程模型(DEM)。选用遥感影像和地面高程控制点对构建的数字高程模型进行验证,遥感影像验证精度在80%以上,地面控制点验证误差在±0.5 m以内的点达到80%。这种由一系列遥感影像提取等高线生成数字高程模型的方法可以弥补白洋淀湿地内数字高程信息不足的缺陷,对于提高白洋淀湿地的水均衡计算和构建湖泊与地下水耦合模型的精度有着重要意义。