与强地震有关的视电阻率各向异性变化

研究了27个强地震附近41个地电台的视电阻率变化,在震前1年尺度～短临阶段,在超过95％的台站上与震源机制解最大主压应力方位正交（或近于正交）测道的视电阻率变化最显著,主应力方位（或近于该方位）的测道的变化反之,其物理机理比较清晰.可以确认：在强地震孕育晚期阶段,在震源区及附近视电阻率各向异性变化是客观存在的地球物理现象,在震中区附近可观测之.     

景泰6.2（Ms）级地震地电阻率变化特征

本文讨论了景泰6.2级地震,400km范围内有关11个地电台震前地电阻率变化,得到如下结论:1)武威、定西和水丹地电台在本次地震前观测到地电阻率临震突变;2)中、强地震前地电台能否观测到地电阻率临震突变与分布于震源区内、外的深大活断裂、强烈活断层以及发震应力场有关;3)临震前地电阻率变化时-空特征表明本次地震可能是NNW向(或与该方向大致相同)应力场短期内作用增强诱导发生的,并且震源断层北盘起了主导作用。     

九寨沟M_S7.0地震地电阻率变化时空演化分析

本文应用归一化变化速率(NVRM)方法,研究了2017年九寨沟M_S7.0地震周边800km范围内25个地电阻率台站2012—2018年的连续观测数据,分析了震中区周围的地电阻率时、空演化过程.结果显示:(1)25个台站中共有14个台站在震前出现了地电阻率变化,结合本次地震震源机制等分析其时空变化,认为邻近地震破裂带的临夏、通渭、武都和宝鸡台地电阻率在震前出现了下降—折返回升型的变化,符合前人已总结的强地震前地电阻率的变化过程.(2)地震发生前震中区周围大区域内出现了地电阻率负异常变化,且以震中区为中心呈条带分布,异常区的长轴方向与地震断裂带走向或地震烈度分布的长轴方向几乎垂直,与地震主压应力轴方向吻合.本文认为九寨沟M_S7.0强震发生之前,震中区周围出现的区域性地电阻率异常空间丛集现象是很好的中期和短临前兆;地电阻率震前异常动态演化、各向异性等特征对认识本次强震发震断层活动以及震源区应力场分布有启示意义.     

2003年大姚和民乐-山丹地震1年尺度预测

介绍了2003年云南大姚Ms6．2,6．1和甘肃民乐-山丹Ms6．1,5．8地震三要素的1年尺度预测情况,讨论了震中附近的地电阻率中短期异常特征。应用岩石加载实验中电阻率变化和DD模式解释了民乐-山丹地震前山丹地电的异常变化过程;大姚地震前同一活动断裂带上相邻台站其异常的相似性、同步性与以往的震例研究吻合;两组地震前电阻率中短期异常的各向异性变化与震源机制解的最大主压应力方位的关系明显,可以判定,这两组强地震附近地区的地电阻率异常与强地震的晚期孕育过程有关。     

2003年民乐-山丹地震前山丹地电中短期-短期前兆变化和无临震显示问题

山丹地电阻率台站距离2003年甘肃民乐-山丹Ms6．1地震震中仅43km，在震前1年尺度一短期阶段前兆性变化突出，属于在强地震孕震晚期阶段震源区及附近的典型前兆性变化。应用“异常一震源地点一活动断层一发震机制”之间的特定关系，分析震前山丹地电未检测到明显临震信息的原因，可能是由本次地震的发震应力场分布和山丹地电相对于本次地震的位置决定的。     

华北地区成组地震前后的地电阻率异常特征

分析了自有地电阻率观测资料以来华北地区发生的三次成组地震前后的异常特征,其中包括1976年唐山地震组、1989年大同地震组和1998年张北地震组.结果发现(1)成组地震的地电阻率异常持续时间都比较长,主震发生后异常一般会继续下降或维持低值异常不恢复,整个成组地震的趋势背景非常清楚;(2)主震前异常台站范围比较广,异常台站数目比较多,后续地震的异常多集中在震源区;(3)成组地震结束后,异常一般都很快恢复.最后探讨了成组地震的地电阻率异常发展特征与孕震机理的关系.     

汶川MS8.0地震前区域性 地电阻率异常初步研究

对汶川M_S8.0地震震中周围17个台站的地电阻率观测资料进行了处理. 以2007年的地电阻率观测数据为背景值, 计算出每一个台站NS和EW 两个测向2008年的地电阻率月均值相对变化的绝对值, 然后选择较大的值作为当月的相对变化值. 最终获得了汶川地震前5个月的地电阻率异常变化图像. 结果表明, 随着发震时间的临近, 地电阻率异常分布的范围逐渐缩小, 并最终集中分布在汶川地震震中附近; 在临近发震时间(2008年3, 4月), 地电阻率异常分布的长轴方向与汶川M_S8.0地震的破裂方向、 龙门山断裂带走向或地震烈度分布的长轴方向几乎垂直, 而与其震源机制解的主压应力轴方向基本一致.      

两次近距离大震前成都台视电阻率重现性、相似性和各向异性变化

本文评价了四川汶川MS8.0、芦山MS7.0地震前后成都台地电观测环境,研究了该台视电阻率变化.结果为:(1)两次大震发生在该台以西的龙门山断裂带、震源机制和震源深度接近,是近距离大震,相应地,在两次地震前该台两个正交测道中的每一测道视电阻率变化均显示了中期异常及其变化过程的重现性和异常幅度的相似性;(2)在每次地震前,两个测道表现了异常变化形态、幅度和起始时间的差异性.其重现性、相似性证明这些异常与两次大震晚期孕育有关;差异性主要展示了与震源机制有直接联系的视电阻率各向异性变化,揭示了震前该台地下介质经历了强烈的电性各向异性变化的过程.     

河北及甘肃地电阻率年变幅斜率映震分析

以河北省昌黎、阳原地震台和甘肃省嘉峪关、山丹地震台地电阻率记录为研究对象,利用2002-2016年地电阻率年变幅,进行斜率合成计算,并根据中国大陆东西部地震活动水平,提取甘肃地震台站周边300 km范围内M ≥ 5.0地震、河北地震台站周边250 km范围内M ≥ 4.0地震,得到15个震例,与计算结果对应分析,发现映震率为70%,且地震一般发生在1年尺度的下降期、2年尺度的下降转上升期、3-5年低值背景期,而异常幅度没有统一标准,只是异常趋势的相对变化。     

景泰6.2级地震震源动力学过程<

根据景泰6.2级地震前地电阻率变化和国内地震台网单台震级测定值的空间方位性, 研究了本次地震震源动力学过程。得到:本次地震震前3-5个月震源区NW-SE向(或与此方向大致相同)拉张应力增强, 约震前20余天张应力进一步增强, 最终导致近EW向断层发生NWW-SEE向错动。这一错动方式引起震中NWW和SEE方向的地震观测台接收到强地面振动, 而震中NE和正南方向的台接收到相对弱的地面振动。最后阐述了关于地电阻率短临地震预报的认识。      

Changes in sediment transport in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China

In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January.     

TritiogenicHe in groundwater in Takaoka

³He/⁴He ratios up to 3.5 times the ratio of atmospheric He were found in groundwater samples. The³He enrichment can be attributed to radiogenic³He produced by in-situ beta-decay of³H. This shows that tritiogenic³He is accumulating in confined waters. From tritiogenic³He and³H concentrations, ages of groundwaters can be calculated. Detection of tritiogenic³He gives a tool to trace a tritium contamination which occurred in the past and cannot be assessed only by the³H counting method.     

Variations in trace gas concentrations in different environments in India

Observations of trace gases (SO₂, NH₃, NO₂ and O₃) were made during the period 1981 to 1984 at 6 different locations representative of urban industrial, urban, nonurban, thermal power plant and marine environment. Diurnal variations of the trace gases were studied in an urban environment. Except in the urban industrial environment, the concentration of NH₃ was found in the range of background values. Also, the average concentrations of NO₂ and O₃ at the different environments were in the order of background values. However, the concentrations of SO₂ were substantially higher by about 7 times, in urban industrial and thermal power plant environments. The diurnal variations of SO₂, NH₃ and NO₂ showed anitphase relationship with surface temperature at the urban environment station which is relatively free of industrial pollution. Discussion is centred on trace gas variations in different environments in India together with the values reported for various countries in the world.     

Projected changes in flood indices in selected catchments in Poland in the 21st century

The aim of this study is to estimate likely changes in flood indices under a future climate and to assess the uncertainty in these estimates for selected catchments in Poland. Precipitation and temperature time series from climate simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative for the periods 1971–2000, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 following the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios have been used to produce hydrological simulations based on the HBV hydrological model. As the climate model outputs for Poland are highly biased, post processing in the form of bias correction was first performed so that the climate time series could be applied in hydrological simulations at a catchment-scale. The results indicate that bias correction significantly improves flow simulations and estimated flood indices based on comparisons with simulations from observed climate data for the control period. The estimated changes in the mean annual flood and in flood quantiles under a future climate indicate a large spread in the estimates both within and between the catchments. An ANOVA analysis was used to assess the relative contributions of the 2 emission scenarios, the 7 climate models and the 4 bias correction methods to the total spread in the projected changes in extreme river flow indices for each catchment. The analysis indicates that the differences between climate models generally make the largest contribution to the spread in the ensemble of the three factors considered. The results for bias corrected data show small differences between the four bias correction methods considered, and, in contrast with the results for uncorrected simulations, project increases in flood indices for most catchments under a future climate.     

Copper in natural waters in Transbaikalia

Cu concentrations in surface (river and lake) and subsurface waters are determined. The geographic pattern of Cu distribution in natural water is identified. This pattern is controlled by the difference between its concentrations in drained rocks and soils and the geochemical redox conditions of its migration. Territories with low, medium, and elevated Cu concentrations in natural waters are identified. The concentrations of Cu in natural waters of the region are found to be generally lower than the Clarke values.     

Changes in thermal extremes in Poland

Changes in thermal extremes of the climate of Poland in 1951–2010 are examined. Warm extremes have become more frequent, while cold extremes have become less frequent. In the warming climate of Poland, the increase in the number of extremely warm days in a year and the decrease in the number of extremely cold days in a year have been observed. Also the increase of the maximum number of consecutive hot days in a year and the decrease of the maximum number of consecutive very cold and extremely cold days in a year have been observed. However, the trends are not of ubiquitous statistic significance, as the natural variability is strong.     

Hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period

Abstract

The basin area of the Ganges River in Bangladesh is extremely dependent on a regular water supply from upstream to meet requirements for agriculture, fisheries, navigation, salinity control, and domestic and industrial sectors. In 1975, India commissioned a barrage on the Ganges River at Farakka to divert a significant portion of the dry season flow in order to make the Calcutta Port navigable. Statistical analyses of discharge and water level data have been carried out to determine if significant changes have occurred in the hydrology of the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period. Siltation of the Gorai River (an offtake of the Ganges River) has also been examined using the stage-discharge relationship and regression analysis. The analyses show that the diversion has caused considerable hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh. The water supply in the dry season has been reduced substantially, while siltation of the Gorai River has increased significantly.