迭代法在现代地下水年龄估算中的应用——以银川平原为例

为克服应用氚同位素方法确定现代地下水年龄过程中存在的,需确定地下水系统输入项的历史背景浓度问题,本文根据地下水同位素数学物理方程,以全混模型为例,利用不同时期地下水同位素的测试结果,通过数学迭代运算,推导出计算现代地下水年龄的计算公式。该方法不仅可以很好地解决地下水系统输入项氚背景浓度恢复时间序列较长的问题,而且对于提高地下水的定年精度具有十分重要的意义。该方法应用到银川平原取得良好的效果,研究表明银川平原浅层地下水的周转时间为30 a。      

银川平原地下水补径排特征及其变化规律

通过对银川平原地下水资源的调查,分析调查区地下水补给、径流和排泄特征及其环境地质成因,为建立银川平原地表水地下水配置模拟模型及国土资源综合规划提供地质依据.     

银川平原深层地下水14C年龄校正

地下水¹⁴C年龄的校正精度取决于对地下水溶解无机碳演化过程中影响地下水¹⁴C活度主要因素的准确识别及其影响程度的定量评价。以银川平原为例,在进行银川平原承压水反向地球化学反应路径模拟的基础上,识别出影响区内深层地下水碳酸演化的主要作用并进行深层地下水¹⁴C年龄的校正。研究认为,控制银川平原深层地下水化学演化的主要反应路径为碳酸盐矿物的沉淀和长石、角闪石、石膏等矿物的溶解以及Ca-Na离子交换。地下水流路径上所发生的水文地球化学反应对路径上¹⁴C的浓度变化影响较小。地下水¹⁴C年龄校正结果表明,除补给区和承压水水位漏斗区外,银川平原承压水年龄均在2 000 a以上,属“古水”,天然条件下径流缓慢、地下水更新速度小。在承压水水位漏斗区外,沿地下水流方向,地下水年龄逐渐增大;而在承压水集中开采区,承压水的年龄明显小于路径上游地下水,潜水与承压水之间的垂向水力联系比较密切。     

应用混合分布研究银川平原地下水埋深对植被的影响

银川平原地处西北干旱地区,自然生态环境在西北地区具有典型性。研究银川平原的生态环境,需要研究植被,它反映多种因素的作用。在影响植被的各种因素中,地下水对植被生长的影响非常重要,但将地下水对植被生长的影响进行定量化分离并不容易。近年来,用混合分布函数处理大量数据的方法受到越来越多的关注,但是混合分布函数的参数求解一直比较困难。文章提出了一种基于混合分布函数和数据直方图之间的关系,用最小二乘法估计参数的新方法;并用这种方法,结合银川平原遥感数据中的归一化植被指数NDVI,对地下水埋深与植被生长的关系进行定量分析,得到地下水埋深对植被影响所服从的正态分布密度函数。     

银川平原地下水流模拟与地下水资源评价

针对近年来引黄水量大幅度降低、地下水补给条件发生巨大改变的情况,应用地下水模拟技术评价银川平原地下水资源量。根据土地利用类型、主要沟渠分布及测流资料对源汇项数据进行时空分配处理,运用MODFLOW建立了银川平原地下水流模拟模型;以2004—2005年为模拟期,通过深浅层地下水流场和典型长观孔过程线拟合对模型进行了识别验证。考虑45×108m3/a引黄量条件下,应用模型评价出地下水补给资源量为19.41×108m3/a,其中引黄渗漏补给为16.95×108m3/a。结合水源地开采布局、地下水溶解性总固体分区等因素,评价出银川平原地下水可开采资源总量11.30×108m3/a,其中小于1g/L的淡水可开采资源量为8.8×108m3/a。     

银川平原主要水环境问题及其对策

基于野外调查、取样分析以及遥感影像等,介绍了银川平原水文地质条件及水资源利用概况,探讨了土壤盐渍化、湖泊湿地萎缩、地下水盐化、地下水超采以及土地荒漠化等水环境问题及其演化成因。结果表明：银川平原地下水主要接受渠系渗漏及灌溉入渗、大气降水入渗、平原周边地下侧向径流、洪水散失、黄河水等补给,地下水排泄方式主要是排水沟排泄、蒸发和人工开采等,大部分地区潜水埋深在3 m以内;地表水主要来源于黄河引水,水资源利用效率不高;土壤盐渍化总面积8.17×104hm2,呈逐年缩减的趋势,主要分布于银川平原北部,平原南部仅分布在邵岗东部、灵武东部秦渠和东干渠等;湖泊湿地总体呈逐渐减少趋势,主要分布在银川平原北部,永宁以北、平罗以南区域比较集中,滩涂沿黄河两岸分布;潜水总含盐量自西向东、自南向北不断增大;银川和石嘴山深层地下水超采严重,地下水降落漏斗面积已超过500 km2;沙漠化土地分布在银川平原的东西两侧;土壤盐渍化及地下水盐化主要由潜水位埋深过浅,蒸发强烈造成的。最后,提出了防治上述水环境问题的对策：进一步加强水资源管理以及地表水与地下水联合调配;提高农业水资源利用效率;完善田间工程配套,实现渠道防渗管道化;改进田间灌溉技术;严格污水排放,积极开展污水净化处理,实行污水资源化;加强对水土环境质量的系统监测。     

银川平原地下水位变化特征及其成因分析

基于2013～2015年地下水的监测资料,通过SPSS聚类分析和土地利用类型,分析银川平原水位动态变化在时间尺度、空间尺度上的变化规律及影响因素。分析发现:银川平原地下水动态分为径流型、灌溉型、降水-蒸发型和开采型4种类型,其中人为影响地下水位动态类型(灌溉型、开采型)分布最广,约占银川平原总面积的1/2。在时间尺度上,受不同因素的影响,4种动态类型变化趋势明显不同,从年内动态趋势看,径流型呈M型变化;灌溉型呈W型变化;降水-蒸发型呈Λ型变化;开采型呈Z型变化,对于开采型,通过模拟,认为夏季开采全年的45%～50%,冬季开采15%～20%是最优开采量。在空间尺度上,受地形因素影响,地下水动态类型自西向东呈径流型—开采型—灌溉型规律变化。在此基础上,探讨了银川平原地下水资源开采的合理方式,为地下水资源的可持续开发利用提供科学依据。     

水化学特征分析银川平原地下水的补给与排泄

银川平原地处中国西北干旱气候区,平原的西部是贺兰山,由一系列正滑断层连接。平原的东部与黄河相连,紧邻鄂尔多斯平台。平原的南部与牛首山东北断裂带接壤。平原的底部是石炭纪,二叠纪或者奥陶系。根据地下水水化学特征分析,本文旨在确定银川平原地下水流系统,地下水化学类型从西到东变化,西部主要是HCO3-SO4型,中部为HCO3–Cl型,到东部逐渐过渡为Cl-SO4型,一直延伸到鄂尔多斯平台边缘。从南向北,南部主要是HCO3-SO4型,中部为HCO3-Cl和SO4-HCO3型,北部化学类型复杂,主要是SO4-HCO3和Cl-SO4型。     

银川平原植被生长与地下水关系研究

干旱区植被生长与地下水的关系是生态水文地质学研究的热点之一。西北内陆干旱地区降水稀少,植被的生长发育与地下水的关系极为密切,从大尺度上研究地下水变化的生态效应问题对生态环境的保护和恢复具有重要的意义。借助遥感方法,结合地下水观测数据,在区域尺度上定量地研究了中国银川平原地区地下水埋深及矿化度与植被生长的关系。结果表明:适宜植被生长的地下水埋深范围约为1~6m,当地下水位埋深为3.5m左右时,植被长势最好。而在水位埋深为3.5m左右的地区,植被生长的相对好坏又受地下水矿化度的影响。当地下水矿化度为0.9g/L时对该地区植被的生长最为有利。     

中国北方高砷地下水分布特征及成因分析

本文分析了银川平原北部饮水型砷中毒分布、水文地质条件和水化学特征,并探讨了地下水中砷离子分布规律和富集环境。研究表明:高砷地下水区呈两个条带状分布于冲湖积平原,主要为埋藏深度小于40m的潜水,水化学环境呈弱碱还原环境,水化学类型主要为HCO3-Na·Ca,Cl·HCO3-Na,Cl·HCO3-Na·Ca型;最后对比分析了中国北方内蒙古平原、山西大同盆地、新疆、吉林西部高砷地下水分布和环境地质特征。     

Causality analysis of the groundwater response in a delta plain of the lower Nakdong River,Republic of Korea

The salinity of groundwater in an estuarine delta plain is sometimes related to the presence of an estuarine dam. To understand groundwater processes and salinity variation, time series data on the river water level, groundwater level, and groundwater electrical conductivity were collected for the Nakdong River in southeastern Republic of Korea. Sampling was undertaken upstream of the estuarine barrage system, which is opened and closed depending on upstream flow and seawater level. Comprehensive correlation analysis was performed between the groundwater and river water levels using bubble plots between groundwater electrical conductivity and the hydrological variables. Comparative analysis between the correlations and the field measurements of the hydrological variables indicated a negligible flux connection between the river and groundwater. Oscillatory pressure wave propagation from the river boundary explains the response patterns of the groundwater level. There were different response times for the rising and falling of the river water. Electrical conductivity in groundwater is not directly associated with that of the river except in one well close to the river boundary. The response patterns of groundwater electrical conductivity were explained by potential anthropogenic activity. Further transfer modeling results also indicate a spatial explanatory response pattern for the groundwater level. No spatial patterns in the models of electrical conductivity indicate that the hydrological processes are different with respect to the groundwater level and electrical conductivity.

     

新乡市浅层地下水水环境特征

为有效防治地下水污染,分析新乡浅表地层岩性、含水组空间分布及其水化学的类型分带和特征.在此基础上综合评价浅层地下水质量,发现新乡市浅层地下水质量污染普遍超标,建成区及周围地下水质量为Ⅴ类以上,其他地区达到Ⅳ类以上.     

A multi-method approach to quantify groundwater/surface water-interactions in the semi-arid Hailiutu River basin,northwest China

Identification and quantification of groundwater and surface-water interactions provide important scientific insights for managing groundwater and surface-water conjunctively. This is especially relevant in semi-arid areas where groundwater is often the main source to feed river discharge and to maintain groundwater dependent ecosystems. Multiple field measurements were taken in the semi-arid Bulang sub-catchment, part of the Hailiutu River basin in northwest China, to identify and quantify groundwater and surface-water interactions. Measurements of groundwater levels and stream stages for a 1-year investigation period indicate continuous groundwater discharge to the river. Temperature measurements of stream water, streambed deposits at different depths, and groundwater confirm the upward flow of groundwater to the stream during all seasons. Results of a tracer-based hydrograph separation exercise reveal that, even during heavy rainfall events, groundwater contributes much more to the increased stream discharge than direct surface runoff. Spatially distributed groundwater seepage along the stream was estimated using mass balance equations with electrical conductivity measurements during a constant salt injection experiment. Calculated groundwater seepage rates showed surprisingly large spatial variations for a relatively homogeneous sandy aquifer.     

利用综合物探方法探测地下水流通道

尽管充电法需要充电点,但对已知进口或出口的浅埋藏地下水流通道,追踪其走向,该法具有简单、直观、快速的优点.自然电位法对隐伏的地下流体表现突出,但干扰异常多,不易分辨.充电法和自然电位法均可对异常进行定性判断,但不能很好确定地下水流通道的空间分布特征.高密度电法可获得近地表较为精细的空间电性分布.对断层控制下形成的地下水流通道,宜采用浅层地震反射法.当场地受限,探测深度大,需要精细探测时,可采用跨孔电磁波透视.但高密度电法、浅层地震反射法、跨孔电磁波透视法不能对异常进行定性判断.结合探测实例,考虑不同的地质条件和探测成本,对如何选择最佳的组合方法来探测地下水流通道,确定异常性质及其空间分布特征进行了探讨.     

Groundwater contamination assessment in Al-Quwy’yia area of central Saudi Arabia using transient electromagnetic and 2D electrical resistivity tomography

Groundwater contamination is one of the most significant problems in arid countries. Al-Quwiy’yia region is an example of an area where the groundwater is contaminated as a result of infiltration of waste water in low-lying areas adjacent to inhabited zones. Such contamination poses significant environmental threats for the surrounding environment and groundwater. Surface observations and spatial distribution of contamination observed in the shallow aquifer indicate that the main contamination sources were from sewage as well as from waste water dumping. However, the main source of water supply for the whole area is groundwater abstracted from the relatively shallow aquifer. Therefore, the transient electromagnetic method (TEM) and 2D electrical resistivity tomography (2D ERT) have been applied close to the waste water dump site to characterize the response of pollution plumes. Both of these geoelectrical techniques are sensitive to electrical conductivity as well as to other physical properties, which are greatly influenced by the polluted groundwater. Therefore, it is possible to profile the contamination plumes, both vertically and horizontally, in the vicinity of the measured stations. The ERT profiles gave detailed information about the lateral distribution of the contaminated groundwater, whereas the TEM demonstrated the vertical extensions.     

高密度电法在复杂地质构造条件下的找水效果

从广西“十二五”农村安全饮水工程找水实例出发,介绍了高密度电阻率法的应用效果,说明了高密度电阻率法在找水勘查中有着得天独厚的优势,在碳质泥岩、碳质灰岩、硅质岩以及断层构造等复杂地质构造上取得了良好的地质效果,完全可以作为类似复杂地质构造地区找水首选的物探方法.     

Integrating geophysical and hydrochemical borehole-log measurements to characterize the Chalk aquifer, Berkshire, United Kingdom

Geophysical and hydrochemical borehole-logging techniques were integrated to characterize hydraulic and hydrogeochemical properties of the Chalk aquifer at boreholes in Berkshire, UK. The down-hole measurements were made to locate fissures in the chalk, their spatial extent between boreholes, and to determine the groundwater chemical quality of the water-bearing layers. The geophysical borehole logging methods used were caliper, focused resistivity, induction resistivity, gamma ray, fluid temperature, fluid electrical conductivity, impeller and heat-pulse flowmeter, together with borehole wall optical-imaging. A multiparameter data transmitter was used to measure groundwater temperature, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and redox potential of the borehole fluid down-hole. High permeability developed at the Chalk Rock by groundwater circulation provides the major flow horizon at the Banterwick Barn study site and represents a conduit system that serves as an effective local hydraulic connection between the boreholes. The Chalk Rock includes several lithified solution-ridden layers, hardgrounds, which imply a gap in sedimentation possibly representing an unconformity. Lower groundwater temperature, high dissolved-oxygen content, and flowmeter evidence of preferential groundwater flow in the Chalk Rock indicated rapid groundwater circulation along this horizon. By repeating the logging at different times of the year under changing hydraulic conditions, other water-inflow horizons within the Chalk aquifer were recognized. Electronic Publication     

石家庄市地下水盐污染的分布及污染机理

石家庄市地下水盐污染研究具有典型示范性。文中在地下水污染特征分析基础上 ,对盐污染的区域空间展布及其形成条件、盐污染的化学机制和地下水开采的影响进行了研究。结果表明 ,盐污染对石家庄市地下水水质有重要影响。其中NO-3 污染和硬度升高是构成该区地下水环境污染的主要因素 ,二者之间存在着密切的内在联系 ,阳离子交换作用和硝化作用是其重要机制 ;地下水超采是地下水盐污染的重要诱发因素。     

克立格法在地下水数值模型中的应用

回顾了克立格法在水文地质学中的应用现状及进展，介绍了克立格法的基本原理，论述了克立格法在地下水模拟数值模型中应用的思路与实现方法，举例说明了利用克里格法插值处理含水层结构与初始水头分布。     

关中盆地地下水系统分析与地下水资源可持续开发利用对策

关中盆地是一个完整的、相对独立的地下水系统,按含水介质的结构组合与空间分布以及地下水循环特 征,文章将关中盆地地下水系统进一步划分为黄土台塬孔隙$C裂隙含水系统、冲积平原孔隙含水系统、秦岭山前洪 积平原孔隙含水系统、渭北岩溶含水系统及基岩裂隙含水系统共5个亚系统和26个更次一级的子系统。在研究 各子系统水文地质特征、分析水资源开发利用现状的基础上,认为区内地下水资源开发利用中存在的问题有:地下 水资源污染与浪费严重,重复利用率低;不合理开采地下水,出现负环境效应;行政区块限制,水资源宏观调配不 够;地下水人工调控力度不够,不能有效地促进生态环境良性循环;对地下水资源的研究、规划和管理滞后等方面。 并针对存在的主要问题,提出了5项水资源可持续开发利用对策,包括节水对策、开源对策、改水对策、增补对策以 及管理对策。