植被多维结构对水土流失的影响与尺度特征（英文）

This review summarizes the effects of vegetation on runoff and soil loss in three dimensions: vertical vegetation structures(aboveground vegetation cover, surface litter layer and underground roots), plant diversity, vegetation patterns and their scale characteristics. Quantitative relationships between vegetation factors with runoff and soil loss are described. A framework for describing relationships involving vegetation, erosion and scale is proposed. The relative importance of each vegetation dimension for various erosion processes changes across scales. With the development of erosion features(i.e., splash, interrill, rill and gully), the main factor of vertical vegetation structures in controlling runoff and soil loss changes from aboveground biomass to roots. Plant diversity levels are correlated with vertical vegetation structures and play a key role at small scales, while vegetation patterns also maintain a critical function across scales(i.e., patch, slope, catchment and basin/region). Several topics for future study are proposed in this review, such as to determine efficient vegetation architectures for ecological restoration, to consider the dynamics of vegetation patterns, and to identify the interactions involving the three dimensions of vegetation.     

多尺度土地利用与土壤侵蚀

土地利用能够通过改变一系列的自然现象和生态过程影响土壤侵蚀,尺度不同,土地利用与土壤侵蚀的作用机制也会发生变化。本文针对坡面尺度、小流域／流域尺度和区域尺度,综述了不同尺度上土地利用对土壤侵蚀的影响研究。其中,在坡面尺度上,土地利用与土壤侵蚀的研究主要包括土地利用方式和土地管理措施对土壤侵蚀的影响,相应尺度上的模型有USLE／RUSLE、WEPP等;在小流域／流域尺度上,土地利用与土壤侵蚀的研究主要涉及土地利用结构和土地利用格局对土壤侵蚀的影响,相关的模型有LISEM、AGNPS、EUROSEM和SEDEM等;在区域尺度上土壤侵蚀评价研究主要是通过尺度上推和宏观因子评价的方法进行。多尺度土地利用与土壤侵蚀研究作为自然地理学研究中的热点问题,在进一步的研究中需要关注多尺度综合与尺度转换、土地利用政策效应、土地利用格局与土壤流失过程等方面的研究内容。     

Effects of dune stabilization on vegetation characteristics and soil properties at multiple scales in Horqin Sandy Land, Northern China

Ecological patterns and processes in dune ecosystems have been a research focus in recent years, however information on how dune stabilization influences vegetation and soil at different spatial scales...     

Hydrological responses and soil erosion potential of abandoned cropland in the Loess Plateau, China

Recent changes in hydrological processes and soil erosion in the Loess Plateau, China, are immediate responses to cropland abandonment for revegetation, which lead to a long-term decrease in runoff generation and soil erosion. However, detailed hydrological responses and soil erosion changes have not been clearly evaluated. In this study, two issues were focused on the plot scale. The first issue relates to changes in vegetation cover and soil properties during the early stages of revegetation. Given the occurrence of soil compaction, it was hypothesized that runoff increased during this period and the soil erosion did not significantly decline, even though vegetation increased. The second issue is the effect of scale on runoff and soil erosion. Three plot groups of three vegetation types and two restoration stages were established for comparative experiments. The results from these experiments confirmed that the soil compaction occurred during revegetation in this region. Greater runoff was produced in plot group that experienced both a longer restoration time and with higher vegetation cover (such as Groups 2 and 3 in this study) than that with a shorter restoration time and lower vegetation cover (Group 1). In addition, the total soil loss rates of all plot groups were rather low and did not significantly differ from each other. This indicates that a reduction in runoff generation and soil erosion, as a result of revegetation, was limited in the early stages of restoration following the cropland abandonment. With increasing plot area, the runoff coefficient decreased for the plot group with a longer revegetation time (Groups 2 and 3), but gently increased for the one with a shorter restoration time (Group 1). In Groups 2 and 3, soil loss rate decreased when plot area enlarged. In Group 1, it decreased before a plot area threshold of 18 m² was exceeded. However, the increase occurred when plot area crossed the threshold value. In conclusion, the high vegetation cover alone did not lead to reduction in the runoff coefficient during the early stages of revegetation. When evaluating hydrological and soil erosion responses to revegetation, the soil compaction processes should be considered. Additionally, the effect of scale on runoff and soil erosion was found to be dependent on restoration extent, and thus on restoration time.     

Modelling runoff and erosion for a semi-arid catchment using a multi-scale approach based on hydrological connectivity

Runoff and erosion processes are often non-linear and scale dependent, which complicate runoff and erosion modelling at the catchment scale. One of the reasons for scale dependency is the influence of sinks, i.e. areas of infiltration and sedimentation, which lower hydrological connectivity and decrease the area-specific runoff and sediment yield. The objective of our study was to model runoff and erosion for a semi-arid catchment using a multi-scale approach based on hydrological connectivity. We simulated runoff and sediment dynamics at the catchment scale with the LAPSUS model and included plot and hillslope scale features that influenced hydrological connectivity. The semi-arid Carcavo catchment in Southeast Spain was selected as the study area, where vegetation patches and agricultural terraces are the relevant sinks at the plot and hillslope scales, respectively. We elaborated the infiltration module to integrate these runoff sinks, by adapting the parameters runoff threshold and runoff coefficient, which were derived from a rainfall simulation database. The results showed that the spatial distribution of vegetation patches and agricultural terraces largely determined hydrological connectivity at the catchment scale. Runoff and sediment yield for the scenario without agricultural terraces were, respectively, a factor four and nine higher compared to the current situation. Distributed hydrological and erosion models should therefore take account of relevant sinks at finer scales in order to correctly simulate runoff and erosion-sedimentation patterns.     

农业景观对土壤侵蚀的适应机制研究初探

随着气候变化对农业系统的影响不断加剧,为保障粮食安全,必须掌握变化中的自然与人文因素,判别农 业景观中可调整的关键机制,依据未来的可能情景,尽早订定农业景观优化方案。本研究以土壤侵蚀问题为切入 点,整合相关的环境因子,构建农业景观对土壤侵蚀适应性的研究框架。基本思路为首先通过目前气候变化对土壤 侵蚀的影响研究,为不同时空尺度上土壤侵蚀发生、发展趋势提供理论依据;其次,从增强未来农业景观对土壤侵 蚀适应能力的角度,详细讨论景观类型、空间配置和管理措施等与土壤侵蚀的关系,以提高农业景观优化配置的针 对性;最后,为科学评价农业景观对土壤侵蚀适应的程度,基于Agent 模型原理设计土壤侵蚀模拟模型,通过不同 土壤侵蚀情景下景观类型、结构、空间配置和管理措施等的适应性分析,为有效提升区域农业景观的土壤抗侵蚀能 力提供科学依据。     

A review of runoff generation and soil erosion across scales in semiarid south-eastern Spain

Climate, lithology, soil and especially, intense land use/cover changes, make SE Spain very vulnerable to runoff generation and water erosion leading to loss of nutrients and organic matter and to infrequent but devastating floods, reservoir siltation and mass failures. This susceptibility has led to heavy economic investment and research efforts since the 1980s, making this region a worldwide reference for understanding the hydrology and geomorphology of semiarid ecosystems. Runoff and soil erosion have been intensively studied throughout the last decades in various natural ecosystems as well as in abandoned farmlands. Research has considered a wide range of methods and spatial and temporal scales. This paper reviews the methods and data describing runoff generation and water erosion, synthesising the key processes involved, rates, thresholds and controlling factors from a scale-dependent perspective. It also identifies the major gaps in current knowledge to provide recommendations for further research towards solutions that reduce the negative impacts of erosion. Research in SE Spain has contributed significantly to a better understanding of the effect of spatial and temporal scale on runoff and sediment yield measurements, and highlighted the important role of distinct erosion and sediment transport processes, hydrologic connectivity, spatial and temporal patterns of rainfall, the occurrence of extreme events and the impacts of land use changes. The most effective ways and challenges to predict runoff, soil erosion and sediment yield at the catchment scale are also discussed.     

多尺度土壤侵蚀评价指数的技术与方法

针对不同尺度开展土地利用与土壤侵蚀的综合研究是自然地理学研究的前沿领域和热点问题。多尺度土 壤侵蚀评价指数作为新近提出的土壤侵蚀模型, 在跨尺度土地利用与土壤侵蚀的研究中具有良好应用前景。本文 基于多尺度土壤侵蚀评价指数计算公式及其因子内涵, 应用尺度转换的思想, 阐述了降雨侵蚀力、土壤可蚀性、作 物覆盖与管理因子、地形因子等不同评价因子在坡面、小流域、流域不同尺度上的计算方法与GIS 实现技术, 以期 服务于多尺度土地利用与土壤侵蚀研究的深入和多尺度土壤侵蚀评价指数的发展。     

不同坡面植被空间布局对坡沟系统产流产沙影响的实验

植被在有效控制水土流失、改善生态环境中具有重要作用。为探讨坡面不同植被覆盖度、不同植被空间布局对坡沟系统侵蚀产沙的影响,以4 m长坡面(坡度为20°)和3 m长沟坡(坡度为50°)组成的坡沟系统为研究对象,采用不同放水流量(3.2 L/min、5.2 L/min)的放水冲刷实验,研究了不同放水流量、不同植被覆盖度、不同植被布设部位对坡-沟系统及沟坡侵蚀产沙的影响。结果表明,在实验条件下,不同植被布设部位在相同放水流量、相同植被覆盖度条件下对坡沟系统侵蚀产沙有明显影响,而对产流量无明显影响;沟坡部分侵蚀产沙量不随坡面植被覆盖度的增大而减小,相反呈增大趋势。说明在实验条件下,对坡沟系统而言,仅在坡面部分布设植被,尽管能在一定程度上减少坡沟系统侵蚀产沙,但并不能有效减小沟坡部分的侵蚀产沙,甚至引起沟坡部分侵蚀产沙的增大。因此,水土流失治理过程中采取有效措施进行坡沟兼治将是减少水土流失的有效手段。     

我国土壤侵蚀与地理环境的关系

本文论述我国土壤侵蚀类型与自然地带性和非地带性因素的关系,分析影响侵蚀强度时空分布和侵蚀泥沙输移的环境因素及流域条件。     

洪河自然保护区湿地主要植被类型物种多样性与表层土壤性质的相关性研究

对洪河湿地主要植被类型物种多样性特征、土壤性质特征及二者之间的相互关系进行了研究。结果表明:按沼泽—沼泽化草甸—湿草甸—灌丛草甸—岛状林的序列,物种丰富度呈逐渐增加的变化格局,物种多样性、均匀度呈先下降后上升的格局,优势度呈先上升后下降的格局;而土壤性质特征则呈不规则变化格局。植物物种多样性与土壤性质之间只有均匀度与速效氮之间存在着极显著正相关,其他均无显著相关。这说明在洪河湿地,土壤性质不是决定上述序列的植被类型的物种多样性的主要因素,而土壤速效氮含量是影响物种均匀度的关键因素,同时,对其他物种多样性特征也有一定影响。     

黄土丘陵区坡面尺度上不同植被格局下植物群落和土壤性质研究

通过对黄土丘陵沟壑区陕西延安羊圈沟小流域坡面上退耕还林还草后形成的林地(单一种植刺槐人工林)、草地(单一的撂荒草地)、草地-林地-草地(上坡位和下坡位撂荒草地,中坡位种植刺槐人工林)及林地-草地-林地(上坡位和下坡位种植刺槐人工林,中坡位为撂荒草地)四种不同的植被格局下植物物种多样性及土壤理化性质变化的研究,旨在揭示植被恢复过程中,坡面上植被不同的空间配置模式对植物物种的组成及土壤环境变化的影响.研究发现,4种植被格局下植物物种的多样性以单一的撂荒草地坡面最高,人工林的种植一定程度上影响了林下植物物种多样性的恢复,但整个灌木和草本的群落结构4种植被格局之间均未达到极不相似水平.土壤有机碳及总氮含量均以坡面上草地-林地-草地的空间配置格局最高且有机碳存在显著差异,而撂荒草地则在土壤水分的保持及改善土壤pH值上优于其他3种植被格局.     

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SHEET EROSION IN GRANITIC REGION OF WUHUA COUNTY,GUANGDONG PROVINCE

1.IntroductionWuhuaCounty,locatedintheupstreamOfHanjianghiver,isoneofthemostseriouslyerodedcountiesinSouthChinagraniticweatheringregionOfGUangdOngPrOvince.ByinveStighion,thetOtalerodedareaisestimatedtobe875.33km,whichoccupiedbot30percentofthetOtalerodedareaoftenmostseriouserodedcountiesintheregion.Insomeconununes,theeroddareaevenreachedtomorethan6Opercent.ErosionresuItedinwidesPedOfbemountalns,landdopadaion,shortOfwterresourceshoperecotw.~ngthethreetypesoferosionintheupstreamOfHanjian…     

古尔班通古特沙漠纵向沙垄植被空间异质性

在古尔班通古特沙漠南部纵向沙垄上按5 m×10 m的网格测度植被样方100个,采集浅层风沙土样品184件。调查发现,乔灌木层片和草本层片的分布及相互关系明显受沙垄地形影响,并且在干旱环境下种群间的竞争和空间上的互补使两层片生态优势度具有显著的相关性。地统计分析结果显示,纵向沙垄上植被空间异质性表现为木本层片的物种多样性呈斑块状分布,草本层片物种多样性呈现平行沙垄的带状结构和斑块结构叠加的特点,而植被盖度则在垂直沙垄走向的方向上具有强烈的梯度性变化。和沙垄土壤理化性质空间格局特征相对比,植被盖度及物种多样性与风沙土浅层含水量在自相关空间（变程）及空间异质性程度上比较接近。这是纵向沙垄小生态系统中草本植物和浅层土壤水分耦合关系在空间上的反映,也是木本植物对水分和土壤资源在小尺度（m）上竞争及中小尺度（10～100 m）上互补的结果。     

荒漠化草原植被斑块分布对地表径流、侵蚀及养分流失的影响

地表径流是干旱区水、养分和土壤物质迁移和再分配的主要途径之一,它在很大程度上受植被格局的影响。研究了腾格里沙漠东南缘生物土壤结皮斑块和灌丛斑块镶嵌分布的植被格局对地表径流、侵蚀及其驱动下的资源再分配的影响。结果表明,植被斑块对地表径流和侵蚀产物起着拦截作用,能显著减少资源的流失。生物土壤结皮斑块和植被斑块之间存在资源(径流、侵蚀产物及养分等)再分配的源-汇关系。模拟降雨条件下,含有灌丛斑块和生物土壤结皮斑块的样方出现表面积水和径流需要的时间均显著大于只含生物土壤结皮斑块的样方;含两类斑块的样方出现径流需要的降雨量显著大于只含生物土壤结皮斑块的样方。在模拟降水和自然降水条件下,生物土壤结皮斑块产生的径流、侵蚀产物、有机质、氮及溶解养分中均大量被位于下坡向的灌丛斑块截获;灌丛斑块土壤水分入渗深度显著大于结皮斑块。灌丛斑块对生物土壤结皮斑块产生的地表径流、侵蚀产物及其携带的资源的捕获能显著减少资源流失,有效地防止荒漠化的进一步发生发展。     

黄土丘陵区坡面形态和植被组合的土壤侵蚀效应研究

以位于陕北黄土丘陵区的羊圈沟流域为重点研究区,针对不同坡面类型（坡长、坡形、坡度）和植被组合进行野外土壤采样,利用¹³⁷Cs元素示踪方法评估坡面的土壤侵蚀效应。研究发现：① 坡面形态对土壤侵蚀具有重要影响。自坡顶至坡脚,“直-凹”组合的坡型一般具有相对较低的土壤侵蚀模数,整体上起到“汇”的作用;但“凹-直/凸”组合的坡型具有相对较高的土壤侵蚀模数,在土壤侵蚀方面起到“源”的作用;其他坡型,如直坡、凸坡、“直-凸”和复杂性坡型的土壤侵蚀模数介于两者之间。② 坡面不同植被空间配置对土壤侵蚀的影响具有明显差异。研究发现,坡面植被组合（自坡顶至坡脚）为荒草地-果园、有林地-其他植被类型组合和荒草地-其他植被类型的坡面具有相对较低的土壤侵蚀模数,起到了一定“汇”的功能,但人为干扰较为强烈的景观坡面（无水土保持措施）具有相对较高的土壤侵蚀模数,整体上表现为土壤侵蚀的“源”区。     

陇中黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同植被恢复模式下次降雨产流产沙特征

基于甘肃省清水县汤峪河径流小区2015—2017年的观测数据,研究不同植被恢复模式条件下坡面次降雨入渗、产流产沙特征。结果表明：不同植被恢复模式条件下的土壤入渗量与降雨强度呈二次函数关系,存在入渗量达到最大值的临界降雨强度。入渗速率与降雨历时可以用幂函数关系表达,符合考斯恰可夫入渗模型。不同植被恢复模式条件下的产流率在0.003 3~0.003 6 mm·min^-1之间,相对裸地的减流率为54%~58%。产流率与降雨强度之间呈二次函数关系（R²>0.88）,产流率的主要影响因素是降雨强度。径流含沙量平均值乔灌混合区（3.13 g·L^-1）>灌木林（2.95 g·L^-1）>乔木林（2.79 g·L^-1）>草地（2.58 g·L^-1）,径流含沙量与降雨强度呈线性递增函数关系。裸地的产沙量显著高于各植被小区（P<0.05）,是各植被小区的43~57倍,各植被小区的减沙率在93%~94%之间,减沙效益高于其减流效益。各植被坡面土壤流失量与降雨侵蚀力呈线性递增函数关系;产流率与侵蚀产沙率之间呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）,二者间可采用二次函数关系表达。本研究成果可为黄土高原丘陵沟壑区水土保持优化配置提供理论依据。     

Runoff and Soil Erosion on Slope Cropland: A Review

Soil erosion has become a serious environmental problem worldwide, and slope land is the main source of soil erosion. As a primary cover of slope land, crops have an important influence on the occurrence and development of runoff and soil erosion on slope land. This paper reviews the current understanding of runoff and soil erosion on slope cropland. Crops mainly impact splash detachment, slope runoff, and sediment yield. In this review paper, the effects of crop growth and rainfall on the splash detachment rate and the spatial distribution of splash detachment are summarized. Crop growth has a significant impact on runoff and sediment yield. Rainfall intensity and slope gradient can influence the level of erosive energy that causes soil erosion. Furthermore, other factors such as antecedent soil water content, soil properties, soil surface physical crust, and soil surface roughness can affect soil anti-erodibility. The varying effects of different crops and with different influence mechanisms on runoff and soil erosion, as well as changes in their ability to influence erosion under different external conditions should all remain focal points of future research. The effect of crop vegetation on runoff and soil erosion on slope land is a very important factor in understanding large-scale soil erosion systems, and in-depth study of this topic is highly significant for both theory and practice.     

Factors affecting runoff and sediment yield on the semiarid loess area in Northern Shaanxi Province,China

The semiarid loess area in north Shaanxi Province is one of the most serious areas of water erosion in China. The Chinese government initiated the project “Grain-for-Green” for soil erosion control in 1999, with significant effect. Vegetation, rainfall, soil, and topography are the most dominant natural factors affecting soil erosion; therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the effects of these four factors on runoff and soil loss at the runoff-plot scale over five years and use the Gray relational analysis methods to compare the impacts of these factors. Five runoff-measuring sites were established in five different vegetation types. The results show that the relative impacts of the four factors on runoff were: rainfall > soil > topography > vegetation, and the relative impacts of the factors on sediment yield were soil > runoff > rainfall > topography > vegetation. We also analyzed the weights of these four factors on runoff and sediment yield during the wettest year alone. For that year, the relative weights of the factors on runoff were topography > rainfall > soil > vegetation, and the relative weights of the factors on sediment yield were runoff > soil > rainfall > topography > vegetation.     

巴丹吉林沙漠南缘的植物固沙问题

在野外考察的基础上,选择13个典型样地,研究了巴丹吉林沙漠南缘植被组成、群落特征和植被格局。结果表明：调查的样地中有荒漠植物31种,其中灌木12种,多年生草本11种,一二年生草本8种。种群密度3 000—14 000株·hm^-2,优势种在群落中地位显著,群落稳定性较差;植被斑块面积小、最大斑块指数低。沙漠南缘年降水量虽然仅100 mm左右,但有霸王（Zygophyllum xanthoxylon）、红砂（Reaumuria soongarica）和沙蒿（Artemisia desertorum）等灌木和半灌木天然植物群落分布,有白刺（Nitraria tangutorum）和膜果麻黄（Ephedra przewalskii）灌丛沙堆,沙丘上生长着沙拐枣（Calligonum mongolicum）、沙鞭（Psammochloa villosa）等种群生存,且在沙漠延伸带流动沙丘上已成功建立了梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）人工固沙植被,表明在巴丹吉林沙漠南缘建立以乡土植物为主的固沙植被是可行的。在未来研究中,应在山水林田湖草沙生命共同体理念下加强从区域尺度上解析水、植被和沙的关系,系统了解生态系统的原真性、完整性和连通性及生态系统稳定性维持等问题,优化生态景观格局,确定生态保护目标和建设规模,同时要加强对乡土植物适应干旱风沙机制和扩繁保育技术研究,以便为区域生态建设和生态保护提供科技支撑。