浅谈冀东北地区的大地构造演化规律与金矿成矿规律

本文根据新近资料分析冀东北地区的大地构造演化规律对金矿成矿规律的控制作用.由于该区的地壳经过前地槽、地槽、地台和地洼四大不同发展阶段,因而在不同大地构造发展阶段中形成不同的金矿类型:前地槽阶段形成含金矿源层;地槽发展阶段,由于多期混合岩化、多期变质分异和侧分泌作用使矿源层中的金矿质富集溶移而在扩容构造中充填和交代形成变质热液型金矿床,地洼发展阶段,由于古地台的构造岩浆活化解体,在巨厚的的地槽构造层的基底上形成大量的岩浆热液型金矿床和叠加(再造)富化型金矿床.     

甘肃省文县阳山超大型金矿床成矿作用及成矿模式

阳山金矿床位于甘肃省文县.区域构造演化分析、成矿年代学研究及野外地质观察表明,矿区岩浆岩与金成矿在空间及时间上均存在密切关系.通过对阳山地区区域地层成矿元素含量及阳山金矿各类矿石元素含量分析,确定泥盆系三河口组地层为阳山金矿床的矿源层.进一步研究矿床稀土元素、稳定同位素、流体包裹体等测定结果,认为阳山金矿成矿物质来源复杂,具地层和岩浆岩双重来源;成矿热液具有岩浆热液、变质热液以及大气降水多种来源.自三叠纪以来,与区域构造演化有关的多次岩浆热液活动与阳山金矿成矿作用存在密切相关.综合分析认为,阳山金矿床成矿作用是多期岩浆热液活动叠加的复合成矿作用.在此基础上提出了阳山金矿床的成矿模式.     

冀西北水泉沟杂岩体及与其有关金矿床的40Ar-39Ar同位素年代学研究

冀西北金矿集中区是我国华北地台北缘金矿成矿带的重要组成部分,区内金矿主要产于水泉沟碱性杂岩体及邻近的太古宙变质岩内。Ar-Ar同位素年龄测定结果显示,金矿床成矿年龄（172～188Ma）与水泉沟碱性杂岩体的形成年龄（304～306Ma）相差达120Ma。综合研究推断金矿床不是碱性岩浆直接演化产物,而是在燕山期构造—岩浆活动影响下,地下循环热流体对矿源岩——碱性杂岩体淋滤、萃取,形成富含金的成矿热液,最终在有利的成矿构造部位沉淀富集的结果。因此本区的金矿床均属于与碱性杂岩体有关的改造型热液金矿。     

冀西北水泉沟杂岩体及与其有关金矿床的~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar同位素年代学研究

冀西北金矿集中区是我国华北地台北缘金矿成矿带的重要组成部分,区内金矿主要产于水泉沟碱性杂岩体及邻近的太古宙变质岩内。Ar-Ar同位素年龄测定结果显示,金矿床成矿年龄(172～188 Ma)与水泉沟碱性杂岩体的形成年龄(304～306 Ma)相差达120 Ma。综合研究推断金矿床不是碱性岩浆直接演化产物,而是在燕山期构造—岩浆活动影响下,地下循环热流体对矿源岩——碱性杂岩体淋滤、萃取,形成富含金的成矿热液,最终在有利的成矿构造部位沉淀富集的结果。因此本区的金矿床均属于与碱性杂岩体有关的改造型热液金矿。     

划分金矿化集中区的基本准则

在划分和确认金矿化集中区时需研究的重要问题之一就是集中区的范围和界限.在现有的技术经济条件下,确定金矿化集中区的范围和边界应当以已知金矿床（点）的分布范围作为直观标志,以金的地球化学块体和各类含金建造的空间分布作为划分的基础,以控制各类含金建造和与金成矿关系密切的构造-岩浆活动等成矿要素的区域构造带或构造界面作为金矿化集中区的边界.利用上述准则确认了北山金矿化集中区.     

湘中前寒武系金矿地质及相关成矿问题探讨

湘中前寒武系金矿床主要分布于白马山-龙山-紫云山E-W向构造-岩浆岩带,包括锑金、锑砷金、砷金等不同矿物组合的矿床.金矿类型主要为破碎带蚀变岩型,次为石英脉型.金矿产于岩体外接触带及其附近和隐伏岩体上方.其成因为变质热液型金矿床和热接触变质热液型金矿床.区域矿床成矿规律性强,找矿标志明显,远景可观.     

平顶山岩金矿床地质特征及成因探讨

黑龙江嘉荫平顶山岩金矿床的地质特征、形成条件和成因类型的研究表明:矿区内不同阶段的细晶闪长岩、闪长玢岩形成一个含金矿体的脉岩带;矿床范围内圈定5条呈脉状沿北北东向展布的矿体;矿石类型为石英脉型和蚀变岩型;金以裂隙金、晶隙金和明金为主,以银金矿的形式存在,且主要与石英、黄铁矿、毒砂和水云母共生;成矿作用分为热液期及表生期,其中热液期又分为4个成矿阶段,即纯石英阶段,黄铁矿毒砂石英阶段,黄铁矿毒砂水云母石英阶段和石英碳酸盐阶段。金矿体形成于Ⅱ、Ⅲ热液活动阶段,第Ⅲ阶段为主成矿期,成矿温度为100℃~180℃;金矿床的成因类型为岩浆中低温热液金矿床,形成于晚燕山期。     

秦岭造山带柞水-山阳矿集区夏家店金矿床成矿时代及其地质意义

柞水-山阳矿集区位于秦岭造山带中部,区内矿产资源丰富,金矿找矿近年来不断取得突破,发现了多个大-中型金矿床,然而区内金矿成矿时代、成矿地质背景一直存在争议,直接制约矿集区金矿床找矿工作。夏家店金矿床是该区大型金矿床,矿体受断裂构造控制,金矿石类型有角砾岩型、碎裂岩型、糜棱岩型3种。围岩蚀变强烈,主要由硅化、方解石化、绢云母化、高岭土化、萤石化、重晶石化等,与金成矿关系最密切的是硅化、方解石化、萤石化。热液成矿期可划分为石英阶段、石英-方解石-萤石-硫化物阶段、方解石阶段。文章选取夏家店金矿床主成矿期的方解石、萤石等矿物进行了Sm-Nd同位素测试工作,获得等时线年龄为(139.64±0.98)Ma,表明成矿时代为晚侏罗世。结合区域构造-岩浆成矿作用特征,认为夏家店金矿床成矿作用与晚侏罗世—早白垩世构造-岩浆事件有关。据此将柞水山阳矿集区金矿床成矿年龄厘定在140Ma左右,为秦岭造山带伸展的地球动力背景下构造-岩浆热液演化的产物。通过与区内晚侏罗世—早白垩世构造-岩浆成矿事件对比,文章首次提出柞水-山阳矿集区存在140 Ma左右的金矿床成矿事件,为下一步在柞水-山阳矿集区开展金矿床勘查工作提供了重要依据。     

江西土龙山金矿金的富集特征及成因初探

江西土龙山金矿产于震旦纪地层,与传统“古陆型”金矿大不相同。其主要载金矿物为细粒黄铁矿、烟灰色石英,明金占金总量的53.13％,金主要富集在晚期的石英-硫化物阶段。金来源于中元古界双桥山群地层,成矿热液来源于岩浆。测温结果表明,成矿在中—高温(231—424℃)阶段.该矿床属中—高温岩浆热液型金矿床。     

现代金矿成矿理论的若干进展

近十余年来，现代金矿成矿理论研究取得了长足进展，总结这些进展有助于开阔金矿研究和勘查思路。深入地研究了地球动力学背景对金矿成矿的控制，建立了区域成矿学的基本理论，提出了造山带型金矿的概念。岩浆热液和变质热液成矿理论获得了新的证据，在金矿成矿作用过程中岩浆流体较普遍存在，变质去挥发分作用所产生的大量热液是金矿成矿所需的低盐度流体。全球超大型金矿以中温热液型、浅成火山热液型金矿及砂金矿最为多见。从成矿系列理论发展到成矿系统理论，强调了金与其他矿产资源之间的相互联系，提出了铁氧化物型铜一金矿床和钨一锡成矿省内与侵入体有关的2种新类型金矿床。提出金的宇宙来源及撞击成矿理论。     

国外超大型浅变质细碎屑岩型金矿床的地质特征

国外浅变质碎屑岩型金矿床的含矿岩系以含碳和黄铁矿,夹火山物质和热水沉积物,金含量高为特征.在含矿岩系的沉积、成岩过程中,局部可以形成贫金的含矿层,少数情况下以至于形成金矿体.含矿岩系的变质作用可能形成金矿化,或为后来的成矿作用造成有利的物理和化学环境.岩浆作用为成矿作用提供了部分成矿物质,或为改造成矿作用提供热源和动力.金矿床受构造控制,位于地热正异常区,金矿床的形成与热水沉积成矿作用、变质成矿作用、岩浆期后热液成矿作用和大气降水改造成矿作用等有关.超大型浅变质碎屑岩金矿床的形成过程持续时间长,具有多期多阶段的特点.改造成矿作用在超大型浅变质细碎屑岩型金矿床形成中起重要作用,中生代形成的超大型金矿床中,构造岩浆活化作用叠加十分重要.     

复合成矿与构造转换——以长江中下游成矿带为例

复合成因矿床分布广泛,把它们单独划分出来进行研究,对于深入认识成矿过程、发展成矿理论和指导找矿勘探,均有重要意义.鉴于中国大陆东部中生代岩浆作用强烈,对前期成矿作用的影响也很明显,因此本文以长江中下游成矿带为例,评介了复合成矿作用的几种主要机理,认同前人提出的叠加和改造是其基本类型,但预富集作用也应重视,同时也不能忽视继承成矿和再生成矿,特别是继承和预富集联合多次出现时,可以形成区域性成矿元素大规模富集.同时,本文还将它们放在区域构造体制和机制转化演化过程中加以考察,进一步明确它们在中生代构造体制转换以前主要以沉积(含热水沉积)成因的含矿建造、矿源层或矿(胚)层产出,而矿床的最终形成与就位则主要与新构造体制下由挤压向引张转化的过渡环境中构造-岩浆活动有关,呈现出“成矿大爆发”的现象.其中早期( 145～136Ma)构造机制是以走滑挤压作用为主,形成与高钾钙碱性岩系有关的铜金矿化.晚期(135 ～ 127Ma)以走滑引张作用为主,形成了与橄榄安粗岩系有关的铁硫矿化.但这两期都有广泛发育的以叠加改造为主的复合成因铜、金、铁、硫及铅锌矿床,从而在典型的岩浆热液矿床和沉积矿床之间形成了一套过渡性矿床序列(层控矽卡岩型→沉积热液叠加型→层控叠改型→迁移式改造型→原地式改造型),构建了一个矿床“家族”.末期( 126 ～ 123Ma)以引张作用为主,出现碱性火山岩和A型花岗岩类,伴随铁、金、钼、铀等矿化,成矿带的成矿活动随之进入尾声.     

Episodes of Cenozoic Gold Mineralization on the Eastern Margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau:~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar Dating and Implication for Geodynamic Events

A lot of new gold deposits have been found on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during the past two decades. Among them, three main types of gold deposits have been recognized, including quartz-vein-type, shearzone-type and porphyry-type. The former two types of gold deposits are mainly hosted within metamorphic rocks, while the latter is related to Cenozoic magmatism. Although all of these gold deposits are believed to have been formed during the uplift process of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the Cenozoic era (Wang et al., 2002b), precise isotopic age constraints have still been lacking until quite recently. This paper presents new ^40Ar/^39Ar data of some gold deposits on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which indicate that gold mineralization in the region occurred in response to the episodic stages of the orogenies. Recently obtained ^40Ar/^39Ar data on quartz and feldspars from several gold deposits, such as the Sandiao deposit, the Baijintaizi deposit, the Pusagang deposits, provide new constraints on gold mineralization on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Geochronological studies of gold deposits along the Daduhe River indicate that there are three stages of gold mineralization. The early two stages occurred as early as 65.1 Ma in the Shuibaiyang deposit and 58.95 Ma in the Ruoji deposit, while the latter stage occurred as late as 25.35 Ma in Baijintaizi and 24.70 Ma in Sandiao. Isotopic dating of three plagioclases from the Beiya deposit, Zhifanggou deposit and Luobodi deposit and a K-feldspar from the Jinchangqing deposit in Yunnan Province indicates that these deposits were formed at two stages. The Zhifanggou and Jinchangqing deposits have early stage records as old as 58.82 Ma in Zhifanggou and 55.49 Ma in Jinchangqing, but all of the above four deposits in Yunnan have late stage records of 23.18 Ma in Jinchangqing, 24.54 Ma in Zhifanggou, 24.60 Ma in Luobodi and 24.56 Ma in Hongnitang. The above results suggest that the gold deposits on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were formed concentratedly at two main episodes, i.e. the end of the Paleocene (about 58 Ma) and the boundary between the Paleogene and the Neogene (about 25 Ma). The later episode appears to be looks like more important and was coupled with the Sichuan movement, which was extensively activated at that period. The beginning of the Cenozoic Era (about 65 Ma) might be another episode of gold mineralization, but only one deposit (Shuibaiyang) in this study has been proved to have been be formed at this stage and might be earlier than the initial collision between the Indian Plate and the Eurasia Plate. In view of geology, the above three episodes of gold mineralization are associated with three events of tectonicmagmatism and/or fluid events. Even though the gold deposits (for example, the Shuibaiyang deposit, Ruoji deposit and Pusagang deposit) were formed at different episodes, all of them are genetically related to tectonic movements in largescale shear zones. It looks like theat tectonic events (including large-scale strike-slip) between Paleogene and Neogene had a wide influence upon gold mineralization, with new deposits formed and old deposits enriched or superimposed to be a higher grade by new stage of mineralization. The above data suggest that gold deposits were not only concentrated in some areas, but also formed mainly at different boundaries of geological times, indicating that there existed some peak stages of gold mineralization (metallogenic episodes), and that the gold deposits were formed mainly by episodic mineralization.     

云开地区断裂构造对金矿的控制作用

云开地区断裂构造对金矿的控制主要表现在两个方面：其一,断裂带带内的大断裂及大断裂的次级断裂,分别控制着区内的金矿带、矿带内的主要金矿床（点）及金矿体;其二,断裂构造的力学性质、活动期次及构造岩发育程度等,控制或影响着金矿的矿石组构特征、矿化期次及矿化强度等。本文还对断裂构造的控矿机制进行了探讨。     

Metallogeny of gold in relation to the evolution of the Nubian Shield in Egypt

Gold mineralization in the Eastern Desert of Egypt is confined, almost completely, to the basement rocks of the Nubian Shield that was cratonized during the Panafrican orogeny.Island-arc, orogenic and post-orogenic stages are indicated for the tectonic-magmatic evolution of the Nubian Shield in Late Proterozoic times. Different styles of gold mineralization recognised in the Eastern Desert are inferred to have developed during these stages.In the island-arc stage, which is characterized by volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks in an ensimatic environment, gold mineralization is hosted in stratiform to strata-bound Algoma-type BIF and associated tuffaceous sedimentary rocks. Both types represent exhalative deposits, formed during breaks in sub-marine basaltic and bastalic–andesite volcanic eruptions. The volcanic rocks have a tholeiitic affinity and reflect an immature arc stage. Gold hosted in massive-sulphide deposits within calc-alkaline rhyolites represents another style of gold mineralization connected with mature island arc stage.During the orogenic-stage, ophiolites and island arc volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks were thrust onto the Pre-Panafrican continental margin. Subduction was active beneath the continent while the thrusting was still operative. A phase of calc-alkaline magmatic activity developed during this stage and the compressional deformation event was synchronous with regional metamorphism (greenschist–amphibolite facies). Extensional shear fractures (brittle–ductile shear zones) were broadly contemporaneous with the intense compressional tectonic regime. These fractures opened spaces in which the mineralizing fluids penetrated.Gold mineralization associated with the orogenic-stage is represented by vein-type mineralization that constituted the main target for gold since Pharaonic times. Other styles of gold mineralization during this stage are represented by altered ophiolitic serpentinites (listwaenites), Gold mineralization associated with intrusion related deposits (possibly porphyry copper deposits), as well as, auriferous quartz veins at the contacts of younger gabbros and G-2 granites.The post-orogenic stage is characterized by the dominance of intra-plate magmatism. Small amounts of the element in disseminations, stockworks and quartz veins of Sn–W–Ta–Nb mineralization represent gold mineralization connected with this stage.The link between these tectonic–magmatic stages and gold mineralization can be used as a criterion at any exploration strategy for new targets of gold mineralization in Egypt.     

金与铅锌矿化的时空关系及应用

近10年来，在秦岭铅锌矿带和青城子铅锌矿田等地相继发现了一批大、中型金矿床。铅锌矿和金矿床共同产出在同一构造背景下，金矿床通常位于铅锌矿之上，金矿的成矿时代明显晚于铅锌矿。初步的地质－地球化学研究表明：铅锌矿床形成于具高水岩比、高卤化物和高盐度特征的海底沉积喷流系统；此时，大多数的金迁移至低温热液柱中并在沉积物中初始富集。在后期（岩浆－）变质－构造作用过程中，金被转移至中高温、低水岩比和低卤化物活度的变质流体中，在有利的构造部位发生沉淀，在同一构造单元内成矿流体的成分和循环方式的差异引起金与铅锌矿床共存和分离。金与铅锌矿床的这一时空分布关系可被视为重要的勘查标志。根据金与铅锌矿化的时空关系，笔者提出应加强对我国元古宇宙裂谷、晚古生代拗陷内重要铅锌矿田的金、铅锌矿的勘查工作。     

富碲化物金矿床中碲的成矿作用研究进展

碲（Te）属于稀散元素,是我国的战略性关键矿产资源之一,富碲化物金矿床是碲元素的重要载体.将富碲化物金矿床划分为3种成因类型,分别为造山型金矿床、浅成中-低温热液型金矿床以及与碱性岩浆岩有关的金矿床.富碲化物金矿床可以形成于岛弧、大陆边缘、弧后盆地、绿岩带等多种构造环境,常受区域性断裂构造控制,其围岩专属性不强,矿床中存在大量碲化物,与自然金和硫化物伴生产出.成矿作用常可划分为3个阶段:石英-黄铁矿阶段、石英-多金属硫化物-碲化物阶段、石英-碳酸盐阶段,其中金和碲主要在第二阶段发生沉淀富集.成矿流体一般为中-低温、中-低盐度,呈弱酸性-中性,具有较高的f_Te2.富碲化物金矿床中的碲主要来源于地幔、岩浆热液和赋矿围岩.碲在流体中可以呈碲氯络合物、碲硫络合物、碲氢络合物等形式迁移,也可呈气态迁移.引起碲发生沉淀的因素主要为温度或/和压力的变化、水岩反应、流体混合、流体不混溶（沸腾）、含碲气体的冷凝以及多因素的叠加.在碲的成矿作用研究中,应重视碲化物结构和成分的微区原位分析、碲同位素分析以及热力学分析.      

中国金矿成矿与分布的若干特征

系统总结了我国金矿成矿与分布的若干特征,即中国三个巨型深断裂体系控制金矿的总体分布格局;金矿在地区分布上的不均衡性;赋存金矿主岩的“偏集性”,合缘与基底构造层隆起区对金成矿带(区)的主要控制作用;断裂构造对金矿成矿的分级控制规律和花岗岩特别是燕山期花岗岩对金矿成矿的重要意义。我国金矿大致分为五个成矿期,即晚太古—早元古代、中晚元古代、古生代、中生代及新生代成矿期。