蒙山八字峪砾石堆积堤的地貌成因和年代初探

山东蒙山八字峪砾石堆积堤对称分布于出山沟口,沿流向延伸,具有分段现象和弧形或舌状沉积的典型特征。2020年10月在蒙山八字峪砾石堆积堤测量了56块砾石组构,并在叠置砾石隙间和砾石层底部采集到3个树干14C测年样品。研究结果如下：（1）八字峪砾石组构、沉积构造、地貌组合等标志,均指向其为山洪泥石流堆积物;（2）缺少扇形地、表泥层与底泥层,具有砂砾透镜体的砾石层,揭示八字峪砾石堤为暴发频率极低、发展周期较长的间歇性泥石流堆积;（3）根据已有测年结果和乔木定居期,八字峪砾石堤在距今50年前曾发生山洪灾害,这与文献记载具有一致性;（4）八字峪砾石堤成因属于暴雨直接类特大型历史泥石流,可能是一次性、短历时快速地貌灾害过程;（5）八字峪砾石堤形成原因与冰川作用无关,也不是“典型的石河”。已报道的蒙山“冰川遗迹”,不仅缺少可靠的三要素地貌组合证据,而且缺少年代学和沉积学依据。总之,本文从证据链上进一步增强了蒙山山麓碎屑堆积为山洪泥石流成因判别的确定性。     

山东蒙山峨峪口砾石堤的成因类型和泥石流发生历史

地貌学和沉积学证据表明,山东蒙山地质灾害遗迹分布广泛,通常以砾石堆积堤及河谷堆积阶地的形式保留在现代河床之上。其中,峨峪口砾石堤在蒙山具有典型性和代表性。探明峨峪口砾石堤的成因类型和发生历史,对中国东部（105° E以东）第四纪环境变化、气候地貌过程具有重要的科学研究和科普教育价值。2020年10月和2021年2月,笔者团队两次赴蒙山考察,野外工作主要是砾石组构测量,寻找砾石埋压的断木等有机¹⁴C测年材料,以及历史洪水调查、地方文献资料收集等。研究结果表明：（1）峨峪口砾石堤不连续、不对称分布于凹岸（弯道）,砾石组构、石线构造、叠置空洞构造和砾石群构造等成因专属性特征,以及砾石表面擦痕的明度,揭示其可能为数百年前所形成的一次性历史泥石流堆积垄岗,且被后期山洪改造过;（2）年代学和遥感资料显示,1991年夏季峨峪口等地曾暴发大型山洪泥石流,这一结果与蒙山泥石流的历史记载具有一致性,从证据链上进一步增强了峨峪口砾石堤泥石流成因的确然性;（3）峨峪口砾石堤可能是低频、短历时快速地貌灾害过程,属于暴雨直接类特大型历史泥石流堆积,其物源主要是峨峪口上游谷地的重力崩积物;（4）峨峪口砾石堤缺少冰缘现象的地貌组合证据,不存在全新世早期冰缘地貌的年代学依据,当地不具备发育全新世早期“石河”和“冻土环境”的气候条件;（5）蒙山地区分布有丰富的碎屑物质和比较陡的沟谷纵剖面,暴雨频繁、水分充足,具有泥石流暴发的形成条件,周边居民点、公路和登山步道应加强山洪泥石流地质灾害防治工作。     

蒙山峨峪口砾石堆积堤的年代学研究

准确界定蒙山峨峪口砾石堆积堤的形成时代,对于探明其成因、澄清山东中低山丘陵第四纪冰川有无之争,是一个需要解决的科学问题。峨峪口堆积垄岗砾石组构、沉积构造、地貌组合等标志,均指向其为山洪泥石流堆积物,且为暴发频率极低、发展周期较长的水石流或稀性泥石流堆积。其下伏第四纪沉积物OSL埋藏年龄和AMS¹⁴C年龄可作为砾石堆积堤形成时代的最老约束参考年龄,当地村民迁居此地的历史可作为最小约束参考年代。OSL测年结果为2.1～2.3 ka BP,AMS¹⁴C测年结果为951～1522 cal AD,证明砾石堆积堤为数百年前形成的历史泥石流遗迹。     

蒙山峨峪口砾石堆积堤的年代学研究

准确界定蒙山峨峪口砾石堆积堤的形成时代，对于探明其成因、澄清山东中低山丘陵第四纪冰川有无之争，是一个需要解决的科学问题。峨峪口堆积垄岗砾石组构、沉积构造、地貌组合等标志，均指向其为山洪泥石流堆积物，且为暴发频率极低、发展周期较长的水石流或稀性泥石流堆积。其下伏第四纪沉积物OSL埋藏年龄和AMS14C年龄可作为砾石堆积堤形成时代的最老约束参考年龄，当地村民迁居此地的历史可作为最小约束参考年代。OSL测年结果为2. 1~2. 3 ka BP，AMS14C测年结果为951~1522 cal AD，证明砾石堆积堤为数百年前形成的历史泥石流痕迹。     

蒙山“冰川遗迹”辨识中的逻辑谬误分析——以“山东蒙山冰川遗迹的类型、特征和年代”一文为例

第四纪冰川研究主要根据观察到的地貌学、沉积学特征和年代学结果,通过缜密的逻辑推理判断其成因、时代和环境意义。蒙山"冰川遗迹"的辨识是建立在不适当或错误的证据上,雪线重建和冰期划分是不能成立的;所谓第四纪冰川遗迹,完全可以用非冰川成因予以解释。通过对蒙山堆积和侵蚀地貌的调查,笔者等得知:①拦马墙砾石堆积堤不连续、不对称分布于兰溪下游凹岸,具有立石和叠石景观,砾石组构、叠瓦构造、底泥层和不规则擦痕等表明,拦马墙天然堤为泥石流堆积;②兰溪是典型的V形谷,其基岩谷壁没有擦面和颤痕,非冰蚀擦痕是砾石沿河谷滚动、拖拽摩擦和撞击的结果,主要是泥石流成因;③已报道的蒙山"颤痕",不符合颤痕的定义和形成机制,是无效的冰川遗迹证据。本文初步提出了微观尺度新月形冰蚀地貌的分类方案,并统一称为颤痕。"山东蒙山冰川遗迹的类型、特征和年代"一文存在多处逻辑错误,我们以之为例,主要讨论了该文6个方面的逻辑缪误及其产生的非理性因素。     

第四纪冰川遗迹的判别标准与方法问题——兼论蒙山巨砾堆积堤之成因

判断中国东部中低山地冰川作用遗迹的真伪,只能通过科学实践检验和学术争鸣加以解决。利用实地考察所测数据资料,证明山东蒙山确无第四纪冰川遗迹。包括蒙山在内的山东中低山丘陵,迄今为止没有发现符合判别标准的末次冰期冰川地貌三要素组合。蒙山兰溪峡谷的谷形指数（0.07~0.24）与世界各地真正的冰川槽谷不符,被当作冰川证据的蒙山兰溪峡谷谷壁擦痕和拦马墙巨砾堆积堤砾石擦痕,不具有作为冰川地貌证据的唯一性或专属性,而是砾石沿河谷滚动、拖拽摩擦和撞击的结果。不连续、不对称分布于兰溪下游凹岸的拦马墙巨砾堆积堤,沿流向延伸或呈流线构造,具有平行主流的平顶、陡坡砾石堆和立石等景观,砾石的圆度、分选和砾组构造均指向泥石流堆积堤或特大洪水巨石边滩。它可能是1668年7月25日郯城大地震保存下来的群发性灾害遗迹。     

甘肃舟曲2010年8月8日特大山洪泥石流灾害的基本特征及成因

2010年8月8日0时12分,甘肃省舟曲县城区及上游村庄遭受特大山洪泥石流灾害,造成1467人遇难和298人失踪。三眼峪、罗家峪2条山洪泥石流沟共冲出固体堆积物181×104m3。三眼峪山洪泥石流前锋从出山口到达县城的运动时间约为2.1min,罗家峪山洪泥石流前锋从出山口到达县城的运动时间约为4.3min。二者自出山口距离县城均约2km。舟曲特大山洪泥石流灾害的形成因素包括：该地历史上就是山洪泥石流灾害多发地,山高沟深具备强大冲击的重力势能条件,沟域崩塌滑坡堆积提供了物源,历史地震导致山体松动破碎,2010年以来区域持续干旱造成雨水更易渗入岩土体,8月7日的局地过程降水量远超过历史记载,山洪泥石流暴发的突然性、毁灭性,舟曲县城部分建筑占用了山洪泥石流进入白龙江的通道等。     

山东蒙山九龙潭冰川堆积“垄槽序列”的特征及演化过程研究——兼论冰川、泥石流堆积序列的差异性

中国东部中低山区是否存在第四纪冰川已经争议了一个世纪，作为东部地区冰川堆积重要依据的"泥砾"（冰碛），一直被持非冰川观点者称作是泥石流沉积物。但是，由于冰川与泥石流的堆积过程之间存在本质差别，这必然在堆积体的特征上表现出专属性差异。因此建立冰川与泥石流在堆积特征与堆积过程上的专属性差异，在冰碛物的成因分析、冰碛堆积过程恢复上就有着重要意义。文章在对比分析了冰川堆积与泥石流堆积的过程差异的基础上，发现两类堆积体在平面与剖面上都存在明确的专属性差别。冰川冰碛在平面上形成专属性的垄槽序列，剖面上显示为无层理、混杂堆积状态。泥石流形成堆积扇，扇面上呈放射状垄岗堆积，剖面上表现为韵律序列。这是区别冰川与泥石流堆积体的本质所在。在此基础上，对蒙山九龙潭一带混杂堆积体进行调查与恢复，发现其具有典型的冰川成因垄槽序列特征，结合其剖面上表现为无层理、混杂堆积特征，从沉积序列与沉积过程的角度，佐证了蒙山九龙潭混杂堆积为第四纪冰川作用的事实。垄槽序列既是堆积物是否为冰川作用属性判断的专属性特征，也是恢复冰碛堆积体基本地貌特征与堆积过程的理论基础。      

三眼峪特大泥石流发展趋势分析

舟曲“8．8”特大山洪泥石流灾难之后,研究其发展趋势是做好舟曲灾后重建和防灾减灾工作的基础。通过现场调查和搜集历史数据,分析了泥石流再次爆发的可能性和发展趋势。认为三眼峪沟爆发泥石流的地形地貌和降雨条件依然存在,“8．8”特大泥石流的下泄量体积仅180×10^4m^3,仅为总物源的1／15,大量的松散物质仍然堆积在沟谷内,三眼峪仍然具有再次发生泥石流的可能性。三眼峪沟泥石流仍处于不断发展之中,频率和规模将呈现增大的趋势,灾后泥石流堆积扇上人员、住房和基础设施减少会使泥石流造成的灾害损失减小。     

泥石流堆积物的粒度特征及分形结构:以金沙江上游干热河谷区瓦卡泥石流沟为例

以金沙江上游干热河谷区瓦卡泥石流沟为例,引入沉积相的概念,按沉积相特征对泥石流沉积剖面进行地层单元划分。把沉积亚相划为A相粗砾泥石流层、A1相细砾泥石流层和B相表泥层。每层采集3~4个样品,共采集61个样品,并对其粒度特征及分形结构进行分析。结果表明:(1)3种沉积亚相的粒度分布曲线均呈多峰型,反映出泥石流堆积物颗粒组成分选性差的特点。(2)A、A1相为粗、细混杂砾石层堆积,颗粒分布较不均匀,而B相为不含或极少含砾石的亚黏土层沉积,各组分颗粒百分含量分布较均匀。(3)多砾石的A、A1相分形特征较好,分维值区间为2.692 1~2.697 1,相关系数为0.868 2~0.832 2,体现出混杂堆积结构特点;B相分维值为2.900 7,其相关系数为0.43。B相表泥层与A相粗砾泥石流层、A1相细砾泥石流层的粒度分布与分形结构特征很好地反映了泥石流沉积亚相不同类型的沉积环境差异。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an