基于GIS技术的厦门市建设用地生态适宜性评价

城市建设用地生态适宜性是从生态、经济和社会效益等角度衡量土地及其构成要素对城镇建设用途的适宜程度。本研究以厦门市为例,以生态优先为前提,利用林业、测绘、统计部门的数据,采用特尔菲法与层次分析法相结合的方法考虑不同评价因子及其权重,应用GIS技术提取评价因子并对单因子进行评分,进而对各因子进行叠加分析计算综合得分,据此评价厦门市建设用地的生态适宜性,提取市域内可用于城市建设的土地资源和生态敏感、必须重点保护的区域,从保护生态环境的角度为城市建设提供一些建议。     

城市土地的生态适宜性评价方法——以江西萍乡市为例

基于ArcGIS 8.3空间数据分析和可视化功能,提出了一种实用的城市土地生态适宜性评价方法,并以江西省萍乡市总体规划区土地生态适宜性评价为例,探讨了此方法的实际应用。该方法首先选择城市的主要土地利用类型,然后建立土地生态适宜性评价因子体系,并对各种用地类型进行单因子生态适宜度评价,再通过层次分析法确定评价因子权重,并运用GIS技术将单因子适宜度图层加权叠加,最后生成综合的城市用地生态适宜度分布图,从而从空间上相对准确地表征了不同类型土地的生态适宜度。     

基于生态位适宜度的西北干旱荒漠区东部露天煤矿排土场复垦适宜性评价(英文)

土地复垦适宜性评价是确定矿区受损土地再利用的重要前提,为充分利用矿区土地资源、修复受损土地,本研究以西北干旱荒漠区东部4个排土场为研究对象,以排土场平台和边坡为评价单元,以生态用地为复垦利用方向,从地形、土壤条件、区位条件、灌排设施、环境风险5个方面选取影响排土场再利用的指标,构建基于生态位适宜度的土地复垦适宜性评价指标体系,引入障碍度进行排土场障碍因子诊断。结果表明：（1）研究区各单元生态位适宜度指数在0.339-0.751之间,复垦为生态用地的适宜性等级整体偏低。同一排土场平台的适宜度指数（0.511-0.751）普遍比边坡（0.339-0.628）高。（2）各因子对不同单元的障碍度反应不尽相同。影响边坡的主要障碍因子为坡度、砾石含量和排水条件;影响平台的主要障碍因子为土壤条件、排水条件,土壤条件中主要以砾石含量和土壤容重为限制因素。上述方法能够有效用于矿区土地复垦适宜性评价,研究结果可为西北干旱荒漠区露天煤矿排土场复垦和生态重建提供科学决策依据。     

基于熵权法模糊物元模型的独一味(Lamiophlomis rotata)适宜性分布

独一味(Lamiophlomi s rotata)是唇形科濒危药用植物。根据模糊物元模型理论构建独一味产量与14个生态因子之间的模糊隶属函数,采用熵权法确定评价指标权重,利用ArcGIS平台确定青藏高原地区独一味生态适宜性空间分布,旨在探究独一味适宜性分布状况,为濒危藏药独一味资源的动态监测及资源开发利用提供科学依据。结果表明:独一味最佳生态相似区域占研究区面积的3.13%、高度相似区域占6.34%、中度相似区域面积占8.53%、低度相似区域占6.35%、不相似区域占75.65%。独一味主要集中在青藏高原东部边缘四川、甘肃和青海高海拔地带的次生植被及逐渐退化的高山草甸区,基于GIS的模糊物元模型可评价独一味的生态适宜区域和空间分布状态,为其GAP选址和生境保护地带提供有价值的信息。     

基于生态位理论的多模型秦岭山区建设用地适宜性评价——以商洛市商州区为例

借助生态位理论,利用地形条件、生产条件、生活条件以及生态条件等17个适宜性评价因子构建秦岭局部山区建设用地适宜性评价指标体系,采用广义相加模型(GAM)、人工神经元网络(ANN)、随机森林模型(RF)以及最大熵模型(MaxEnt),分别对商洛市商州区建设用地适宜性进行评价,最后以AUC值(ROC曲线下面积)为权重集成4个模型的模拟结果,定量评价商州区建设用地适宜性。结果表明:商州区最适宜建设用地面积为118.32km2,占研究区总面积的2.47%,说明该区适宜建设用地开发的土地相对较少;低适宜建设用地面积为297.73km2,占研究区总面积的7.26%,可以适度进行开发。生态位模型为秦岭山区建设用地适宜性评价提供了新的方法与途径,也可为当前区域建设用地优化布局提供理论基础。     

半干旱地区城市用地生态适宜性评价——以呼和浩特市为例

 对区域非城镇建设用地用作城镇建设用地的生态适宜程度进行评价是城市生态规划的核心问题,也是城市总体规划制定的基础和依据。以呼和浩特市为例,采用单因子评价分析与综合评价分析相结合的方法,在ArcGIS软件的空间分析功能的支持下,确定了呼和浩特市城镇建设用地适宜、较适宜、较不适宜和不适宜4级综合生态适宜性分类。研究结果表明,呼和浩特市城镇建设用地适宜级别土地占总面积的39.1％;较适宜级别占7.3%;较不适宜级别占25.6%;不适宜占28.1%。从不同适宜级别土地在不同旗县区的分布特点来看,呼和浩特市城区、土默特左旗的适宜建设土地相对较多,分别为39.1%和28.5%;土默特左旗和托克托县的不适宜土地相对面积较大,分别为45.3%和53.6%。     

老挝中部地区林业用地空间适宜性多尺度评价

通过顾及多尺度的适宜性评价方法和指标体系的构建,运用地理信息系统空间分析方法,以老挝中部甘蒙、沙湾拿吉两省作为研究区域,开展林业用地适宜性评价研究。结果表明:(1)全域尺度林业用地适宜面积为37 352.11 km~2,其中,一级适宜区域主要分布于欣奔、他曲、农泊、塞布里、凯山丰威汉、孟平、孟农。(2)省域尺度林业用地适宜面积为36 579.34 km~2,其中,一级适宜区域主要分布于湄公河流域及研究区东北部、东南部山区。(3)县域尺度林业用地适宜面积为36 727.74 km~2,其中,一级适宜区域主要分布于研究区东北部及中部、东南部山区。     

热带海岛规模性土地整治项目区生态质量变化过程与特征分析

土地整治通过重塑国土空间格局,改变区域生态系统的结构与功能,进而对生态系统质量产生影响。本研究以热带海岛地区土地整治重大工程项目区为研究对象,引入遥感生态指数（RSEI）,在构建生态质量变化评估模型的基础上设置对照区,对比分析土地整治全生命周期内区域生态质量变化过程及空间特征。结果表明：① 土地整治在全生命周期不同阶段深刻影响着区域的土地利用格局和生态过程,遥感生态指数能够结合现象特征发现、变化过程解析,直观、动态地反映区域生态质量状况,对有效表征土地整治区生态环境质量状况、开展长期有效监测评估等具有适宜性;② 土地整治对区域生态质量具有较为明显的负面影响,但随整治周期推移,负向影响减弱逐步呈现正向影响。生态质量呈中期<初期<后期趋势。整治区生态质量呈“V”字型变化态势,而对照区生态质量呈“N”字型变化态势。③ 研究区内,整治区与对照区的生态质量短期内呈“两极分化”态势,整治区生态质量改善比例为51.23%略低于对照区的52.68%,降低比例28.31%略高于对照区的25.51%。④ 研究期内,生态质量热点斑块主要集中于北部地区,冷点斑块主要分布于南部及南渡江左岸地区。而生态质量变化的热点斑块主要分布于对照区和南渡江右岸的整治区,冷点斑块则主要分布于对照区和南渡江左岸的整治区。研究结果提升了土地整治生态影响机制认识,为区域尺度开展土地整治生态响应评价分析、生态化土地整治实施与管理对策研究提供借鉴参考。     

人口密度格网尺度适宜性评价方法研究——以宣州区乡村区域为例

人口密度格网尺度适宜性研究旨在遴选适宜格网,较好表达人口分布位置,揭示人口分布差异,提高人口数据空间化质量。以安徽省宣州区的乡村区域为研究区,设计了人口密度格网尺度适宜性评价方法,通过构建位置表达度、数值信息表达度和空间关系表达度三类评价指标,开展了人口密度格网尺度适宜性评价研究,结合格网尺度—指标数值关系曲线,确定人口密度适宜格网尺度遴选方案,选取适宜格网尺度,评价了人口密度适宜格网的尺度合理性。结果表明:兼顾位置、数值精度、空间关系三方面的表达度,40 m、50 m格网是一个相对适宜的格网尺度,是生产高质量人口空间数据的适宜格网。初步研究表明,针对本研究区的人口密度格网尺度适宜性评价方案是合理的、有效的,是生产高质量人口空间数据遴选适宜格网的有效方法。     

基于土地利用格局重建的区域生境质量时空变化分析

区域生境质量决定了区域内生物多样性状况,是生态系统服务功能和生态系统健康程度的重要体现,生境质量变化研究对区域生态安全具有重要的意义,重建区域生境质量空间格局可以还原历史时期的生态环境本底,为揭示区域生态环境质量演变规律提供科学支撑。选取高程、坡度、坡向、GDP、人口、温度、降雨量、河流距离、城市距离和海岸线距离10个土地利用变化驱动因子,构建CA-Markov模型参数,模拟得到历史土地利用空间数据。在此基础上,运用InVEST模型重建泛长三角地区生境质量空间格局,并对计算得到的生境退化度指数和生境质量指数进行等级划分与统计分析。结果表明：① 土地利用模拟精度验证结果显示Kappa系数为0.88,土地利用空间格局重建方法可行,可以在此基础上开展生境质量模拟研究。② 泛长三角地区1975—2010年生境退化度逐期上升,生境退化等级在空间分布上呈圈层递变分布规律。生境质量则表现为逐期下降,高值区主要分布于山区,低值区大部分位于建成区;1975—2010年期间,低值区逐渐向周边高值区域演变,生境高值区域趋于破碎化。③ 1975—2010年生境质量时空变化特征表明：生境质量差等级区域,其生境难以修复,维持原状居多;生境质量较差等级区域易继续恶化,且易发生在建成区周边区域,占比为研究区总面积的6.40%;生境等级为良好和优等的区域,其生境等级易转换为差等和较差等级,使得该区域的生境破碎化,该类型的面积占比为研究区总面积的5.68%。④ 1975—2010年期间,研究区土地利用变化显著,对生境质量造成了巨大的影响;研究区生境质量逐期变差,其生境质量等级位于较差及以下区域面积占比均达到了60%以上,建设用地为生境质量最大的威胁因子。     

Women,Politics, Elections,and Citizenship

Abstract

Significantly more women than men are registered voters in the United States, and a higher proportion of women voters actually cast ballots on election day. Yet the 106th Congress (1999-2001) includes only 56 women members, 12% of the total membership of the House and Senate. Likewise, women hold only 22% of the total seats in state legislatures. The purpose of this article is to examine this paradox. It first examines the history of the women's movement in the United States. It then turns to an evaluation of women's progress in gaining elected office. Finally it considers three primary obstacles to women gaining equitable representation: solidarity among women, political culture, and the single-member district system now employed in the United States.     

Elevation, Age, Soil Development, and Chemical Weathering at Storbreen, Jotunheimen, Norway

Chemical weathering and associated soil development trends on glacial forelands are commonly assumed to exhibit increases with time elapsed since glaciation. However, this gross trend is complicated by several other factors including elevation, aspect, and microtopography. This paper demonstrates that on the glacial foreland at Storbreen, Jotunheimen, Norway, chemical weathering and associated soil development trends show significant elevational influences. We sampled soils at shallow depths (0–1, 1–5, and 15–20 cm) at two sites on a moraine dated to 1750 at its elevational extremes of 1155 m (site L) and 1385 m (site H). The two moraine sites also differed developmentally from an adjacent 9000-year-old surface (site T) at an intermediate elevation, 1205 m. Analyses were conducted on the fine-earth fractions. Extractable elemental composition exhibited detectable differences between the same-age soils at different elevations with the lower site L tending to have measured parameters intermediate between the high site H and the older site T. Weathering, as indicated by mineralogy, was more pronounced at the 9000-year-old site T and least evident at the high elevation site H. In addition, elevation under the conditions of the field research may inhibit pedogenesis as indicated by the chemical data. Site H, for example, showed little variation with depth and had in general, less organic matter accumulation, smaller C:N ratio, greater pH, and lesser amounts of the measured extractable elements than the soil at site L. Site T generally had smaller pH and larger levels of the measured elements than the other sites. It was concluded that elevation has a significant control on weathering and pedogenesis that may mask the effects of age in this cold and wet environment.     

FANTASY,GEOGRAPHY, WAGNER,AND OPERA*

ABSTRACT. Wilhelm Richard Wagner fused fantasy based on epic and lore with seamless scores, using landscapes and urban images to forge spatial order on stage. As a footloose composer-conductor, Wagner was considered a globetrotter for his time, and from trans-European tours he drew inspiration for numerous stagings. Nine of his operas have rustic pastoral settings, with actors silhouetted against geological formations, forests, vistas of undulating terrain for pilgrimages, or raging seas, all visually believable scenery. Rienzi and Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg are urban in setting, whereas Die Feen and Das Liebesverbot are set in a castle-like format.     

Race,Gender, and Constrained Work Trips in Buffalo,NY, 1990

This study investigates whether women's short commutes should be interpreted as constrained or convenient work trips by examining how race, gender, travel mode, occupation, residential location, workplace location, and Inc.ome affect commuting time. The analysis is restricted to a sample of European American and African American male and female workers residing in Buffalo, New York, and the surrounding county using data drawn from the Public Use Microdata Samples of the 1990 U.S. census. Given the pervasive gender wage gap, women unsurprisingly have more compromised (short commutes to low-Inc.ome jobs) work trips than do men. Multivariate analysis reveals that among those who reverse commute to suburban locations, African American women have the longest work trips.     

Race,Gender, and Constrained Work Trips in Buffalo,NY, 1990

This study investigates whether women's short commutes should be interpreted as constrained or convenient work trips by examining how race, gender, travel mode, occupation, residential location, workplace location, and Inc.ome affect commuting time. The analysis is restricted to a sample of European American and African American male and female workers residing in Buffalo, New York, and the surrounding county using data drawn from the Public Use Microdata Samples of the 1990 U.S. census. Given the pervasive gender wage gap, women unsurprisingly have more compromised (short commutes to low-Inc.ome jobs) work trips than do men. Multivariate analysis reveals that among those who reverse commute to suburban locations, African American women have the longest work trips.     

Time,Action, Space

Postmetropolis deepens Edward Soja's engagement with the sociospatial dialectic, one of his major contributions to urban theory. It also represents an uncharacteristic foray into history. The objectives of my contribution are to probe his treatment of time and to extend his sociospatial dialectic into the realm of actor-network theory, thereby further situating the materiality of the city at the theoretical center of social thought.