内蒙古赤峰东村更新世早期哺乳动物群

内蒙古赤峰西北地区的东村、东梁一带更新世早期河-湖相沉积物相当发育,为一套白色砂与棕红色亚粘土互层,其中含有丰富的哺乳动物化石,计11科18属21种。动物群性质与泥河湾(狭义)的相当。这是我国最东和最北的一个三趾马与真马共生的化石地点。     

黄土高原黄土、红色粘土与古湖盆沉积物关系

本文通过磁性地层学、古生物地层学、沉积学的对比研究，讨论了中国黄土高原地区黄土，红色粘土与该区重要古湖盆之一，古三门湖堆积物之间关系，并分析气候环境对它们的影响。主要结论如下：１）红色粘土与上覆黄土可以是连续沉积，并呈相渐变关系。２）中国黄土与三门组记录了布容正极性带与松山负极性带。Ｂ／Ｍ界限位于Ｌ８，Ｊ亚带位于标志层Ｌ９与Ｌ１５之间，大约Ｓ１０－Ｓ１３之间，Ｏ亚带位于Ｓ２２－Ｓ３３，或三门组之中。Ｍ／Ｇａ界限对应于黄土与红土界限。并基本对应于三门组与游河组界限。３）红色粘土（三趾马红粘土）并非仅仅是中新世保德期沉积物。它包括上新统与中新统，上新世静乐组记录了高斯正极性带，吉尔伯特负极性带，中新世蓝田组记录了Ｅｐｏｃｈ５。４）古三门湖堆积包括早更新世早期三门组（１．２０—２．５０Ｍａ，松山负极性带），上新世晚期游河组（２．５０—３．５０Ｍａ，高斯正极性带），更早期的三门湖沉积未出露。三门组与午域黄土为同期异相沉积，记录了松山负极性带，游河组则与该区上部红色粘土（静乐组上段）为同期异相沉积，记录了高斯正极性带     

Late quaternary insects of Rancho La Brea and McKittrick,California

Asphalt-impregnated sediments at Rancho La Brea (Los Angeles County) and McKittrick (Kern County) in California provide a rich Quaternary insect record. Ages of various sites at Rancho La Brea range from more than 40,000 ¹⁴C yr B.P. to modern. McKittrick insects studied by W. D. Pierce are not contemporaneous with the late Pleistocene vertebrate fauna, but are only about 7000 ¹⁴C yr old. The major paleoecological groupings are: (1) ground dwellers, (2) aquatics. (3) scavengers, and (4) miscellaneous. Contrary to conclusions of earlier authors, most specimens represent modern species. Only two apparent terminal Pleistocene extinctions are recognized. both dung beetles (Scarabaeidae).     

黄土高原南部晚更新世黄土地层划分、显微结构及力学性质特征

黄土高原南部晚更新世黄土地层包括三层黄土（L₁¹、L₁²、L₁³）和三层古土壤(S₀₁、S₀₂、S₁),共六个层次。Q₄/Q₃界线划在S₀/L₁¹界面上,年龄约为10000aB.P.;Q₃/Q₂界线划在S₁/L₂界面上,年龄约为120000aB.P.。在区域上自北向南,晚更新世黄土的显微结构由微胶结结构组合逐渐过渡为半胶结结构组合,直到胶结结构组合,黄土的力学性质相应地由差变好。在剖面中自上而下,黄土的显微结构类型与其力学性质指标之间亦存在着上述变化规律。研究结果表明,黄土的显微结构类型作为评价黄土工程性质的一种简便方法大有在工程实践中推广使用的前景。     

Did an extensive forest ever develop on the Chinese Loess Plateau during the past 130 ka?: a test using soil carbon isotopic signatures

Pleistocene vegetation history on the Chinese Loess Plateau has been traditionally investigated using palynological methods, and questions remain regarding whether an extensive broadleaf deciduous forest ever developed on the loess table under favorable climatic conditions. The authors have employed a C isotope approach to address this question by comparing δ¹³C values in soil organic matter from different loess ecological domains with known source vegetation to the C isotope values obtained from a paleosol section that can be dated back to 130 ka. The C isotopic compositions of modern soils from the loess table and the loess–desert transition gave δ¹³C values of −24.5‰ to −18.2‰ and −25.7‰ to −20.7‰, respectively. These C isotopic ratios are consistent with the standing modern vegetation that is dominated by a mixture of C₃ and C₄ plants and can be distinguished from that in the patchy forest areas where exclusive C₃ trees yield a narrow δ¹³C value range from −26.9‰ to −25‰ (average −26.1‰). Obtained δ¹³C compositions from paleosols and loess sediments in the Lantian and the Luochuan profiles vary from −24‰ to −16.9‰, indicating a grass-dominated steppe with shifting C₃ and C₄ contributions controlled mainly by paleoclimatic changes during the late Pleistocene. The present results suggest no extensive forest coverage on the loess table during the past 130 ka even under the most suitable conditions for forest development. This conclusion supports the explanation of natural causes for the development of only patchy forests on the modern loess table and provides critical historical information toward the vegetation restoration project that is currently underway on the Chinese Loess Plateau.     

甘肃龙担早第四纪黄土堆积古地磁年代研究

临夏盆地位于青藏高原东北边缘,是青藏高原与黄土高原衔接带上的一个晚新生代断陷盆地。龙担剖面地处临夏盆地的中央部分,产有大量哺乳动物化石,从化石证据中得出与早更新世午城黄土同时期的黄土沉积,但是岩性看起来又与中国东部黄土高原上典型的午城黄土有差别。本文基于龙担剖面中黄土-古土壤序列的古地磁研究、粒度以及磁化率分析,主要对正极性N3的极性归属问题进行阐述,N3对应于Matuyama极性时中下部的Olduvai极性亚时期,建立了该剖面的年代地层序列。龙担动物群的上化石层位于Olduvai极性亚时内部,时代为1.77～1.95Ma,从而得出龙担动物群的上化石层年龄为1.9Ma,下化石层位于Reunion极性亚时之下,时代为2.25Ma。     

洛川黄土地层的再划分及其L9、L15古环境意义的新解释

洛川剖面的午城黄土是可以在野外进行细分的,洛川的午城黄土含有18层古土壤和18层黄土。其中,S₁₅～S₂₃的土壤组合与前人划分的WS1相当,L₂₄与WL₁相当,S_{24～S28与WS2相当,L29与WL2相当,S29～S32与WS3相当,L33与WL3相当。黄土高原的两个粉砂层L9和L15,虽然形成于第四纪的冷期,但并非代表了第四纪时期最为干冷的气候条件。笔者的解释是:其形成与这两个时期青藏高原及其周边山体的快速隆升导致的沙漠和黄土物源的快速增加有关。特别是1.1MaB.P.前后(L15)的隆起,使中国黄土记录对全球变化的响应显著增强,也正是在这次运动之后,中国黄土古气候记录可以与深海氧同位素很好对比,而此前的午城黄土与深海对比困难}     

Magnetostratigraphy of the late Cenozoic of the Boso Peninsula, central Japan

Marine Pliocene and Pleistocene beds of the Boso Peninsula are more than 3 km thick and contain abundant fauna and flora. Almost continuous deposition occurred at a high sedimentation rate from the early part of the last reversed geomagnetic polarity epoch to the middle part of the last normal polarity epoch. Several microbiostratigraphic marker horizons enable correlation with deep-sea sediments fully independent of magnetostratigraphic zonation. Globorotalia truncatulinoides first occurs below the normal polarity event BO-B-2, which is correlated with the Olduvai Event in deep-sea sediments, whereas the disappearance of discoasters and the first occurrence of Gephyrocapsa caribbeanica are recognized at the top of BO-B-2, and the first occurrence of Gephyrocapsa oceanica is recognized at the top of BO-B-1. Based on the correlation of the Boso section with Mediterranean stage stratotype sections, the transition from the Pliocene to Pleistocene is estimated to be in the lower part of the Kazusa Group.     

西峰剖面午城黄土古风化强度变化与 早更新世季风环境演化*

游离铁(FeD)/全铁(FeT)比值被土壤学界用来反映土壤化学风化强度,并已在风尘堆积的古环境研究中得到较好应用。然而,迄今对第四纪黄土古风化强度的研究多集中于中更新世以来的序列,只有少数剖面的分析包含午城黄土。文章基于西峰剖面661个样品的FeD和FeT分析,建立了该剖面午城黄土的古风化强度序列,并与剖面原有1.2Ma以来的序列进行对比。结果表明,早更新世古土壤的风化强度与后期相比总体较低,而黄土层的风化强度总体偏高,反映了较小的冰期-间冰期反差; 古风化强度的波动总体上与深海氧同位素有较好的一致性,体现了全球冰量变化对我国北方季风环境的控制。2.6~1.6Ma期间,古土壤的平均风化强度在整个第四纪最低,指示了较弱的夏季风环境效应。从约1.6Ma开始到1.2Ma,古土壤和黄土层的风化强度均增加,并开始有较显著的约100ka周期。这些特征在深海氧同位素记录中没有表现,而与热带地区一些环境特征相吻合,从而指示了低纬过程对我国北方早更新世季风环境的显著影响。     

The loess sequence of Dolní Věstonice,Czech Republic: A new OSL‐based chronology of the Last Climatic Cycle

The Dolní Věstonice loess section in the Czech Republic is well known for its high‐resolution loess–palaeosol sequence of the last interglacial–glacial climatic cycle (Upper Pleistocene). The loess section is situated in a climatic transition zone between oceanic and continental climates and is therefore of great value in reconstructing past regional climate conditions and their interaction with climate systems, in particular that of the North Atlantic. Based on a combination of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages, stratigraphic field observations and magnetic susceptibility measurements, a chrono‐climatic interpretation of the Dolní Věstonice loess section is presented. To establish a reliable Upper Pleistocene chronology, a quartz OSL approach was applied for equivalent dose (D_e) determination. Monomineralic quartz extracts of three distinct grain sizes, fine (4–11 μm), middle (38–63 μm) and coarse (90–200 μm), were used and compared. Within error limits, the calculated OSL ages are the same for the different grain sizes, and the OSL ages are in stratigraphic order. The established OSL chronology is in agreement with a Weichselian litho‐ and pedostratigraphy. The Dolní Věstonice loess section is characterized by four pedosedimentary subsequences. At the base of the profile, subsequence I is characterized by a distinct Early Glacial soil complex, OSL‐dated to c. 110 to 70 ka, representing one of the most complete records of environmental change in the European loess belt. Subsequence II is allocated to the Lower Pleniglacial and is characterized by laminated sandy loess. Middle Pleniglacial subsequence III is represented by a brown soil complex, and is followed by the uppermost subsequence IV, characterized by a thick body of laminated sandy loess, indicating strong wind activity and a high sedimentation rate of more than ～1 mm a^?1 during the Upper Pleniglacial. According to the OSL chronology, as well as to the sedimentological and palaeopedological investigations, it is likely that the sequence at Dolní Věstonice has recorded most of the climatic events expressed in the NGRIP δ¹⁸O reference record between 110 and 70 ka.     

Topographic and climatic influences on accelerated loess accumulation since the last glacial maximum in the Palouse, Pacific Northwest, USA

Topographic and climatic influences have controlled thick loess accumulation at the southern margin of the Palouse loess in northern Oregon. Juniper and Cold Springs Canyons, located on the upwind flank of the Horse Heaven Hills, are oriented perpendicular to prevailing southwesterly winds. These canyons are topographic traps that separate eolian sand on the upwind side from thick accumulations (nearly 8 m) of latest Pleistocene to Holocene L1 loess on the downwind side. Silt- and sand-rich glacial outburst flood sediment in the Umatilla Basin is the source of eolian sand and loess for the region. Sediment from this basin also contributes to loess accumulations across much of the Columbia Plateau to the northeast. Downwind of Cold Springs Canyon, Mt. St. Helens set S and Glacier Peak tephras bracket 4 m of loess, demonstrating that approximately 2500 g m⁻² yr⁻¹ of loess accumulated between about 15,400–13,100 cal yr B.P. Mass accumulation rates decreased to approximately 250 g m⁻² yr⁻¹ from 13,100 cal yr B.P. to the present. Tephrochronology suggests that the bulk of near-source Palouse loess accumulated in one punctuated interval in the latest Pleistocene characterized by a dry and windy climate.     

山西洪洞王绪黄土地层划分

通过对临汾盆地王绪及其邻近地区黄土地层中所含抱子花粉、右脊椎动物化石、颗粒成分、磁化率、古土壤、结构构造以及接触关系等综合研究,将王绪剖面上的黄土划分为下更新统、中更新统及上更新统三层,并同洛川、午城两地区的午城黄土、离石黄土及马兰黄土地层对比。     

Preliminary malacological investigation on the loess profile at Zmajevac, Croatia

More than 5 500 specimens of 37 terrestrial snail species were collected from a loess paleosol section at Zmajevac village, Croatia. The presence of Ena montana, Mastus bielzi, Cochlodina laminata, Macrogastra ventricosa, Clausilia pumila, Clausilia dubia, Pseudofusulus varians, Trichia unidentata and Trichia edentula species from the lower paleosol layer suggests that this malacological zone formed during the initial phase of a Middle Pleistocene interglacial cycle.     

中国第四纪地层

本文综述了中国第四纪沉积类型及第四系的划分,并与国际第四系划分进行了对比。指出中国第四纪沉积物分布广泛,种类繁多,以陆相沉积为主。按其成因主要有风成黄土堆积、河一湖相沉积、冲一洪积堆积、冰川沉积、洞穴堆积、风化壳残积（红土）、火山堆积和海相沉积等。各种沉积物都有很好的剖面,尤其是黄土和河一湖相沉积更为连续完整。按中国第四纪地层发育的实际情况,第四系的底界应置于松山一高斯极性转换界线（Ｍ／Ｇ,２．６ＭａＢ,Ｐ,）;第四系内部划分为更新统（Ｑ_ｐ）和１４新统（Ｑ_ｈ）,界线在１１０００ａＢ,Ｐ,。更新统进一步划分为下、中和上３个阶(Ｑ_ｐ１, Ｑ_ｐ２, Ｑ_ｐ３), Ｑ_ｐ２／Ｑ_ｐ１的界线为布容一松山极性转换界线（Ｂ／Ｍ; ０．７８ＭａＢ,Ｐ,）;Ｑ₍ｐ３_／Ｑ_ｐ２的界线为本次间冰期的起始时间（０．１２８ＭａＢ,Ｐ,）。     

山东长山列岛黄土沉积磁组构特征及意义

本文对长山列岛的砣矾岛离石黄土和马兰黄土，及其以北大钛岛和以南南长山岛的马兰黄土等的沉积磁组构作了对比和分析，证明研究区离石黄土不是纯风尘沉积，至少本文所研究的剖面段不是风尘沉积，而是洪坡积，其沉积物质可能主要是当地红土风化壳物质被流水搬运来的；马兰黄土虽是风尘沉积，但物源与我国内陆黄土有明显区别，前者主要是低海面时期被风从附近搬运来的。     

中国黄土磁性地层与生物地层对比

本文统计了中国黄土地层中发现的哺乳动物化石并对一些发现较丰富哺乳动物化石的黄土剖面进行了磁性地层学研究，分析了磁性地层与生物地层对比结果，讨论了黄土层中哺乳动物化石的时空分布，以及有关气候环境问题。     

The loess-paleosol and related subaereal sequence in Hungary

The loess of type localities is subdivided into 3 subseries on the basis of the paleosols allowing even an Eurasian comparison for their lithostratigraphy.

1. The upper young loess (8–10 m) is most widespread, characterized by 3 sandy loess and 2 intercalated humic loess horizons. The ages of the humic loess horizons H₁, H₂ are c. 16 ka and 20 ka BP, respectively.
2. The lower young loess (15–20 m) contains 4 loess packets and 3 chernozem-like paleosols, usually doubled soil complexes (designated MF, BD, BA). The MF paleosol complex, first member of lower young loess is c. 27–28 ka BP (C¹⁴ and TL dating). The lower young loess is underlain by a brown forest soil and chernozem-like paleosol-assemblage (MB), probably formed during the last interglacial (c. 105–125 ka BP).
3. The old loess (c. 20 m) is generally characterized by 6–7 loess, mainly brown forest soil and 2 interbedded fluvial sand layers. The lowermost old loess member and an ochre-red paleosol lie below the Brunhes-Matuyama boundary (0,73 Ma).
4. The loess is underlain by a subaerial non-loessic sequence (20–40 m) with 5–10 red soils, red clays mostly directly superimposed on and locally interbedded by sand and silty sand. At the base of this sequence of red paleosols usually Uppermost Miocene inland sea deposits are found.

It can be concluded that the reddish paleosol developed under climatic, and in general, ecological conditions (probably warm subhumid with rapid cyclical climatic changes) differing from the cold and semiarid or semidesert environments of typical loess formation. The former conditions were characteristic — from the Lower Pliocene to the Lower Pleistocene — on continental or global scales.     

The Požarevac loess–paleosol sequence: a record of increased aridity in the south-eastern margin of the Carpathian Basin during the last 350 ka

The loess sequence preserved in the Požarevac brickyard in north-eastern Serbia comprises eight loess units separated by seven paleosols. Geochronological investigation using amino acid racemization and luminescence dating support stratigraphic correlations of loess units L3, S2LL1 and L1 at the Požarevac section with loess of glacial cycles E [Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 10], D (MIS 9–8), C (MIS 7–6) and B (MIS 5–2) across central Europe. Correlation with the marine oxygen-isotope stratigraphy and associated paleoclimatic inferences are further supported by magnetic susceptibility, particle size and carbonate content measured in Požarevac sediments. Malacological investigations at the Požarevac section reveal the continuous presence of the Chondrula tridens and Helicopsis striata faunal assemblages throughout the last 350 ka. The loess malacological fauna, which is characterized by the complete absence of cold-resistant and cold-preferring species, suggests a stable, dry and relatively warm glacial and interglacial climate, compared with other central European loess localities. Together these data suggest that the south-eastern part of the Carpathian (Pannonian, Middle Danube) Basin was a refugium for warm-preferring and xerophilous land-snails during the generally unfavorable glacial climates of the late Middle and Late Pleistocene.     

最近2.5Ma黄土高原环境变化研究进展——来自洛川黄土地层的证据

洛川黄土—古土壤序列记录了最近2.5Ma黄土高原自然环境的演化和变迁。国内外研究人员运用地层学、古生物学、土壤学、磁学、沉积学、岩石学、矿物学、地球化学等多学科的研究方法，统一地层划分，明确成因机制，建立时间标尺，分析气候指标，提取环境信息，逐步揭示了自早更新世以来该区气候由暖湿而冷干、频繁剧烈波动的历史以及古生物的演替过程，为全球变化研究提供了重要资料。     

Stratigraphy of Pleistocene glaciations in the St Elias Mountains,southwest Yukon,Canada

At least five Middle to Late Pleistocene advances of the northern Cordilleran Ice Sheet are preserved at Silver Creek, on the northeastern edge of the St Elias Mountains in southwest Yukon, Canada. Silver Creek is located 100 km up‐ice of the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2 McConnell glacial limit of the St Elias lobe. This site contains ~3 km of nearly continuous lateral exposure of glacial and non‐glacial sediments, including multiple tills separated by thick gravel, loess and tilted lake beds. Infrared‐stimulated luminescence (IRSL) and AMS radiocarbon dating constrain the glacial deposits to MIS 2, 4, either MIS 6 or mid‐MIS 7, and two older Middle Pleistocene advances. This chronology and the tilt of the lake beds suggest Pleistocene uplift rates of up to 1.9 mm a^?1 along the Denali Fault since MIS 7. The non‐glacial sediment consists of sand, gravel, loess and organic beds from MIS 7, MIS 3 and the early Holocene. The MIS 3 deposits date to between 30–36 ¹⁴C ka BP, making Silver Creek one of the few well‐constrained MIS 3‐aged sites in Yukon. This confirms that ice receded close to modern limits in MIS 3. Pollen and macrofossil analyses show that a meadow‐tundra to steppe‐tundra mosaic with abundant herbs and forbs and few shrubs or trees, dominated the environment at this time. The stratigraphy at Silver Creek provides a palaeoclimatic record since at least MIS 8 and comprises the oldest direct record of Pleistocene glaciation in southwest Yukon.