沉积物选择性起动机理及其在砾石沉积临界值分析中的应用

混合粒径条件下沉积物的起动机理不同于均匀粒径条件下沉积物的起动机理。混合粒径条件下沉积物的起动，可由沉积物转动角φ随相对粒径及颗粒状而变化的依从关系进行解释。通过对砾石沉积物因不同粒径、形状而发生选择性起动的动力过程的分析，得出了砾石沉积物转动角选择性起动的理论模式，采用该模式来定量计算潮汐流和河流中砾石沉积物选择性起动的临界值，计算结果和测量结果吻合,肉而证实了该模式的可靠性。     

用显微图像分析系统测量沙粒的圆度

沉积物中的沙颗粒在沉积搬运过程中,经过不同程度的碰撞、磨损,从带有棱角状的不规则形状,逐渐向圆球状过渡。不同矿物成分的沙粒因其晶形、硬度不同而磨损速度亦不同,表现出不同的圆度。相同成分的沙粒则因搬运营力和距离的不同而表现出不同的圆度。因而沉积学家常将同类沙粒(石英沙)的圆度作为沉积环境和沉积搬运过程的重要指示参数。早在30年代初期,H.Wadell就讨论了圆度与球度的差异,提出了测量沙粒圆度的方法,其基本点是测量颗粒每个棱角或突出部分的圆半径后进行统计。这一方法因过程复杂而没得到推广。1958年英国的D.A.Robson提出…     

钙质砂颗粒形状及破碎特性试验研究

单颗粒强度及形状是影响钙质砂强度、变形和破碎的重要因素。以0.5～1.0 mm和1.0～2.0 mm粒径范围的钙质砂颗粒为研究对象,开展了颗粒形状及尺寸分类统计和单颗粒破碎试验,研究了力—位移关系、单颗粒强度—平均粒径关系和单颗粒破碎能量。结果表明：块状颗粒是钙质砂的主要形状颗粒,粒径较大颗粒的形状不规则程度较高。块状颗粒的破碎过程根据力—位移关系曲线中第一次颗粒破碎力、颗粒破碎峰值力和颗粒完全破碎力出现位置的不同分成5种情况,以颗粒发生多次破碎为特征的情况Ⅰ和情况Ⅱ出现次数最多,其余情况仅在0.5～1.0 mm粒径范围的颗粒中出现。单颗粒强度随平均粒径的增大而减小,1.0～2.0 mm和0.5~1.0 mm粒径范围的单颗粒强度分形维数分别为2.95和1.53,粒径较大的钙质砂颗粒更容易破碎。提出了钙质砂单颗粒破碎能量的简化计算公式,1.0～2.0 mm粒径范围的单颗粒破碎能量较0.5~1.0 mm的更大。     

南海南部海域岛礁区海底珊瑚砂声速影响因素的初步研究

通过对南海南部海域岛礁区科学考察数据资料的分析研究,得出了岛礁区海底珊瑚砂的纵波声速随孔隙度、含水量增大而减小,以及声速随中值粒径、湿密度增大而增大的统计结果,并在Biot和Wyllie的松散饱和水沉积物声速理论公式与模型基础上,解释了物理力学因素对海底珊瑚砂声速的影响机制,阐明了固相因素和液相因素的强弱变化引起声速增大或减小的理论原因,分析了各种声速经验公式在海底珊瑚砂声速估算上的精度差异,得出了有必要建立包括海底珊瑚砂在内的单一类型声速经验公式的初步结论。     

文登近岸海域表层沉积物分布特征及影响因素

根据2013年文登近岸海域130个表层沉积物样品资料,分析了研究区表层沉积物分布特征,结合表层沉积物起动流速、波浪破碎水深和潮流数值模拟等资料,初步探讨了表层沉积物分布格局的影响因素。结果表明,研究区表层沉积物主要包括砂、粉砂、黏土质粉砂等8种类型,由岸向海粒径变细、分选变差。母猪河、昌阳河主要影响研究区东部沉积物的分布,黄垒河主要影响研究区西部沉积物的分布,河流的存在控制着研究区沉积物分布的基本格局。"波浪掀沙,潮流输沙"控制了表层沉积物的分异,形成了研究区中部颗粒较粗,东西两侧颗粒较细的沉积物分布规律。     

风暴液化沉积的波动分选Monte-Carlo模拟

风暴潮会引起近岸沉积物再沉积,重新沉积的沉积物具有上细下粗的正粒序排列特征。通过风暴液化沉积模拟试验,我们研究了液化沉积物波动分选的问题,即试验堆中不同粒径颗粒的成层问题。为了更好地了解颗粒成层问题,基于MonteCarlo方法,本文根据简化后的砂砾碰撞模型模拟了液化波动后砂砾的分层并给出了砂砾碰撞轨迹图及液化波动分布图。结果解释了两个关键问题:(1)液化沉积物在长时间的波动振荡过程后,相对粗的颗粒在液化沉积物层的下部聚集较多,上部较少,相对细的颗粒在液化沉积物层的上部聚集较多,下部较少;(2)作为标识的砂和砾石没有集中在样品柱的下部。     

长条状粗颗粒在垂直管路中最小输送速度试验研究

随着陆地金属资源的日益枯竭,深海矿产资源已经成为各国的重要战略目标。在深海采矿过程中,海底锰结核的形状除了圆球状,还有长条状等,颗粒形状对固液两相流管道输送特性具有很大影响。基于固液两相流垂直管道提升输送试验系统,探究不同工况下长条状颗粒在垂直上升流中最小输送速度的变化规律及特性,并得到了长条状群体颗粒最小输送速度计算公式。结果表明:长条状颗粒在垂直管道中上升过程中,颗粒中心轴与输送方向趋向于垂直,使颗粒在管道截面的投影面积最大化;长条状单颗粒的最小输送速度随着颗粒长径比增大而减小;在不同长径比工况下,随着管段颗粒平均浓度减小,长条状群体颗粒的最小输送速度均增大,且随着长径比增大,群最小输送速度减小。     

南汇东滩沉积物粒度特征及其与水动力的关系

沉积物粒度参数可以用来反演沉积物沉积的水动力条件和沉积环境。根据对南汇边滩采集的表层沉积物粒度资料进行分析,结果表明:沉积物类型以黏土质粉砂为主;随着沉积物平均粒径Mz的减小,分选逐渐变好,偏态由极正偏向正偏转变,并向近对称接近。运用Pe- jurp的三角图式对沉积环境进行划分,结果表明南汇东滩的水动力条件总体上较强,沉积物粒径总体上偏粗,属于径流—潮流共同作用的河口浅滩沉积环境。对潮流底应力和沉积物临界起动切应力的计算进一步印证了该区水动力较强,对应沉积物颗粒偏粗的现象。     

波浪作用下沙丘状海底地形对溶质迁移影响特征研究

基于海床土体变形、渗流和溶质运移的耦合数值计算模型,考虑波浪沿沙丘状海底地形传播的浅水效应,本文分析了沙丘状海床内部孔隙水渗流特征和海水中溶质进入沉积物的运移特征,并通过与平底海床计算结果的对比,分析了沙丘状海底地形对溶质迁移的影响特征。结果分析表明,相对于平底海床,沙丘状海床一定深度内孔隙水渗流呈现明显的二维特征,进一步加速了溶质在沉积物中的迁移速率;对于沙丘状海底,对流和水动力弥散均有效促进了溶质向沉积物中的迁移,其中,对流作用相对稳定,而水动力弥散作用随着波浪作用时间的增加而不断减弱。参数分析表明,沙丘地形对溶质运移过程的影响程度基本不受波高的影响,但其随着波浪周期、水深和坡角的增大而增大,随着剪切模量和渗透系数的增大而减小,其中坡角的影响最为显著。     

现代黄河三角洲潮滩原状沉积物冲刷试验

在海岸防护工程决策中,沉积物的抗冲能力成为需要考虑的重要因素之一。以2004年4月在黄河三角洲北部海岸高潮滩取得的一个30 m沉积物柱状样为例,在测定沉积物的结构、颗粒组成、密度、含水率等基础上,进行了分层沉积物的冲刷试验。结果表明,沉积物临界起动切应力与含水率、中值粒径成一定的负相关关系,与粘土含量呈显著正相关关系,同一类型沉积物的临界起动切应力与密度成一定的正相关关系。同时,近表层沉积物抗冲性最差,9.1~13.5 m深度存在抗冲性较强的沉积层。沉积物的颗粒组成、结构、密度、含水率等决定了冲刷率与剪应力的变化关系。     

基于UDF的水平轴潮流能水轮机被动旋转水动力性能研究

针对水平轴潮流能水轮机被动旋转问题,基于Fluent 17.0,运用UDF(User Defined Function)控制滑移网格对网格进行动态调整,仿真研究水轮机在不同安放角下被动旋转的水动力特性。通过仿真分析,结果表明:潮流能水轮机随着叶片安放角度的增加,尖速比、输出功率、捕能系数都是先增大后减小,叶片安放角为6°时,叶轮前后速度差最大,对潮流能利用充分,且各项性能均达到最佳;通过分析叶片受力,叶尖叶素在安放角为2°时阻力最大,3°时升力最大,升阻比在6°时最大,此时叶尖叶素升阻比C_L/C_D=6.27、攻角α=3.06°。由仿真结果可知水平轴潮流能叶轮的自启动过程由5个阶段组成,即加速度增大的加速运动段—加速度减小的加速运动段—加速度反向增大的减速运动段—加速度反向减小的减速运动段—稳定运行段,这对潮流能水轮机的设计具有重要的指导意义。     

Overpassing and armouring phenomena on gravel beaches

Armouring phenomena are common in river beds, gravel beaches and spits. The gravel segregation recognized at depth in three different beaches of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, allows us to propose a mechanism for formation.

A mixed population of gravel set into motion by waves is deposited progressively. Granules and fine gravels with higher pivoting angles in the beach slope are easily trapped within the bed, while rounded pebbles continue rolling over (overpassing) it. Finally, decreasing flow velocity allows the deposition of the larger pebbles, thus armouring the beach.

A carpet of round clasts of uniform size is more stable than the same clasts in a mixed population armouring the bed and covering a uniform layer of rounded granules and fine gravels.     

Approximations to directivity for linear, planar, and volumetricapertures and arrays

Even after decades of sonar design, approximations to the directivity factor (DF) or index of an array, are often used inappropriately. Many of the approximations commonly used provide accurate directivity approximations for only the simplest of array geometries. As the array's size, shape, weighting, and complexity increase, there is a renewed need for better directivity approximations. Directivity is defined as the ratio of the output signal-to-noise (SNR) of an array to the input SNR at an omnidirectional element in a spherically isotropic noise field. Calculation of directivity is obtained by integrating the magnitude-squared response of the array over all angles of incidence. In spherical coordinates, these arrival angles are denoted by an azimuthal angle &thetas; and a polar angle φ. Hence, calculation of the directivity requires a two-fold integration over the angular space defined by the azimuthal and polar angles. For complex, large-size arrays consisting of thousands of array elements, directivity calculations using numerical integration procedures can be time consuming, even on state-of-the-art computing systems. This report provides a number of accurate formulas for estimating the directivity of linear, planar, and volumetric apertures and arrays, which are allowed to have arbitrary shading coefficients, steering angles, and directional array element responses     

Detection of buried targets using a synthetic aperture sonar

This paper presents observations of buried target detections made using a 20-kHz synthetic aperture sonar. At grazing angles below the critical angle, surprisingly high signal-to-noise detections were made of cylindrical targets buried at depths of 15 and 50 cm. During a separate set of measurements, buried spheres were clearly seen at steep grazing angles, but were generally not seen below the critical angle. Since scattering from wave-generated sand ripples may contribute to detections at grazing angles below critical angle, the information available on the ripple fields is discussed and used in acoustic backscatter simulations for the buried spheres. Lack of information on the ripple height precludes a definitive explanation for the absence of buried sphere detections at subcritical grazing angles.     

南黄海部分典型海域沉积物粒度特征

为了研究南黄海不同典型海域沉积物的粒度特征及其对沉积环境和水动力条件的响应特征,对南黄海海域6个柱状样沉积物进行了激光粒度测试,得到样品的粒度概率分布曲线、平均粒径、分选系数、偏度和峰度等粒度参数,初步探讨了南黄海不同海域特征水动力条件下粒度的响应特征.结果表明,山东半岛东侧海域具有沿岸流水动力条件强,黄河物质输入量大,导致沉积物具有粒径较粗、极正偏和单峰分布的粒度特征;在山东半岛更靠东的海域,水动力条件减弱,受沿岸流和冷水团的共同作用,沉积物具有粒径较细及双峰分布的粒度特征;靠近冷水团中心的沉积物主要受冷水团的作用,沉积物具有垂向均匀且较细、负偏及单峰分布的粒度特征,与此处非常弱且单一的水动力条件相关联;老黄河口外的水下三角洲主要受到沿岸流的侵蚀与改造作用,在一定范围内,改造作用的强度随离岸距离的增加而随之增强,沉积物粒度也由细变粗;以沿岸流侵蚀作用为主的南黄海西部海域,沉积物粒度较粗,概率分布曲线呈粗端多峰分布.因此,沉积物的粒度特征很好地记录了南黄海不同的典型沉积环境中的水动力条件状态和特征.     

Toward remote seafloor classification using the angular response ofacoustic backscattering: a case study from multiple overlapping GLORIAdata

While the average seafloor backscatter strength within a narrow range of grazing angles can be used as a first-order classification tool, this technique often fails to distinguish seafloors of known differing geological character. In order to resolve such ambiguities, it is necessary to examine the variation in backscatter strength as a function of grazing angle. For this purpose, a series of multiply overlapping GLORIA sidescan sonar images (6.5 kHz) have been obtained in water depths ranging from 1000 to 2500 m. To constrain the placement of acoustic backscatter measurements and to measure the true impinging angle of the incident wave, the corresponding seafloor was simultaneously surveyed using the Seabeam multibeam system. As a result of the multiple overlap, the angular response of seafloor backscatter strength may be derived for regions much smaller than the swath width. By using the derived angular response of seafloor backscatter strength in regions for which sediment samples exist, an empirical seafloor classification scheme is proposed based on the shape, variance, and magnitude of the angular response. Because of the observed variability in the shape of the angular response with differing seafloor types, routine normalization of single-pass swath data to an equivalent single grazing angle image cannot be achieved. As a result, for the case of single-pass surveys, confident seafloor classification may only be possible for regions approaching the scale of the swath width     

Discussion of “Shear Strength of an Accumulation Soil from Direct Shear Test” by J. Wang,H. Zhang,H. Wen,and Y. Liang

According to the article named “Shear Strength of an Accumulation Soil from Direct Shear Test” by J. Wang, H. Zhang, H. Wen, and Y. Liang, this paper proposes a more reasonable expression to characterize shear strength in the original paper. The angle of shearing resistance is expressed by the combination of initial and incremental angles of shearing resistance, the relative compactions and water content were used to analyze the effects. The initial and incremental angles of shearing resistance are generally increasing with the increment of the relative compaction, increasing then decreases with the increment of the water content. The finial expressions which combined by the series of simulation equation was given to precisely predict the accumulation soil's angle of shearing resistance in relation to the relative compactions and water content.     

Initial grain motion under oscillatory flow: A comparison of some threshold criteria

Experimental data are described on the threshold of transport of quartz, ilmenite, and cassiterite grains under oscillatory flow in a flume and the results are compared to those of other investigators. The results show that for a given particle size, critical shear stress (τ_crit) increases with increasing wave period and that τ_crit increases with both grain size and grain density. These data are compared with prediction equations.     

Effect of texture of carbonate soils in South Iran coasts on aggregate crushing

Aggregate crushing is a phenomenon occurring in carbonate soils under shear and compressive loads resulting in settlement of the offshore structures such as piers, bridges, waterfronts, wharfs, and oil and gas extraction platform foundations. Therefore, it is of significant importance to address the above-mentioned issue through a comprehensive study. In the present research, the texture of carbonate soil in south Iran coasts and its effect at high hydrostatic pressure (2?MPa) on aggregate crushing was studied. The physical properties of coastal soils, such as the effective grain size, shape index, and angularity were then characterized to investigate their effect on grain crushing grade. The results showed that the effective grain size, shape index, angularity, and calcium carbonate content are the main parameters affecting the crushing of grains and consequently settlement of marine soils. Based on the above parameters, a relationship is proposed to estimate grain crushing in carbonate soils.