潮流能水平轴水轮机叶片扭角与弦长分布研究

叶片是潮流能水轮机的关键部件,为获取综合性能良好的潮流能水平轴水轮机,采用解析计算与CFD仿真结合的方法研究叶片扭角与弦长分布。以叶素效率最大原则,推导叶片扭角与弦长的理想分布计算模型,并研究尖速比对叶片扭角与弦长分布的影响;综合考虑水轮机获能效率、可靠性、安全性及叶片加工制造等因素,提出对叶片扭角与弦长修正分布模型;运用Fluent软件对20kW水轮机设计实例性能分析,结果显示修正模型水轮机转矩满足获能要求,轴向力明显减小,有利于工程应用中水轮机的稳定运行。     

偏航工况下潮流能水轮机性能及尾流场特性分析

潮流能发电机组在工作中,水轮机与潮流流向之间的偏航角对于机组的性能有较大影响。基于ANSYS Fluent软件采用SST k-ω湍流模型和滑移网格旋转模型对不同偏航角下水轮机进行数值模拟,分析偏航工况下水轮机性能及尾流场特性,并进行试验验证。结果表明:随着偏航角的增大,轴向力系数与功率系数降低,尾流场流速变化不对称现象趋于明显,同时造成周围流场湍流强度增大。     

水平轴潮流能叶轮叶片数量分析研究

叶片数量是水平轴潮流能发电叶轮的重要技术参数,对水平轴潮流能发电装置叶轮叶片数量问题进行了研究;利用叶素—动量(BEM)理论的Wilson方法设计了2叶片和3叶片两种水平轴潮流能叶轮,两种叶轮的直径、额定工作流速、启动工作流速、最大工作流速等参数一致,控制策略均采用调桨距角方案;利用WT_Perf对模型的合理性进行了验证;利用建立的仿真模型,从功率系数、发电量、轴向推力、启动力矩等4个方面,分析对比了2叶片叶轮和3叶片叶轮的特性;对比结果表明,对于流速较低的海域,使用2叶片叶轮的方案具有一定优势,符合装置实际使用情况。     

电动变桨式潮流能水轮机获能分析与应用

我国具有丰富的潮流能资源,但是存在潮流流速偏低、难以高效利用等问题。潮流能水轮机变桨距技术的利用,可有效提高潮流能资源利用效率。以提高潮流能水轮机高效获能为目标,分析了水轮机叶片桨距角对潮流能水轮机获能的影响规律,研究了水轮机变桨距技术原理及控制策略。在20 k W潮流能水轮机中运用了电动变桨距技术,根据潮流流速的不同,使用最大功率点追踪控制算法控制桨距角,并对机组运行过程进行实时测试。机组运行数据表明,与非变桨水轮机相比,变桨式潮流能水轮机可有效提高其获能效率。     

潮流能水轮机尾流场及涡特性DDES模拟

为研究潮流能水轮机尾流场流动特性及涡结构组成,基于DDES(Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation)模型对不同流速和转速的4种工况下水轮机尾流场进行数值模拟,并进一步探究其尾流场空间涡结构的变化特性。结果表明,水轮机的数值模拟结果与试验结果能够较好吻合。对比不同工况下的尾流场模拟结果可知:水轮机尾流区域流动复杂,延迟分离涡模拟方法能有效模拟水轮机旋转过程中产生的叶尖涡、叶尖脱落涡、轮毂涡等不同涡结构,并能完整观察到叶尖涡的产生、脱落、失稳、破碎过程。转速一定时,流速越大,叶尖脱落涡、轮毂涡的发展距离越远;流速一定时,转速越大,涡的发展距离越短。本文数值模拟计算结果可为实际海况中潮流能阵列水轮机的布局提供可靠依据。     

基于多目标遗传算法的潮流能水轮机专用翼型优化设计

根据潮流能水轮机的工作条件与技术要求,开发新型潮流能水轮机叶片专用翼型。建立多目标优化模型,采用遗传算法进行寻优求解,得到最大相对厚度范围为12.6%～38.8%的五种新翼型,构成潮流能水轮机叶片专用翼型族系列。开发了水平轴潮流能水轮机设计软件,搭建潮流能水轮机叶片翼型数据库,通过在潮流能水轮机设计软件中调用叶片翼型数据,为潮流能水轮机叶片设计提供方便。     

基于遗传算法的潮流能水轮机叶片翼型优化设计研究

为了得到高性能的潮流能水轮机叶片翼型,本文在分析潮流能水轮机叶片翼型设计方法和设计要求的基础上,以NACA4418翼型为初始翼型,采用儒可夫斯基保角变换的方法对翼型进行参数化建模,以最大升阻比为目标函数,通过设定设计变量、施加约束条件等对初始翼型进行优化设计,采用MATLAB软件编程遗传算法进行全局寻优求解,寻找到最优解后,采用CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamic)软件Fluent对NACA4418翼型和优化翼型进行翼型绕流数值计算,比较数值计算结果表明,优化翼型相比于初始翼型升力系数和升阻比都有所提高。     

卧式海流发电装置叶轮特性仿真研究

基于上海海洋大学研制的卧式海流能发电装置,在对叶片受力进行分析的基础上,采用雷诺平均N-S方程和滑移网格技术,对不同工况下的叶轮运动进行了数值模拟,获得了力矩系数、能量转换效率及功率等性能参数。通过分析比较不同工况下的各性能参数的变化规律,发现叶轮运动具有周期性,一个周期内的相邻极大、极小值之间相差72°相位角;随着海流速度和叶轮转速的增大,输出功率逐渐增大;而力矩系数和能量利用效率却呈现先增大后减小的趋势,在海流速度v=1.5 m/s,尖速比λ=2.46时,能量转换效率最大,可达到34.6%,输出功率为373 W,并与海试结果进行了对比分析。     

涡流发生器对潮流能水轮机翼型水动力学特性影响的数值模拟

为了改善潮流能水轮机叶片表面流动分离问题,提高其升阻比,本文通过在潮流能水轮机叶片表面加装涡流发生器,来研究涡流发生器对潮流能水轮机水动力学性能的影响。本文以NACA4418翼型为研究对象,分别建立了含VGs和不含VGs的三维模型,利用CFD方法研究了VGs的高度、长度以及相邻一对VGs之间的间距等多个方面对该翼型性能的影响。结果表明:VGs可以有效地提高翼型的最大升力系数;相邻VGs间距的增加对流动分离的抑制有积极影响。此外,通过对尾迹区流线和旋涡的分析,进一步揭示了尾迹区的流场特征。     

水平轴潮流能叶轮尖速比特性分析研究

针对设计尖速比对水平轴潮流能叶轮动力特性的影响问题开展研究工作。基于叶素-动量理论建立叶轮动力特性仿真模型,以叶片数量分别为2、3、4的叶轮为对象,考察设计尖速比对叶轮的功率系数的影响。研究结果表明:设计尖速比越大的叶轮,其最大效率也越高;叶片数量多的叶轮,其功率系数略优于叶片数量少的叶片。结合分析结果,给出了水平轴潮流能叶轮的设计尖速比的选择建议。     

Study on Gyroscopic Effect of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines

Compared with bottom-fixed wind turbines,the supporting platform of a floating offshore wind turbine has a larger range of motion,so the gyroscopic effects of the system will be more obvious.In this paper,the mathematical analytic expression of the gyroscopic moment of a floating offshore wind turbine is derived firstly.Then,FAST software is utilized to perform a numerical analysis on the model of a spar-type horizontal axis floating offshore wind turbine,OC3-Hywind,so as to verify the correctness of the theoretical analytical formula and take an investigation on the characteristics of gyroscopic effect.It is found that the gyroscopic moment of the horizontal axis floating offshore wind turbine is essentially caused by the vector change of the rotating rotor,which may be due to the pitch or yaw motion of the floating platform or the yawing motion of the nacelle.When the rotor is rotating,the pitch motion of the platform mainly excites the gyroscopic moment in the rotor’s yaw direction,and the yaw motion of the platform largely excites the rotor’s gyroscopic moment in pitch direction,accordingly.The results show that the gyroscopic moment of the FOWT is roughly linearly related to the rotor’s inertia,the rotor speed,and the angular velocity of the platform motion.     

潮流发电帆翼式柔性叶片水轮机实验研究

潮流发电水轮机是海洋潮流能发电系统的核心组成部分.帆翼式柔性叶片水轮机是一种全新水流发电装置,叶片由柔性材料制成,在流体力作用下自动调节攻角,能充分利用流体的升力和阻力效应做功.以帆翼式柔性叶片水轮机获能系数为研究目标,采用因次分析法初步分析可能影响获能系数的因素,通过模型实验对叶片弧弦比、叶片边弦比、叶片密度与获能系数的关系进行研究.不同结构形式转子存在不同叶片弧弦比最佳值,叶片边弦比愈大,获能能力愈强;在一定范围内,叶片密度较小时,获能与起转能力强,转速波动性较大,适用于低流速工况;反之获能与起转能力弱,稳定性较好,电能质量较高,适用于高流速工况.最后提出优化方案,实验证实优化后水轮机在获能能力和发电能力上均有所提高.     

Research on Pitch Control Strategies of Horizontal Axis Tidal Current Turbine

Based on blade element momentum theory and generator characteristic test, a dynamic simulation model of 150 kW horizontal-axis tidal current turbine was established. The matching of the dynamic characteristics between the turbine and generator under various current velocities is studied, and the influence of the pitch angle on the matching is analyzed. For the problem of maximum power output in case of low current speed and limiting power in high current speed, the relation between optimal pitch angle and output power is analyzed. On the basis of dynamic characteristic analysis, the variable pitch control strategy is developed. The performance of the turbine under various tidal conditions is simulated. The research results show that the designed controller enables the turbine to operate efficiently under the condition of low current speed, and achieve the goal of limited power at high current speed.     

偏航工况下海上浮式风力机基础运动响应及锚泊载荷影响分析

海上浮式风力机受风、浪、流等外部载荷影响,运营期间经常处于偏航工况,给风力机基础运动响应和锚泊载荷带来重要影响.基于经典叶素动量理论及势流理论,建立海上浮式风力机水—气动力耦合分析模型,对在非定常风、不规则波浪联合作用下,风力机偏航时基础运动响应及锚泊载荷等进行分析.研究发现,额定风速工况下,风力机偏航对平台纵荡和纵摇运动影响较大,偏航30°时纵荡和纵摇平均值比偏航0°时分别下降20.68％和37.36％,垂荡运动响应受风力机偏航影响较小;锚泊载荷变化趋势与平台运动及锚链布置有关,平台纵荡对锚泊载荷影响较大,偏航30°时锚链#1有效张力平均值比偏航0°时下降12.98％.     

The effect of yaw angle on VIV suppression for an inclined flexible cylinder fitted with helical strakes

Experimental studies were carried out to investigate the response features of an inclined flexible bare cylinder as well as a straked cylinder in a towing tank, with the main purpose of further improving the understanding of the effect of yaw angle on vortex-induced vibration (VIV) suppression. Four yaw angles (a = 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°), which is defined as the angle between the cylinder axis and the plane orthogonal to the oncoming fluid flow, were tested. The cylinder model was towed along the tank to generate a uniform fluid flow. The towing velocity was in the range of 0.05–1.0 m/s with an interval of 0.05 m/s. The corresponding Reynolds number ranged from 800 to 16000. The strakes selected for the experiments had a pitch of 17.5D and a height of 0.25D, which is generally considered as the most effective configuration for VIV suppression of a flexible cylinder in water. The experimental results indicate that VIV suppression effectiveness of the inclined flexible straked cylinder is closely related to the yaw angle. The displacement amplitudes are significantly suppressed in both cross-flow (CF) and in-line (IL) directions at a = 0°. However, with increasing yaw angle, the suppression efficiencies of the CF and IL displacement amplitudes gradually decrease. In addition, the CF dominant frequencies of the straked cylinder obviously deviate from those of the bare cylinder at a = 0° and 15°. This deviation is substantially alleviated with increasing yaw angle. The IL dominant frequencies show less dependency on the yaw angle. Similar trends are also observed on the dominant modes of vibration and the mean drag coefficients.     

基于实密度的卧式浪流轮机水槽实验研究分析

实密度是影响轮机获能特性的关键因素之一。文中以卧式轮机实密度为基变量,以其获能系数为主要考察点,对3种实密度卧式轮机进行水槽实验方案设计和水动力性能研究。实验分别对水流流速、轮机旋转角速度、主轴转矩以及功率进行测量,并对其对主轴的扭矩、轮机的获能系数以及叶片的旋转特性进行定量分析,最终证实了该卧式轮机的单一运行特性。通过绘制基于实密度的轮机转矩—转角曲线、获能系数—尖速比曲线和轮机功率—尖速比曲线,阐明了实密度影响卧式轮机获能水动力性能的规律,即其获能系数和发电功率都随着工况速比呈先增后降趋势。实密度较低轮机因浪流流失而获得能量小,但实密度过高轮机会导致叶片间湍流涌动,加速叶片失速特性而影响轮机获能。这为卧式浪流轮机结构优化提供了可靠依据和借鉴。     

Numerical and Experimental Analysis of A Vertical-Axis Eccentric-disc Variable-Pitch Turbine(VEVT)

A combined experimental and numerical investigation is carried out to study the performance of a vertical-axis eccentric-disc variable-pitch turbine(VEVT). A scheme of eccentric disc pitch control mechanism based on doubleblock mechanism is proposed. The eccentric control mechanism and the deflection angle control mechanism in the pitch control structure are designed and optimized according to the functional requirements of the turbine, and the three-dimensional model of the turbine is established. Kinematics analysis of the eccentric disc pitch control mechanism is carried out. Kinematics parameters and kinematics equations which can characterize its motion characteristics are derived. Kinematics analysis and simulation are carried out, and the motion law of the corresponding mechanical system is obtained. By analyzing the force and motion of blade of VEVT, the expressions of the important parameters such as deflection angle, attack angle and energy utilization coefficient are obtained. The lateral induced velocity coefficient is acquired by momentum theorem, the hydrodynamic parameters such as energy utilization coefficient are derived, and the hydrodynamic characteristics of VEVT are also obtained. The experimental results show that the turbine has good energy capture capability at different inflow velocities of different sizes and directions, which verifies that VEVT has good self-startup performance and high energy capture efficiency.     

Numerical simulation for hydrodynamic characteristics of a bionic flapping hydrofoil

In order to study the propulsion mechanism of the bionic flapping hydrofoil (BFH), a 2-DoF (heave and pitch) motion model is formulated. The hydrodynamic performance of BFH with a series of kinematical parameters is explored via numerical simulation based on FLUENT. The calculated result is compared with the experimental value of MIT and that by the panel method. Moreover, the effect of inlet velocity, the angle of attack, the heave amplitude, the pitch amplitude , the phase difference, the heave biased angle, the pitch biased angle and the oscillating frequency are investigated. The study is useful for guiding the design of bionic underwater vehicle based on flapping propulsion. It is indicated that the optimal parameters combination is v=0.5m/s, θ0=40°.θ0=30°,Ψ=90°,Фbias=0°,θbias=0°and f=0.5Hz .     

Analysis of loads,motions and cavity dynamics during freefall wedges vertically entering the water surface

In this paper, theoretical models are developed and numerical methods are used to analyze the loads, motions and cavity dynamics for freefall wedges with different deadrise angles vertically entering the water surface at Froude numbers: 1 ≤ Fn < 9. The time evolutions of the penetration depth, the velocity and the acceleration are analyzed and expressed explicitly. The maximum and average accelerations are predicted. The theoretical results are compared with numerical data obtained through a single-fluid BEM model with globally satisfactory agreement. The evolution of the pressures on the impact side is investigated. Before flow separation, gravity and the acceleration of the wedge have negligible influence on the pressure on the impact side for large Froude numbers or small deadrise angles; with increasing the deadrise angle or decreasing Froude number, the effects of gravity and the acceleration of the wedge tend to become more important. Global loads, with the main emphasis on the drag coefficient, are also studied. It is found that for the light wedge, the transient drag coefficient has slow variation in the first half of the collapse stage and rapid variation in the last half of the collapse stage. For the heavy wedge, the transient drag coefficients vary slowly during the whole collapse stage and can be treated as constant. The characteristics of the transient cavity during its formation are investigated. The non-dimensional pinch-off time, pinch-off depth and submergence depth at pinch-off scale roughly linearly as the Froude number.