星云湖表层沉积物矿物组成及其环境意义

星云湖表层沉积物中的矿物成分主要为粘土矿物、碳酸盐矿物、长英质矿物和铁矿物。从下往上方解石和石英具有消长变化规律,即从下往上方解石含量迅速增加,而石英含量则逐渐降低。这种规律性变化与沉积物中CaO和烧失量的变化具有明显的正相关性。它反映了近年来湖泊富营养化有加剧的趋势。星云湖表层沉积物矿物成分的垂向变化与环境变化的对比分析研究表明,沉积物中自生方解石含量的变化可以灵敏地指示湖泊环境变化,是环境变化研究中一个良好的环境替代指标。     

环境矿物学

环境矿物学朱立军，傅平秋，万国江（贵州工学院贵阳５５０００３）（中国科学院地球化学研究所贵阳５５０００２）关键词表生矿物，环境矿物，环境变化，环境矿物学环境矿物学基于矿物学与地球化学、土壤学及环境科学等多学科的相关理论和方法，研究地表矿物与环境的相互...     

石笋矿物类型、成因及其对气候和环境的指示

洞穴石笋的矿物组成分为方解石、文石和文石-方解石三种类型。本文总结了国内外已有的研究成果,并结合野外观测现象和数据,讨论了影响石笋矿物形成和转变的因素,分析了利用石笋矿物类型特征研究古气候和古环境变化的可行性。洞内滴水饱和度和滴水中Mg/Ca比值是影响石笋矿物类型的主要因素:当滴水Mg/Ca 比值较低（Mg/Ca＜1或<<1）时,滴水饱和度较低易形成方解石,而文石沉积则需要更高的滴水饱和度;当滴水Mg/Ca 比值较高（Mg/Ca≥1）时,方解石相对文石沉积需要更高的滴水饱和度。洞穴围岩镁含量高且滴水多而稳定的洞内环境是我国南方大量文石笋发育的主要原因。长期处于滴水淋滤环境的文石笋容易向方解石转变,但若滴水中Mg2+浓度较大,此转变过程会受到抑制。在围岩镁含量较低的洞穴中,干旱时期渗流水滞留时间长、滴水速率变慢,会造成滴水中Mg/Ca比值升高并引起文石沉积。因此,石笋矿物类型及矿物相转变可指示气候和环境的变化。      

新密煤田裴沟矿二1煤中环境敏感元素地球化学特征

运用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）、X射线荧光光谱方法（XRF）和X射线衍射方法（XRD）,对裴沟矿二₁煤层中钒、铬、砷、硒、铅五种元素的地球化学特征进行研究。通过系统测定元素的含量、煤中无机元素和矿物组成,研究其地球化学特征及其与构造煤形成过程之间的内在联系。研究表明:裴沟矿二₁煤层中As、V和Cr的含量明显偏高,Se与Pb属正常水平;除砷元素外,目标元素与煤中无机组分关系密切,主要赋存于黏土矿物中,如钒、铬主要赋存于黏土矿物高岭石、伊利石中,与硫酸盐、硫化物矿物也有联系;硒主要赋存于黏土矿物高岭石中,与金红石也有一定相关性;铅主要赋存于黏土矿物高岭石中。探讨了构造煤形成过程对环境敏感元素含量的影响,环境敏感元素含量在不同煤分层中含量差异性显著,构造煤形成过程中环境敏感元素在垂向上并无大规模的迁移和明显的均一化行为。      

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘泥质岩黏土矿物特征及其地质意义

为研究鄂尔多斯盆地东缘石炭-二叠纪古气候特征及其与成煤作用之间的关系,利用X射线衍射（XRD）及扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对研究区石炭-二叠系泥质岩中的黏土矿物组成及其环境意义进行分析。结果显示,区内泥质岩中黏土矿物主要以高岭石、伊利石/蒙皂石混层矿物为主,次为伊利石和绿泥石。黏土矿物的垂向组合特征表现为:高岭石在桥头剖面、扒楼沟剖面和成家庄剖面山西组,桥头剖面太原组底部、成家庄剖面太原组上部及本溪组中部含量偏高。伊利石在各个剖面的山西组中含量较高,绿泥石仅在山西组中上部、太原组下部含量较高。扫描电镜下黏土矿物晶体形态规则,未见明显磨蚀痕迹,伊利石结晶度为0.42°△2θ~0.63°△2θ,平均值为0.47°△2θ,结晶度较好,混层比相对质量分数平均值25.1%,表现为自生黏土矿物。根据自生黏土矿物的习性指出研究区古气候总体表现为温暖潮湿、间或在太原组早期和山西组中-晚期伴有短周期干冷气候。古气候与沉积环境两者相互印证指示聚煤作用强度的变化过程,是控制研究区内聚煤作用的关键因素。      

西风区昭苏黄土剖面中碳酸盐矿物组成及其古环境意义辨识

碳酸盐矿物是黄土的重要组成部分,是古环境重建的重要指标之一.通过对地处西风区的新疆伊犁盆地昭苏黄土剖面的全岩样品和分粒级样品的X射线衍射测试,分析了其碳酸盐矿物组成,利用麦夸特算法计算了碳酸盐矿物的含量.综合碳酸盐矿物的含量、粒径分布及风化特征等因素,对其古环境意义进行了辨识,从而建立了该剖面末次冰期以来碳酸盐矿物记录的古气候环境变化序列.结果表明:昭苏剖面中原生碳酸盐矿物(方解石和白云石)含量占主导地位,次生方解石对样品中总方解石含量的贡献较少;白云石含量可能与亚轨道尺度冷暖交替导致的西风环流强度变化有关;方解石含量的变化可能指示了西风区降水量的变化;碳酸盐矿物含量揭示了昭苏地区在末次冰期时气候冷湿,在全新世时气候暖干.     

黏土矿物组构对水化作用影响评价

泥页岩水化过程中黏土矿物起着主要的作用,但目前还缺少相关的定量描述研究。为此,利用SEM、X-粉晶衍射技术,对采自不同地区的泥岩和板岩在干燥状态、不同浸泡时间后的微观结构和含量进行分析及研究,分析黏土矿物的组构随浸泡时间的变化过程,并定量地分析其对水化过程的影响规律,研究泥页岩的软化过程。研究认为,（1）泥页岩、板岩中影响水化过程的内在因素是蒙脱石、高岭石、绿泥石和伊利石等黏土矿物的含量;（2）黏土矿物定向排列时水化作用效果较无序排列时的明显;（3）泥页岩的水化作用是一个渐进的过程,即在水化过程中流体介质首先使表面的黏土矿物软化,产生掉块;随着时间延长,流体沿裂缝、层理面向岩石内部渗透,黏土土矿物发生膨胀;无围岩限制作用时坍塌掉块持续发生;（4）泥浆中加入一定的无机盐有助于抑制水化过程的发生;压力增加将抑制水化过程的产生;温度升高则能促进泥页岩的水化过程。     

西安市大气降尘中石膏的成因与环境意义

运用X射线粉末衍射、红外光谱、扫描电镜、激光粒度仪和硫同位素分析等方法对西安市11个采样点大气降尘中石膏等矿物进行研究,表明石膏矿物是在大气环境中形成。西安市大气降尘中石膏含量范围0～20％,平均6．3％,多为呻级自形微晶。降尘中硫同位素组成与其硫含量负相关;同时,降尘硫含量（平均SO2含量6％）远远高于源区物质（平均0．94％）,说明其主要来自大气气相硫。结合降尘微形貌特征与SO2含量的关系分析,降尘中的SO2含量不仅受粒度控制,还与大气降尘的种类和性质有关。降尘对空气中SO2的“捕捉作用”具有不均匀性,可以影响和改变城市大气中S元素的分布、传输路径和沉积方式。加强对大气降尘环境矿物学研究,查清大气降尘矿物成分及其组合的时空变化,对探索含硫污染物的演化轨迹和评价含硫污染物的环境危害性具有重要意义。     

文石石笋发生矿物重结晶的影响因素及其古气候意义

洞穴沉积物—石笋已成为研究岩溶区环境气候变化历史的重要载体。在我国湘西地区,某些洞穴石笋原始沉积多为不稳定的文石矿物,极易发生重结晶,可能使石笋中相关化学元素含量最终偏离原生矿物的特征,限制了文石石笋某些代用指标在古气候研究中的应用。文章以前人研究成果为基础,总结梳理了文石石笋发生重结晶的影响因素及其对石笋记录古气候的影响:（1）石笋剖面特征、XRD结果、显微镜观察和地球化学元素特征等可作为石笋发生重结晶的判别依据;（2）洞穴滴水和石笋孔隙水饱和度、文石晶体缺陷和晶体之间的方解石胶结物以及岩溶水体中Mg2+浓度等均会影响文石石笋的矿物转变;（3）在文石向方解石转变过程中,石笋铀含量会有一定程度的流失,可导致放射性铀系定年的异常或年代倒序;（4）矿物重结晶可导致δ18O、δ13C及石笋微量元素浓度（或比值）等指标发生改变,其变化特征因洞穴而异,从而影响其作为环境指示器的可靠性;（5）湖南龙山惹迷洞石笋（RM2）发生了不均一的矿物重结晶,自顶部至20.3 cm以放射状为主,20.3 cm至底部主要为糖粒状,并结合年代结果发现文石重结晶对石笋铀系定年产生了影响,而重结晶作用对该石笋其他指标的影响还有待进一步研究。      

海相页岩定量古地理编图及深水陆棚沉积微相划分

海相页岩古地理编图和深水陆棚亚相微相细分一直是细粒沉积学研究的热点和难点。以川南泸州地区五峰组—龙一14小层为编图单元,通过页岩编图关键单因素的选取和典型钻井矿物组分测井数据的统计分析,编制了关键单因素图件。在此基础上,通过深水陆棚亚相各微相划分标准的确定及多因素图件综合分析,编制了海相页岩定量古地理图。结果表明:1）海相页岩定量古地理编图的关键单因素是地层厚度（m）、碳酸盐矿物含量（%）、石英含量（%）和黏土矿物含量（%）。其中,地层厚度（m）反映了该地层单元在区域上的分布范围、厚度变化及沉积时期的大地构造背景;碳酸盐矿物含量（%）及分布能够反映古水深,水深越浅,碳酸盐矿物含量（%）越高;石英含量（%）及分布主要受古水深控制,水深越大,石英含量越高;黏土矿物含量（%）和分布可以反映古物源方向,黏土矿物含量越高,受陆源碎屑影响越大。2）依据海相页岩的碳酸盐矿物含量（%）、石英含量（%）和黏土矿物含量（%）,深水陆棚亚相可划分出深水斜坡、深水洼地、重力流沉积和深水平原4种沉积微相。其中,深水斜坡碳酸盐含量最高（15%~20%）,深水洼地石英含量最高（>55%）,重力流沉积黏土矿物含量最高（>40%）,深水平原各矿物含量介于其他微相之间。3）五峰组—龙一14小层发育时期,川南泸州地区发育深水斜坡、重力流沉积、深水洼地和深水平原4种沉积微相,整体呈“3高1洼1复合体”的分布格局,其中,深水斜坡分布于研究区西北部和东北部,重力流沉积发育于研究区东南部,深水洼地发育于研究区中部,其他地区发育深水平原。沉积微相分布是该时期古地形及古构造活动的产物。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)