太阳半径测量与研究进展

太阳半径是指从太阳球心到光球层外边界的距离。测量太阳半径历史悠久,系统性测量始于19世纪,其标准值为959.6300。主要有以下几种测量方法：(1)子午圈测量;(2)日食和水星凌日;(3)望远镜漂移扫描技术;(4)等高方法;(5)卫星角距离测量。对于太阳半径的研究,主要集中在以下三类观点：一是认为太阳半径在缩小;二是认为太阳半径基本没有变化;三是认为太阳半径变化与一些太阳活动指数有关联,并具有自身的运动规律。太阳半径是否变化,如何变化,目前尚无定论。首先介绍了太阳半径,回顾了太阳半径的观测方法;接着介绍了目前太阳半径的主要研究观点;最后对将来的研究提出一些看法。     

基于Lyot滤光器的NVST磁像仪光学系统设计

我国1 m新真空太阳望远镜(New Vacuum Solar Telescope, NVST)能够实现优于0.2″的高分辨成像观测,但还不具备高分辨磁场的常规观测能力。很多磁结构和太阳活动都存在于较小的尺度,需要进行高分辨磁场测量。1 m新真空太阳望远镜的台址具备优良的视宁度,若磁像仪具备快速调制能力,并配合高分辨统计重建技术,有望实现亚角秒分辨率的太阳磁场测量。1 m新真空太阳望远镜测量磁场面临的主要问题包括折轴光路带来的时变偏振、望远镜姿态变化和风载带来的光轴偏移以及湍流的影响等多种问题。针对太阳磁场高分辨观测的需求及1 m新真空太阳望远镜面临的太阳磁场测量问题,详细分析了1 m新真空太阳望远镜太阳光球磁场的测量需求,制定了磁像仪的基本参数,提出了偏振分析器需求,设计了光球磁场的高分辨观测方案。最后利用ZEMAX光学设计软件为磁像仪设计了光路,结果显示光学设计能够满足高分辨成像的需求。     

太阳5分钟振荡的激发机制

1 引言 太阳5分钟振荡是上世纪1个重要的发现[1],它使得人们可以通过观测太阳表面的振动来探测其内部的结构,日震学已取得了巨大的进展,然而我们至今仍不了解其脉动的激发机制,它依然是1个存在争议的问题.太阳位于造父变星脉动不稳定区之外,所以大多数人都相信,由于对流的阻尼,太阳是脉动稳定的,太阳和太阳型恒星的振荡都是由所谓的湍流随机激发机制所激发[2-8].     

1m红外太阳望远镜光电导行系统的反馈控制分析

我国正在研制中的1m红外太阳望远镜是目前国内唯一的地平式真空太阳塔,主要用于活动区磁场的精细光谱分析和太阳活动区磁场的时空精细结构研究.要求望远镜必须长时间高精度跟踪太阳(0.3"/30s、1"/10min)才能实现它的科学目标.光电导行是实现望远镜高精度跟踪观测目标的关键控制技术,通过检测观测目标像在图像传感器上的移动量作为反馈控制信号对望远镜实行闭环控制.首先建立了光电导行系统的控制系统模型,然后分析了系统的稳定性能、暂态性能、时域特性、频域特性及跟踪性能,并采用PID控制器对系统进行优化设计,以提高光电导行反馈控制系统的稳定性和跟踪精度.通过计算机仿真设计,采用PID控制算法能实现1m红外太阳望远镜的跟踪要求.     

怀柔太阳观测基地三通道太阳望远镜局域网内远程观测终端系统设计

利用怀柔三通道太阳磁场望远镜对太阳进行多层次同步观测可以同时获得日面不同层次的活动图像,这对于更好的理解太阳物理有着重要意义.本文基于怀柔三通道太阳磁场望远镜开发了在局域网内能够对三通道CCD进行同步观测的远程终端观测系统,并通过此系统实现了怀柔基地三通道望远镜和小磁场望远镜的协同观测.系统设计采用vc.net集成开发环境,使用TCP/IP协议,通过套接字网络编程,对三通道太阳望远镜的三个CCD进行同步远程控制,目前系统已经在局域网内实现了图像数据和相机控制命令的传输等远程观测功能,大大降低了观测成本,并取得了初步的观测结果.     

水星凌日盛况空前

今年5月7日的水星凌日,盛况空前:太阳观测卫星SOHO和TRACE从太空,瑞典科学院的1米太阳望远镜等一批最优秀的太阳专业望远镜从地面,监视这一天象的全过程。公众天文台和天文馆纷纷向民众开放,让大家一睹水星凌日的丰采。天文爱好者的观测活动炽热,仅日本“星空观察”网     

抚仙湖1米新真空太阳望远镜空间二维偏振光谱观测模式的设计与实现

作为抚仙湖1 m新真空太阳望远镜的观测终端之一,多波段光谱仪需具备2种观测模式:空间二维扫描观测及偏振光谱测量,从而实现诊断太阳矢量磁场及其动力学特征的科学目标。首先明确观测模式对3大重要光电机构(空间扫描机构、偏振分析器和仪器偏振定标机构)的基本要求;其次从实测太阳物理需要出发,分析这些要求的具体实现方法(连续式或步进式)、控制精度(10~(-2)或10~(-3))以及信噪比提高方法(多帧叠加或多组叠加)等;最后给出多种观测模式的流程图,并将不同观测模式集成于一个采集控制程序之中,投入实测,分别进行多组活动区二维空间扫描观测和黑子偏振光谱测量,取得了较好的结果。     

NVST多通道成像观测系统的数据同步采集

为了在1 m红外太阳望远镜多通道高分辨率成像观测系统中实现多个波段太阳图像的同步高分辨率统计重建,需要1 m太阳望远镜多个观测通道图像采集系统同步。研究了如何采用CCD相机外触发工作模式、计算机PCI总线硬件中断技术和全球定位系统时间相结合实现1 m太阳望远镜多个观测通道图像的同步采集,并在现有的Hα和Ti O两个成像观测通道上搭建实验平台。通过一系列的波形时序测试,数据记录和分析等实验证明本文所采用的这一数据同步采集技术能满足1 m太阳望远镜多个观测通道图像的同步采集要求。     

NVST垂直双光谱切换扫描系统

1 m新真空太阳望远镜(New Vacuum Solar Telescope, NVST)的科学目标之一是对太阳活动区域进行二维光谱扫描观测。基于1 m新真空太阳望远镜多波段光谱仪(Multi-Band Spectrometer, MBS)和大色散光谱仪(High Dispersion Spectrometer, HDS)提出了垂直双光谱切换扫描系统,可实现相互垂直的两个光谱仪的光谱扫描观测任务,并实现两个光谱仪之间的切换。分析了光谱扫描观测的原理和过程,结合终端仪器系统的具体构造,完成了扫描系统的光机结构设计和装调分析,并对扫描系统进行了性能测试,包括系统稳定性、扫描直线度以及扫描步幅精度。测试结果满足预期功能需求和精度要求,为后续1 m新真空太阳望远镜进行常规光谱扫描观测提供了支持。     

毫秒脉冲星光学对应体的初步搜寻

近两年来,由D.C.Backer和V.Boriak-off等人所发现的两颗脉冲周期为毫秒级的新脉冲星(PSR1937 214、1953 29),因其异乎寻常的观测特性和物理性质吸引着人们不断从观测和理论上对它进行广泛的研究和讨论。实测和理论天体物理学家所共同注目的中心问题之一是,毫秒脉冲星除了射电辐射以外是否还存在光学或其它波段的辐射。因为一旦确认它们存在光学对应体或排除了这种可能性,这将对进一步了解毫秒脉冲星的特性和演化途径,从而更深刻地理解脉冲星的本质都有极其重要的意义。 1982年10月S.Djorgovski首先宣布,他使用里克天文台1米望远镜和CCD系统在PSR1937 214所在天区发现一颗m_r=20±1,并在帕洛玛天图(POSS E-185)上所不存在的红色天体(现称“Djorgovski天体”),他将这颗红星和另一个可疑暗点提供作为该脉冲星光学对应体的候选者。此后,Manchester等用AAT 3.9米望远镜配CCD,Middleditch等用红外方法,Lebofsky等用红外和近红外方法以及Djorgovski重新换用里克3米望远镜配CCD系统,对是否存在PSR1937 214光学对应体进行了观测研究。     

Detection of langmuir solitons: implications for type III burst emission mechanisms at 2ω PE

We present the experimental verification of existing theoretical models of emission mechanisms of solar type III bursts at the second harmonic of the plasma frequency, _pe . This study is based on the detection of Langmuir and envelope solitons by the Ulysses spacecraft inside three type III burst source regions. We show that the oscillating-two-stream instability, coherent radiation by Langmuir solitons and stochastic phase mixing of the Langmuir waves in the strong turbulence regime are the appropriate emission mechanisms at 2 _pe .     

The C flash and the ignition conditions of Type Ia supernovae

Thanks to a stellar evolution code that is able to compute through the C flash we link the binary population synthesis of single degenerate progenitors of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) to their physical condition at the time of ignition. We show that there is a large range of possible ignition densities and we detail how their probability distribution depends on the accretion properties. The low-density peak of this distribution qualitatively reminds of the clustering of the luminosities of Branch-normal SNe Ia. We tighten the possible range of initial physical conditions for explosion models: they form a one-parameter family, independent of the metallicity. We discuss how these results may be modified if we were to relax our hypothesis of a permanent Hachisu wind or if we were to include electron captures.     

Ammonia images near objects with class 0 spectral energy distributions

The distribution of the sources of the Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) recorded by the CGRO experiment is uniform for all directions in the sky, while the behaviour of the log N-log P suggests a space distribution of the events not homogeneous. The cosmological model can explain this result, but it cannot explain the presence of cyclotron lines in the burst energy spectra that has been observed by many experiments: the soviet KONUS experiment onboard VENERA probes, the Japanese GRBM experiment onboard GINGA satellite and, for only one candidate burst fortuitously observed, by the USA experiment A4 onboard HEAO1 satellite. In order to shed more light on this problem we present a new study of the log N-log P of the Gamma-Ray Bursts of the second BATSE catalogue.     

Ulysses observations of nonlinear wave-wave interactions in the source regions of type III solar radio bursts

The Ulysses Unified Radio and Plasma Wave Experiment (URAP) has observed Langmuir, ion-acoustic and associated solar type III radio emissions in the interplanetary medium. Bursts of 50–300 Hz (in the spacecraft frame) electric field signals, corresponding to long-wavelength ion-acoustic waves are often observed coincident in time with the most intense Langmuir wave spikes, providing evidence for the electrostatic decay instability. Langmuir waves often occur as envelope solitons, suggesting that strong turbulence processes, such as modulational instability and soliton formation, often coexist with weak turbulence processes, such as electrostatic decay, in a few type III burst source regions.     

导航型GPS接收机定时精度的分析

“能提供廉价并满足准确度达到或优于１μｓ的产业需求的世界范围内的时号传播”仍然是ＣＣＩＲ第７研究组的研究课题．为此，我们测量了４种型号的１３台导航星ＧＰＳ接收机输出的１ｐｐｓ与陕西天文台主钟ＵＴＣ（ＣＳＡＯＭＣ）的时间偏差．经电缆延迟和主钟相对子ＵＴＣ（ＣＳＡＯ）的钟差改正，测量结果表明，单次（采样时间约３０ｓ）定时测量的精度约为０．２μｓ，准确度为１～３μｓ；不同型号的ＧＰＳ接收机的硬件延时、测量偏倚误差和接收机噪声特性各不相同．只有测定这些接收机的时钟偏差并加以改正，才能达到准确度优于１μｓ的定时精度或时间同步精度。     

A Probable Short Decimetric Type Ⅰ-like Noise Storm: Associated with Type Ⅲ Bursts?

A rare Type I-like noise storm was observed with the solar radio spectrometers (1.0-2.0 GHz and 2.60-3.8 GHz) at National Astronomical Observatories of China (NAOC) on September 23, 1998. We concentrate on checking the Type I-like noise storm occurred in the decay phase of a Type Ⅳ radio burst. This noise storm consists of many Type I bursts and isolated Type Ⅲ or Type Ⅲ pair bursts. It has a bandwidth of ≤0.5 GHz. The duration of each Type I burst is of the order of 100-300 ms. The total duration is greater than 11 minutes. The circular polarization     

Bianchi Type-V Bulk Viscous Fluid String Dust Cosmological Model In General Relativity

Bianchi Type-V bulk viscous fluid string dust cosmological model in General Relativity is investigated. It has been shown that if coefficient of bulk viscosity (ζ) is inversely proportional to the expansion (θ) in the model then string cosmological model for Bianchi Type-V space-time is possible. In absence of bulk viscosity (ζ), i.e. when ζ → 0, then there is no string cosmological model for Bianchi Type-V space-time. The physical and geometrical aspects of the model are also discussed.     

Type II bursts in Meter and Decameter – Hectometer Wavelength Ranges and Their Relation to Flares and CMEs

Statistical analysis of the relationship between type II radio bursts appearing in the metric (m) and decameter-to-hectometer (DH) wavelength ranges is presented. The associated X-ray flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are also reported. The sample is divided into two classes using the frequency-drift plots: Class I, representing those events where DH-type-II bursts are not continuation of m-type-II bursts and Class II, where the DH-type-II bursts are extensions of m-type-II bursts. Our study consists of three steps: i) comparison of characteristics of the Class I and II events; ii) correlation of m-type-II and DH-type-II burst characteristics with X-ray flare properties and iii) correlation of m-type-II and DH-type-II burst characteristics with CME properties. We have found no clear correlation between properties of m-type-II bursts and DH-type-II bursts. For example, there is no correlation between drift rates of m-type-II bursts and DH-type-II bursts. Similarly there is no correlation between their starting frequencies. In Class I events we found correlations between X-ray flare characteristics and properties of m-type-II bursts and there is no correlation between flare parameters and DH-type-II bursts. On the other hand, the correlation between CME parameters and m-type-II bursts is very weak, but it is good for CME parameters and DH-type-II bursts. These results indicate that Class I m-type-II bursts are related to the energy releases in flares, whereas DH-type-II bursts tend to be related to CMEs. On the contrary, for Class II events in the case of m-type-II and DH-type-II bursts we have found no clear correlation between both flare and CMEs.     

Misconceptions about the Hubble recession law

Almost all astronomers now believe that the Hubble recession law was directly inferred from astronomical observations. It turns out that this common belief is completely false. Those models advocating the idea of an expanding universe are ill-founded on observational grounds. This means that the Hubble recession law is really a working hypothesis. One alternative to the Hubble recession law is the tired-light hypothesis originally proposed by Zwicky (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 15:773, 1929). This hypothesis leads to a universe that is an eternal cosmos continually evolving without beginning or end. Such a universe exists in a dynamical state of virial equilibrium. Observational studies of the redshift-magnitude relation for Type Ia supernovae in distant galaxies might provide the best observational test for a tired-light cosmology. The present study shows that the model Hubble diagram for a tired-light cosmology gives good agreement with the supernovae data for redshifts in the range 0<z<2. This observational test of a static cosmology shows that the real universe is not necessarily undergoing expansion nor acceleration. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Yields of Nucleosynthesis from massive and intermediate mass stars and constraints on their final evolution

Nucleosynthetic yields and production rates of helium and heavy elements are derived using new initial mass functions which take into account the recent revisions in O star counts and the stellar models of Maeder (1981a, b) which incorporate the effects of massloss on evolution. The current production rates are significantly higher than the earlier results due to Chiosi & Caimmi (1979) and Chiosi (1979), and a near-uniform birthrate operating over the history of the galactic disc explains the currently observed abundances. However, the yields are incompatibly high, and to obtain agreement it is necessary to assume that stars above a certain mass do not explode but proceed to total collapse. Further confirmation of this idea comes from the consideration of the specific yields and production rates of oxygen, carbon and iron and the constraints imposed by the observational enrichment history in the disc as discussed by Twarog & Wheeler (1982). Substantial amounts of⁴He and¹⁴C, amongst the primary synthesis species, are contributed by the intermediate mass stars in their wind phases. If substantial numbers of them exploded as Type I SN, their contribution to the yields of¹²C and⁵⁶Fe would be far in excess of the requirements of galactic nucleosynthesis. Either efficient massloss precludes such catastrophic ends for these stars, or the current stellar models are sufficiently in error to leave room for substantial revisions in the specific yields. The proposed upward revision of the¹²C (α,γ)¹⁶O rate may produce the necessary changes in stellar yields to provide a solution to this problem. Stars that produce most of the metals in the Galaxy are the same ones that contribute most to the observed supernova rate.