湍动对流与变星脉动稳定性

对低温变星的脉动激发机制中的一些争议问题进行了评述:(1)大多数人相信γDoradus型变星是由所谓的阻塞对流机制所激发.研究表明,γDoradus和δScuti变星的激发机制不存在任何实质性的差别,他们是更大一类δScuti-γDoradus变星的2个次群:δScuti变星是p模脉动子群;而γDoradus是g模脉动子群.(2)大多数人相信太阳5分钟振荡和恒星的类太阳振荡被对流所阻尼,他们是由所谓湍流随机激发机制驱动的.研究表明,对流并非单纯只是脉动的阻尼机制,否则无法解释Mira变星和类Mira变星.利用非局部和非定常的恒星对流理论,不仅可以重现δScuti和γDoradus脉动不稳定区,也可重现低光度红巨星的类太阳振荡和高光度红巨星的类Mira振荡特性.     

太阳存在脉动不稳定的低球谐阶p1模吗?

利用一种非局部和非定常的恒星对流理论,计算了太阳中低球谐阶(l＜25)模的非绝热脉动.结果表明,低阶(0＜l＜6)非径向p1模是脉动不稳定的,而与之相邻的g模、f模和p2-p5模都是脉动稳定的.根据累积功图的分析,发现振荡的激发来自对流区底部区域.太阳是否存在不稳定的低球谐阶p1模对判断太阳5 min振荡的激发机制有重要意义.     

恒星类太阳和类长周期变星脉动激发机制的理论探讨

利用一种非局部和非定常的恒星对流理论,计算了0.6～3.0 M☉恒星演化模型的线性非绝热脉动.结果表明,赫罗图上脉动不稳定带右方的脉动不稳定的低温恒星可以分成2大类(群).一类由主序矮星、亚巨星和中低光度红巨星组成的类太阳振荡恒星,它们的中高阶(径向阶nr≥12)p模是脉动不稳定的,而低阶(nr≤ 5)模是脉动稳定的;另一类是由亮的红巨星和渐近巨星支星(AGB)组成的类长周期变星,它们的低阶模(nr≤5)是脉动不稳定的,而高阶模(nr≥12)却是脉动稳定的.能利用对流与脉动的耦合统一解释造父变星脉动不稳定带红边界、类太阳和类长周期变星脉动.对赫罗图右方的低温恒星的中低阶p模振荡,对流与脉动的耦合是主要的脉动激发和阻尼机制,而湍流的随机激发机制仅对类太阳振荡高阶p模重要.     

关于仙王座β型变星的脉动激发机制

仙王座β型变星是一类上部主序的短周期内因变星，找到它们及其它早型变星的脉动激发机制是一个长期未能解决的问题．新发表的不透明度表格ＯＰＡＬ比早期的表格有显著的提高，这样不透明度机制似乎就能够解释仙王座β型变星的脉动．本文用线性径向非绝热脉动理论研究了仙王座β型星的脉动稳定性，检查了不透明度机制，用的不透明度是对ＯＰＡＬ表格的一种分析逼近，但计算的十阶以下脉动模式都是稳定的．由于未能证实别人得到的脉动不稳定性，所以我们怀疑不透明度机制可能还不足以激发仙王座β型星，因而给它们的激发机制下一个肯定的结论似乎还为时过早．我们认为对仙王座β型星的脉动起因，有必要进一步研究不透明度机制或别的脉动激发机制．     

地磁脉动与太阳活动(英文)

地磁脉动作为在地面或磁层内记录到的磁流体波覆盖了很宽的频率范围(10~(-3)～10Hz),称为超低频波(ULF)。目前国际上粗略地将地磁脉动分为连续脉动(Pc)和无规脉动(Pi)两大类。Pc主要在磁平静条件下观测到的长时间连续的准正弦形的脉动。而Pi则与磁层扰动即与太阳活动有较密切的联系。 太阳耀斑效应的地磁脉动Psfe: 图1给出1988年12月16日0836UT的Psfe,由0833UT的3B级耀斑爆发引起。这类脉动过去讨论的并不多,基本特性如下: (1)只有较强的耀斑(通常二级以上)才激发这类脉动。(2) 脉动的开始通常落后于耀斑爆发时间数分钟。(3) 这类脉动必然伴随电离层D层的突然骚扰(SID)。(4)其东西分量常比南北分量强得多。(5)幅度通常较小(1nT左右)。 目前认为:Psfe脉动是耀斑引起电离层电导率局部的突然增强,因而产生电离层电流体系的扰动,它的直接激发源在电离层内,这与其它主要类型脉动源于磁层有本质不同。 与磁爆急始相关的地磁脉动Psc:图2给出1988年12月18日0225UT的伴随磁爆急始的Psc脉动。通常认为是高速太阳风对向阳面磁层的突然压缩而形成激波,这已为空间观测证实。当激波扫过地球时即观测到Psc,它是全球性的现象。Psc通常是脉冲式的,也可能含有衰减振荡。幅度很大,可达十几个nT。 Pi2脉动一磁层亚暴开始的指     

90年代太阳模型和太阳震荡研究进展(II):太阳振荡研究进展(英)

太阳振荡研究现已成为研究太阳内部性质的新手段,也成为检验太阳模型构造时输入物理参量的最重要工具。90年代以来理论与观测日震频率的差别已随输入物理参量及太阳振荡理论的改进而大为减小,可是现有的差别仍远大于观测误差。由日震反演可对太阳内部对流区、表面氦丰度及自转随纬度和径向的分布都有更多了解。太阳振荡的湍动随机激发及激发源的位置都已得到研究,不过现在问题还未完全解决。今后一方面要探测更多的振动方式,另一方面也需要解决不同观测者得到的结果存在系统差的问题,而最外层的非绝热现象及理论与观测存在差别仍是最关键的难题。     

仙王座β型变星的观测特性和脉动激发机制

仙干座β型星是上部土序的一类短周期变星,它们的脉动起因是一个长期使人困惑的问题。本文评述了仙干座β型星的一些观测特性,如物理参数,不稳定带在赫罗图中的位置,演化阶段,周期和脉动模式等。我们同时也讨论了几个脉动激发机制,即恒星通过什么途径使别的能量转化为脉动的机械能。机制分深层和包层两类,重点讨论了不透明度机制。     

冕环振荡的物理特征研究

太阳动力学观测站(Solar Dynamics Observatory,SDO)上的太阳大气成像仪(Atmospheric Imaging Assembly,AIA)利用谱线Fe IX 171 (A)在2010年10月16日对整个日面进行了连续的高分辨率观测,获得了高质量的数据.这些高质量的数据提供了仔细研究冕环振荡的样本.通过分析这份数据,发现活动区NOAA 1112在此期间爆发了一个M2.9级的耀斑.该耀斑触发了太阳表面的多个冕环产生强烈振荡.其中最为明显的两个振荡冕环呈现出截然不同的振荡特征.位于西492 Mm,南170 Mm(简称W492/S170,后面出现的坐标位置均采取这种标注)处的冕环做周期为pA0 =385 s的简谐振荡,其振荡方程为x=2.2sin[2π55(t-768)],其中t为时间,单位为s;而位于W559/S142处的冕环则是一种典型的阻尼振荡,其阻尼振荡周期为Pf =449 s,相应的振荡方程可表示为x=24.8e-2π/342tsin[2π/449(t-1128)].     

太阳10cm波爆发与共生的硬X射线耀斑中精细结构的分析

利用日本“Ｙｏｈｋｏｈ”卫星的资料及北京天文台２８４０ＭＨｚ的射电观测资料,对１９９２年６月７日的太阳爆发事件进行了分析,结果表明,在这次爆发的脉冲相期间存在着大小两种时间尺度的脉动分量,大尺度的脉动周期约为３０ｓ,小尺度脉动周期为１－４ｓ。利用硬Ｘ射线成像观测结果,发现大尺度的脉动与硬Ｘ射线源区的一系列变化相对应。文中给出了一个环－环相互作用的ＭＨＤ振荡调制物理图像。     

太阳10cm波爆发与共生的硬X射线耀斑中精细结构的分析

利用日本“Ｙｏｈｋｏｈ”卫星的资料及北京天台２８４０ＭＨｚ的射电观测资料、对１９９２的６月７日的太阳爆发事件进行了分析。结果表明,在这次爆发的脉冲相期间存在着大小两种时间尺度的脉动分量,大尺度的脉动周期约为３０ｓ;小尺度脉动周期为１￣４ｓ,利用硬Ｘ射线成像观测结果,发现大尺度的脉动与硬Ｘ射线源区的一系列变化相对应。中给出了一个环－环相互作用的ＭＨＤ振荡调制物理图像。     

On the Excitation Mechanism of Solar Five-minute Oscillations

The excitation mechanism of solar five-minute oscillations is studied in the present paper. We calculated the non-adiabatic oscillations of low- and intermediate-degree (l = 1 − 25) g4-p39 modes for the Sun. Both the thermodynamic and dynamic couplings are taken into account by using our non-local and time-dependent theory of convection. The results show that all the lowfrequencyf- and p-modes with periods P > 5.4 min are pulsationally unstable, while the coupling between convection and oscillations is neglected. However, when the convection coupling is taken into account, all the g- and low-frequency f- and p-modes with periods longer than 16 minutes (except the low-degree p1-modes) and the high frequency p-modes with periods shorter than 3 minutes become stable, and the intermediate-frequency p-modes with period from 3 to 16 minutes are pulsationally unstable. The pulsation amplitude growth rates depend only on the frequency and almost do not depend on l. They achieve the maximum at ν 3700 μHz (or P 270 sec). The coupling between convection and oscillations plays a key role for stabilization of low-frequency f- and p-modes and excitation of intermediate-frequency p-modes. We propose that the solar 5-minute oscillations are not caused by any single excitation mechanism, but they are resulted from the combined effect of “regular” coupling between convection and oscillations and turbulent stochastic excitation. For low- and intermediatefrequency p-modes, the coupling between convection and oscillations dominates; while for high-frequency modes, stochastic excitation dominates.     

A Theoretical Probe for Excitation Mechanisms of Solar-like and Mira-like Oscillations of Stars

The linear stability analysis of the radial and non-radial oscillations for the evolutionary model of a star with the mass of 0.6∼3 M8 has been per- formed by using the nonlocal and time-dependent convection theory. The results show that the unstable low-temperature stars on the right side of the instabil- ity strip in the HR diagram can be divided into two groups. One is of the stars of solar-like oscillations, composed of the main-sequence dwarfs, subgiants, and the red giants with low- and intermediate-luminosity, which are unstable in the intermediate- and high-order (nr ≥ 12) p-modes, but stable in the low- order (nr ≤ 5) p-modes. Another is of the Mira-like stars, composed of the luminous red giants and AGB stars, which are just contrary to the solar-like stars, unstable in the low-order (nr ≤ 5) p-modes, but stable in the intermediate- and high-order (nr ≥ 12) p-modes. On the red edge of Cepheid (δ Scuti) insta- bility strip, the oscillations of solar-like and Mira-like stars can be explained uniformly by the coupling between convection and oscillations (CCO). For the low-temperature stars on the right side of the instability strip, the CCO is the dominant excitation and damping mechanism for the low- and intermediate-order p-modes, and the stochastic excitation of turbulence becomes important only for the high-order p-modes of solar-like oscillations.     

Are There Pulsationally Unstable Low-degree p1 Modes in the Sun?

By using a non-local time-dependent theory of stellar convection, the solar non-adiabatic pulsations of the low- and intermediate-degree (l < 25) modes are calculated. The results show that the non-radial p1 modes of l = 1–5 are pulsationally unstable. However, the adjacent g, f, p2-p5 modes and the p1 modes of l > 5 are stable. From the analysis of the diagram of integrated work it is discovered that the excitation of oscillations comes from the radiation zone beneath the convective region. Whether the sun possesses unstable low-degree p1 modes is of signi?cant importance for clarifying the excitation mechanism of solar ?ve-minute oscillations.     

A Theoretical Probe for Excitation Mechanisms of Sun-like and Mira-like Oscillations of Stars

The linear nonadiabatic oscillations for evolutionary models of 0.6- 3M8 stars are calculated by using a nonlocal and time-dependent convection theory. The results show that in the HR diagram the pulsation-unstable low- temperature stars on the right side of instability strip can be divided into two groups. One group indicates the Sun-like oscillation stars composed of the main- sequence dwarfs, sub-giants and red giants (RGs) of low and intermediate lu- minosities, which are unstable in the intermediate- and high-order (n ≥ 12) p- modes, and stable in the low-order (n ≤ 5) p-modes. Another group indicates the Mira-like stars composed of the bright RGs and asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars, which are just contrary to Sun-like stars, unstable in low-order (n ≤ 5) p-modes and stable in the intermediate- and high-order (n ≥ 12) p-modes. The oscillations for the red edge of Cepheid (δ Scuti) instability strip, Sun-like and Mira-like stars can be explained uniformly by the coupling between convection and oscillation (CCO). For the low-temperature stars on the right side of in- stability strip, CCO is the dominant excitation and damping mechanism of the oscillations of low- and intermediate-order p-modes, and the turbulent stochas- tic excitation becomes important only for the high-order p-modes of Sun-like oscillations.     

The pulsational stability of intermediate- and low-luminosity red giants in globular clusters

Some theoretical calculations of linear non-adiabatic pulsations of intermediate- and low- luminosity red giants in globular clusters have been carried out using a time-dependent theory of nonlocal stellar convection. As shown by the results, for all models with temperatures higher than 5400 K the modes up to the fourth overtone are pulsationally stable. With the increase of stellar luminosity, the low-order overtones also become pulsationally unstable. For red giants of intermediate and low luminosities, the pulsational stability is exceedingly low and is close to neutral stability. Therefore, they will be either non-variables or short-period variables (P < 2 days) with extremely small amplitudes.     

球状星团中低光度红巨星的脉动稳定性

利用一种非定常的恒星非局部对流理论,对球状星团中低光度的红巨星进行了线性非绝热脉动理论计算．结果表明,对所有温度高于约5400 K模型的基音到4阶泛音都是脉动稳定的．随着恒星光度的增大,低阶泛音也变得脉动不稳定．对中低光度的红巨星,脉动稳定性非常低,接近中性稳定．因此他们将是不变星或非常小振幅的短周期变星(P<2天)．     

Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Photospheric Turbulent Velocity Fields Using the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition

The spatio-temporal dynamics of the solar photosphere are studied by performing a proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) of line-of-sight velocity fields computed from high-resolution data coming from the SOHO/MDI instrument. Using this technique, we are able to identify and characterize the different dynamical regimes acting in the system. All of the POD modes are characterized by two well-separated peaks in the frequency spectra. In particular, low-frequency oscillations, with frequencies in the range 20?–?130 μHz, dominate the most energetic POD modes (excluding solar rotation) and are characterized by spatial patterns with typical scales of about 3 Mm. Patterns with larger typical scales, of about 10 Mm, are dominated by p-mode oscillations at frequencies of about 3000 μHz. The p-mode properties found by POD are in agreement with those obtained with the classical Fourier analysis. The spatial properties of high-energy POD modes suggest the presence of a strong coupling between low-frequency modes and turbulent convection.     

Mixing-length theory and the excitation of solar acoustic oscillations

The stability of radial solar acoustic oscillations is studied using a time-dependent formulation of mixing-length theory. Though the radiation field is treated somewhat simplistically with the Eddington approximation, and we appreciate that any coupling of the pulsation to the radiation field is important, for the lower frequency radial modes that have been computed this should not produce too serious an error. Instead, we have concentrated upon treating the coupling with convection as accurately as is currently possible with generalized mixing-length theory in order to learn something about its pertinence. Our principal conclusion is that, according to this theory, solar radial acoustic oscillations are expected to be stable and generated by turbulence. Moreover, the theory predicts changes in mode frequency that may, in part, explain the discrepancy between solar observations and the adiabatic pulsation frequencies of theoretical models. We also compute the amplitudes of the modes using a theory of stochastic excitation. These are in good agreement with observed power spectra.     

Present Observational Status of Solar-type stars

Observing stellar oscillations provides a powerful probe for studying stellarinteriors. The frequencies of these modes depend on the properties of the star and give strong constraints on stellar models and evolution theories. The five-minute oscillations in the Sun, induced by stochastic excitation of its convective zone, have provided a wealth of information about the solar interior and has led to significant revisions to solar models. Until recently, the Sun was the only star in which solar-like oscillations were clearly established and characterized. The most important difficulty lies in the extremely small amplitude of the acoustic modes. Thanks in great part to high precision ground based Doppler measurements, solar-like oscillations have been now clearly detected in a growing list of main sequence and subgiant stars (Procyon, Hyi, Her A, Cen A, Eri and Boo). In some of them, p-modes were identified and characterized. New results and prospects in this field are presented.     

Propagating Linear Waves in Convectively Unstable Stellar Models: A Perturbative Approach

Linear time-domain simulations of acoustic oscillations are unstable in the stellar convection zone. To overcome this problem it is customary to compute the oscillations of a stabilized background stellar model. The stabilization affects the result, however. Here we propose to use a perturbative approach (running the simulation twice) to approximately recover the acoustic wave field while preserving seismic reciprocity. To test the method we considered a 1D standard solar model. We found that the mode frequencies of the (unstable) standard solar model are well approximated by the perturbative approach within 1 μHz for low-degree modes with frequencies near 3 mHz. We also show that the perturbative approach is appropriate for correcting rotational-frequency kernels. Finally, we comment that the method can be generalized to wave propagation in 3D magnetized stellar interiors because the magnetic fields have stabilizing effects on convection.