低温环境下铁同位素分馏的若干重要过程

详细了解同位素分馏的过程与机理是运用稳定同位素体系解决科学问题的关键.本文对沉淀、溶解、吸附、氧化、还原、生物等过程中的Fe同位素分馏研究结果进行了系统总结.在沉淀过程中,优先沉淀轻同位素;在吸附过程中,Fe(Ⅲ)矿物优先吸附重同位素;氧化还原过程中,Fe的化合价越高,Fe同位素组成越重.     

低温环境下铜同位素分馏的若干重要过程

Cu同位素是一种新的地球化学示踪剂.正确运用这一同位素示踪技术的前提是对其同位素分馏机理和过程有足够的认识.本文报道了室温下CuSO4·5H2O结晶过程产生分馏的实验结果,并系统地总结了低温条件下Cu同位素分馏的一些重要过程,其中包括沉淀过程、还原过程、吸附过程、生物过程等.     

不同地质储库中的镁同位素组成及碳酸盐矿物形成过程中的镁同位素分馏控制因素

镁同位素在低温地球化学过程中显著的分馏效应,是其示踪地球表生环境演化及物质循环的基础。本文在前人研究的基础上,对地球上不同地质储库中的镁同位素组成及碳酸盐矿物形成过程中的镁同位素分馏控制因素进行了总结:火成岩的镁同位素组成较均一;风化产物总体富集重的镁同位素,且变化较大;碳酸盐岩中灰岩相对白云岩富集轻的镁同位素,但总体上富集轻的镁同位素;岩石类型、风化强度以及植被等因素对河流地表水的镁同位素组成影响较大,导致地表水的镁同位素组成总体变化较大;海水的镁同位素组成均一,平均值约为-0.83‰;低温条件下,控制碳酸盐矿物无机成因过程中镁同位素分馏的因素有矿物相、沉淀速率和温度,其中矿物相是主要控制因素;生物成因碳酸盐矿物镁同位素组成与生物体对含镁碳酸盐矿物的利用形式有关,除了需考虑与无机碳酸盐沉淀类似的控制因素外,还需考虑不同物种对轻、重镁同位素的选择性吸收能力;因生物成因海相碳酸盐矿物几乎都是由最初的无定形相碳酸盐转变而来,故生物成因海相碳酸盐矿物的镁同位素特征不能代表生成无定形相碳酸盐的流体的镁同位素特征。镁同位素在低温条件下具有良好的分馏效应,随着分析测试技术的发展及不同地质储库中镁同位素组成数据的积累和完善,有关表生环境中镁同位素分馏机制的许多问题将逐步得到解决,镁同位素在揭示地球表生环境演化及物质循环方面将发挥更大的作用。     

多金属富集的黑色页岩风化过程中铜、锌同位素分馏研究

<正>作为重要的营养元素,铜(Cu)和锌(Zn)在海洋的地球化学循环对海洋生命演化具有重要意义。大陆风化过程是海洋微量金属元素地球化学循环过程中重要的输入过程。富集微量金属元素的页岩占陆表岩石总量的四分之一,但它们的Cu、Zn同位素组成和在风化过程中的同位素分馏行为还缺乏研究[1]。本文选取中国湖北省二叠纪茅口组多金属富集的黑色页岩和其硅质岩夹层,对其中的新鲜样品和风化样品分别进行了Cu、Zn同位素研究,探求黑色页岩在风化过程中Cu、Zn元素的迁移行为和同位素分馏。     

硒同位素地球化学研究进展与应用

多接收杯电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MC ICPMS)与氢化物发生系统(HG)在线联机自动测样的实现,极大提高了硒(Se)同位素的分析精度和效率,推进了Se同位素地球化学的发展。本文综述了Se稳定同位素研究的最新进展及其在地质与环境中的应用。自然界中Se同位素(δ82/76Se)的变化范围可达-12.40‰~11.37‰。其同位素分馏主要取决于硒氧阴离子团的氧化还原反应,而地表水体与氧化海洋环境中的硒同位素分馏极可能与铁氧化物吸附、浮游生物的吸收有关,均可引起约1‰的分馏,且在吸附/吸收相中均倾向富集Se的轻同位素。黑色岩系中Se同位素尚未明确对古海洋还原环境的指示,但近地表中Se同位素存在的强烈分馏,指示大陆地表发生的氧化还原事件极可能导致Se同位素的明显分馏,使河流相倾向富集Se的重同位素。因此,Se同位素有可能成为了解局域至区域沉积环境的氧化还原条件以及古海洋化学演化的潜在指标。随着其分馏机制的进一步阐明,Se同位素有可能在地球、环境与生命科学中得到更为广泛的应用。     

表生环境中镁同位素的地球化学循环

近些年表生环境中镁同位素分馏取得了一系列重要研究进展,这些新认识为深入理解表生环境中镁同位素地球化学循环奠定了基础。表生环境中镁同位素的地球化学循环主要涉及风化、河流搬运、碳酸盐沉淀、水岩反应等重要地质过程。风化过程中镁同位素发生显著分馏,硅酸盐风化产物中富集重的镁同位素,轻的镁同位素易进入水体。河流搬运过程中,镁同位素不发生分馏,但外源输入可能影响水体的镁同位素组成。河水汇入海洋后,碳酸盐沉淀过程可导致轻的镁同位素以碳酸盐的形式从海水中移出。在海底高温水岩反应过程中,海水中绝大多数的镁(80%~87%)都进入岩石,循环后的热液可能富集轻的镁同位素。海底低温水岩反应过程中海水的镁可以进入岩石并形成次生矿物,此过程的镁同位素分馏主要与次生矿物的形成有关。此外,海水中的镁易与黏土矿物发生交换反应,此过程黏土矿物倾向于吸附轻的镁同位素。总之,在表生环境中上地壳的镁(δ26Mg约为-0.22‰)经历风化作用、河流搬运、海洋贮存,最终以碳酸盐岩(δ26Mg一般小于-1‰)或与玄武岩发生反应的形式重新回到岩石圈。     

锌同位素在矿床学中的应用：认识与进展

文章报道了安徽铜陵新桥和凤凰山矽卡岩型矿床中闪锌矿和共生黄铁矿间的Zn同位素组成,获得了锌同位素在这2个矿物间的分馏系数,系统总结了锌同位素在不同储库和不同类型矿床中的分布特征,结合最新的研究成果,较全面地总结了锌同位素在矿床学领域的应用,得出了锌同位素可以用来示踪流体演化和源区变化的基本认识。在成矿流体体系的演化过程中,随着矿物的沉淀,流体的逐渐富集重同位素,晚期矿物相对于早期矿物富集锌的重同位素。在热液流体对同一源区淋滤萃取的过程中,重同位素优先被淋滤出来,晚期淋滤出的流体相对早期淋滤出的流体富集轻同位素。     

海洋铜锌同位素地球化学研究进展

铜锌是海洋浮游生物生命活动所必需的微量营养元素,其含量和同位素能够对相关海洋生物—物理—化学过程进行示踪和定量分析,是国际地学重大研究计划"GEOTRACES"的核心研究内容之一.总结和评述了近年来海洋铜锌同位素的最新研究成果和研究现状,归纳出以下认识:①生物吸收、颗粒物吸附和有机质络合等不同海洋过程会使海水溶解铜锌同位素产生分馏,从而对同位素组成的纵剖面分布特征造成影响;②现代海洋主要铜锌输入、输出端元同位素组成及通量的研究已日趋成熟,但仍存在潜在的铜锌源汇尚未被发现;③铜锌对海洋气候环境变化极为敏感,其同位素组成经常被广泛应用于古海洋气候环境变化等方面的示踪.未来还需在优化铜同位素组成的分析测试方法、探究海洋铜锌的潜在源汇以及生物碳酸盐等海洋载体铜锌同位素分馏机理等方面开展进一步工作,并有望在碳循环、地球气候重大演变和海洋环境污染的示踪应用等方向取得突破.     

MC-ICP-MS高精度Ba同位素分析方法

<正>Ba在岩浆作用过程中是不相容的微量元素,在陆壳中的含量远高于地幔。过去针对碱土金属同位素(例如Mg、Ca、Sr)体系的研究表明,这些同位素在各种高温和低温的地球化学过程中可以发生分馏。因此,我们预测Ba同位素在风化作用、热液活动和生物地球化学等一系列过程中也可能产生同位素分馏,例如,已有研究发现低温环境中Ba同位素分馏可以高达0.5‰[1]。当高含量、大分馏的地壳物质随俯冲板块进入     

钙同位素在高温地质过程中的应用及前景

制约高温过程中Ca同位素研究的因素主要有分析技术、储库端元和分馏机理.随着质谱的发展和双稀释剂的应用,分析技术已经能很好地满足高温过程同位素示踪的要求,但是目前对于储库端元的研究还比较薄弱,而分馏机理也存在较大争议.因此,完善不同储库端元的Ca同位素组成,厘清Ca同位素分馏机理势在必行.全硅酸岩地球作为最重要的Ca储库,前人研究表明,其Ca同位素组成在0.94‰～1.05‰之间变化.Ca—O化学键能的强弱是造成矿物间Ca同位素组成差异的主要因素,此外,温度和矿物组成差异也会引发Ca同位素分馏.热扩散和化学扩散都会引起Ca同位素分馏,但热扩散只发生在特殊的环境中.化学扩散受控于CaO化学势梯度,而化学势梯度受控于体系的成分、温度和压力.部分熔融和熔体提取过程中轻同位素趋向于富集在熔体相中.由于不同含钙矿物的Ca同位素组成存在差异,因此,在分离结晶过程中,矿物晶出顺序不同会引起Ca同位素分馏.变质作用过程中流体交代作用或碳酸盐岩沉淀都会造成Ca同位素分馏.K-Ca衰变体系使得Ca同位素既可以对古老的富钾岩石或矿物进行定年,也可以利用放射性成因Ca对源区和壳幔物质循环进行示踪.     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of