质子活动与太阳黑子群

本文对太阳活动第２１周、２２周（１９７６年—１９９２年间）９７个质子活动区进行统计分析，包括活动区的面积、型别、磁结构、半影纤维等，结果表明：７５％的质子耀斑产生于面积为５００≤Ｓｐ≤３０００单位的黑子群中；耀斑爆发前一天及后一天活动区面积有显著减少；质子活动区含δ复杂磁结构的占７０％；具有半影旋涡形态的质子活动区中，约７７％的耀斑发生在旋涡黑子出现以后。     

质子活动与太阳黑子群

本文对太阳活动第２１周、２２周（１９７６年－１９９２年间）９７个质子活动区进行统计分析，包括活动区的面积、型别、磁结构、半影纤维等，结果表明：７５％的质子耀斑产生于面积为５００≤Ｓｐ≤３０００单位的黑子群中；耀斑爆发前一天及后一天活动区面积有显著减少，质子活动区含δ复杂磁结构的占７０％；具有半影旋涡形态的质子活动区中，约７７％的耀斑发生在旋涡黑子出现以后。     

强质子耀斑活动区的形态和旋转特征

本文研究结果表明：同一黑子群在日面期间的顺或反时针方向的旋转运动会先后并存．质子耀斑前1～2无，黑子群的旋转角速度达到极大．耀斑后，磁绳的松弛，黑子群可能会反向旋转，强的剪切过程和质子耀斑可能会再度出现．强质子耀斑活动区的共同特征是：（1）形态为单个团状结构δ型黑子，即众多异极性本影核紧锁在同一黑子半影中；（2）黑子面积＞1000×10－6半球面积，日面跨度＞10°；（3）黑子群都有快速的旋转运动．这类活动区，如果在日面西部活动性明显地增强，那么这个活动区在未来转到日面边缘及其背后、或再次从日面东边缘转出时，定能再次爆发耀斑和伴随较强质子事件。     

第23太阳活动周不会是强活动周

利用最新的太阳黑子观测资料和线性相关统计模式,对第２３太阳活动周的极大月平滑黑子相对数和黑子数的极大年均值进行预测．预报因子分别是每个太阳周上升相第２６个月的月平滑黑子相对数和第三年的黑子数年均值．预测结果表明,第２３周太阳黑子数的极大值不会高,极大月平滑黑子相对数为１１５．４±１４．９,极大年均值为１１８．９±１１．６．平滑黑子数极大不会出现在１９９９年,很可能出现在２０００年．     

强质子耀斑活动区的形态和旋转特征

本研究结果表明，同一黑子群在日面期间的顺或反时针方向的旋转运动会先后并存。质子耀斑前１～２天，黑子群的旋转角速度达到极大，耀斑后，磁绳的松弛，黑子群可能会反向转转，强的剪切过程和质子耀斑可能会再度出现，强质子耀斑活动区的共同特征是：（１）形态为单个团状结构δ型黑子，即众多异极性本影核紧锁在同一黑子半影中，（２）黑子面积〉１０００×１０＾－６半球面积，日面跨度〉１０°；（３）黑子群有快速的旋转活动     

第23太阳活动周不会是强活动周

利用最新的太阳黑子观测资料和线性相关统计模式,对第２３太阳活动周的极大月平滑黑子相对数和黑子数物极大年均值进行预测,预报因子分别是每个太阳周上升相第２６个月的月平滑黑子相对数和第三年的黑子数年均值,预测结果表明,第２３周太阳黑子数的极大值不会高,极大月平滑黑子相对为１１５．４±１４．９,极大年均值为１１８．９±１１．６,平滑黑子数极大不会出现在１９９９年,很可能出现在２０００年。     

太阳黑子面积数与黑子数指标在大气预报中的应用对比分析

分别应用太阳黑子视面积数和太阳黑子相对数代表太阳活动水平与天津夏季降水总量进行相关分析,结果表明黑子面积指标明显优于黑子数.     

第22周以来的太阳黑子活动区

本文对第22周以来产生M级以上(包括M级)的X射线耀斑的太阳黑子活动区进行了统计分析,得到如下结果:(1)黑子活动区在南北半球上分布是不均匀的。具体表现是:南半球出现的黑子活动区多于北半球出现的。南半球活动较强的黑子群主要集中在80°,160°,200°和340°经度附近;北半球活动较强的黑子群主要集中在240°-280°和340°-360°经度带。(2)黑子群的面积(S_p)越大越易产生X级的X射线耀斑。对黑子群面积S_p在大于1000,500-1000和小于500单位时,它们产生X级的X射线耀斑的比率分别约为41％,33％和9％。     

紫金山天文台55 yr手绘黑子数据系统差分析

对紫金山天文台(简称紫台)自1954年至2011年共55 yr的手描黑子图进行了数字化.将紫台太阳黑子相对数(PRSN)和黑子群数(PGSN)与国际太阳影响数据分析中心(SIDC)中的对应数据(月平均太阳黑子相对数(IRSN)和月平均黑子群数(IGSN))进行对比研究,发现:(1)紫台黑子数据与SIDC黑子数据有很强的正相关性,说明紫台黑子数据的可靠性;(2) PRSN和IRSN、PGSN和IGSN的系统偏差分别处于7%左右、5%左右,紫台数据与SIDC数据在活动周的极小期的差异性显著大于极大期;(3)紫台的视宁度从1995年开始变差,直接导致了PRSN (PGSN)与IRSN (IGSN)的比值明显变大,表明视宁度的变化影响了紫台黑子的观测质量.     

太阳整体行为研究

黑子相对数与黑子群在日面纬度上分布的蝴蝶图表征着太阳长期活动演化的特征，本文主要对这二者尤其是后者进行了研究。太阳活动在日面上分布表现为不对称，这是近30年太阳物理研究的主要内容之一。本文对这一领域进行了详细调研，发现太阳活动的南北半球分布不对称性的确存在，是否存在东西半球分布不对称目前还没有定论，但在日面经度上的分布肯定是不均匀的。本文还利用太阳22周活动极大时期X射线（Imp≥M1.0）耀斑事件进行了统计分析，给出了不对称演化特征，发现不对称性并不是事件活动剧烈程度的函数。统计分析表现21周太阳活动既不是已往方面中所述的南半球占优，也不是北半球占优。本文总结了以往对太阳长期活动特征研究的结论，也分析了黑子面积描述的活动周期特征，发现可用一个二参数函数来描述太阳活动周，这个结论对太阳长期活动预防是有用的。本文还详细解剖了蝴蝶图，揭示了其所含的物理信息，同时将不对称研究引入到这种解剖工作中，或是定量再现已有的一些定律，一些效应，或是揭示一些新的长期活动特征。本文最后对太阳长期活动预报方法和预报结构进行了总结，21－23周的预报事例说明前兆因子方法比其它方法要好。本文用Moscow中子监测值对23周作了预报，其峰值为151．1（月平均黑子相对数），对23周事例的总结分析表明其峰值为162．3。     

On the origin of the solar system and the exceptional position of the Sun in the Galaxy

The solar system's position in the Galaxy is an exclusive one, since the Sun is close to the corotation circle, which is the place where the angular velocity of the galactic differential rotation is equal to that of density waves displaying as spiral arms. Each galaxy contains only one corotation circle; therefore, it is an exceptional place. In the Galaxy, the deviation of the Sun from the corotation is very small — it is equal to ΔR/R _⊙≈0.03, where ΔR=R _c ?R _⊙,R _c is the corotation distance from the galactic center andR _⊙ is the Sun's distance from the galactic center. The special conditions of the Sun's position in the Galaxy explain the origin of the fundamental cosmogony timescalesT ₁≈4.6×10⁹ yr,T ₂?10⁸ yr,T ₃?10⁶ yr detected by the radioactive decay of various nuclides. The timescaleT ₁ (the solar system's ‘lifetime’) is the protosolar cloud lifetime in a space between the galactic spiral arms. The timescaleT ₂ is the presolar cloud lifetime in a spiral arm.T ₃ is a timescale of hydrodynamical processes of a cloud-wave interaction. The possibility of the natural explanation of the cosmogony timescales by the unified process (on condition that the Sun is near the state of corotation) can become an argument in favour of the fact that the nearness to the corotation is necessary for the formation of systems similar to the Solar system. If the special position of the Sun is not incidental, then the corotation circles of our Galaxy, as well as those of other galaxies, are just regions where situations similar to ours are likely to be found.     

Perturbations by the oblateness of the Earth and by the planets in the motion of the Moon

Perturbations in the motion of the Moon are computed for the effect by the oblateness of the Earth and for the indirect effect of planets. Based on Delaunay's analytical solution of the main problem, the computations are performed by a method of Fourier series operation. The effect of the oblateness of the Earth is obtained to the second order, partly adopting an analytical evaluation. Both in longitude and latitude are found a few terms whose coefficient differs from the current lunar ephemeris based on Brown's theory by about 0.01. While, concerning the indirect effect of planets, several periodic terms in the current ephemeris seem to have errors reaching 0.05.As for the secular variations of and due to the figure of the Earth and the indirect effect of planets, the newly-computed values agree within 1/cy with Brown's results reduced to the same values of the parameters. Further, the accelerations in the mean longitude, and caused by the secular changes in the eccentricity of the Earth's orbite and in the obliquity of the ecliptic are obtained. The comparison with Brown shows an agreement within 0.3/cy² for the former cause and 0.02/cy² for the latter. An error is found in the argument of the principal term for the perturbations due to the ecliptic motion in the current ephemeris.Proceedings of the Conference on Analytical Methods and Ephemerides: Theory and Observations of the Moon and Planets. Facultés universitaires Notre Dame de la Paix, Namur, Belgium, 28–31 July, 1980.     

On the model of the accumulation of the moon compatible with the data on the composition and the age of lunar rocks

It is suggested that the overall early melting of the lunar surface is not necessary for the explanation of facts and that the structure of highlands is more complicated than a solidified anorthositic ‘plot’. The early heating of the interior of the Moon up to 1000K is really needed for the subsequent thermal history with the maximum melting 3.5 × 10⁹ yr ago, to give the observed ages for mare basalts. This may be considered as an indication that the Moon during the accumulation retained a portion of its gravitational energy converted into heat, which may occur only at rapid processes. A rapid (t < 10³ yr) accretion of the Moon from the circumterrestrial swarm of small particles would give necessary temperature, but it is not compatible with the characteristic time 10⁸ yr of the replenishment of this swarm which is the same as the time-scale of the accumulation of the Earth. It is shown that there were conditions in the circumterrestial swarm for the formation at a first stage of a few large protomoons. Their number and position is evaluated from the simple formal laws of the growth of satellites in the vicinity of a planet. Such ‘systems’ of protomoons are compared with the observed multiple systems, and the conclusion is reached that there could have been not more than 2–3 large protomoons with the Earth. The tidal evolution of protomoon orbits was short not only for the present value of the tidal phase-lag but also for a considerably smaller value. The coalescence of protomoons into a single Moon had to occur before the formation of the observed relief on the Moon. If we accept the age 3.9 × 10⁹ yr for the excavation of the Imbrium basin and ascribe the latter to the impact of an Earth satellite, this collision had to be roughly at 30R, whereR is the radius of the Earth, because the Moon at that time had to be somewhere at this distance. Therefore, the protomoons had to be orbiting inside 20–25R, and their coalescence had to occur more than 4.0x10⁹ yr ago. The energy release at coalescence is equivalent to several hundred degrees and even 1000 K. The process is very rapid (of the order of one hour). Therefore, the model is valid for the initial conditions of the Moon.     

On the theory of the oblateness of the Sun

In this paper we first emphasize why it is important to know the successive zonal harmonics of the Sun's figure with high accuracy: mainly fundamental astrometry, helioseismology, planetary motions and relativistic effects. Then we briefly comment why the Sun appears oblate, going back to primitive definitions in order to underline some discrepancies in theories and to emphasize again the relevant hypotheses. We propose a new theoretical approach entirely based on an expansion in terms of Legendre's functions, including the differential rotation of the Sun at the surface. This permits linking the two first spherical harmonic coefficients (J ₂ and J ₄) with the geometric parameters that can be measured on the Sun (equatorial and polar radii). We emphasize the difficulties in inferring gravitational oblateness from visual measurements of the geometric oblateness, and more generally a dynamical flattening. Results are given for different observed rotational laws. It is shown that the surface oblateness is surely upper bounded by 11 milliarcsecond. As a consequence of the observed surface and sub-surface differential rotation laws, we deduce a measure of the two first gravitational harmonics, the quadrupole and the octopole moment of the Sun: J ₂=−(6.13±2.52)×10⁻⁷ if all observed data are taken into account, and respectively, J ₂=−(6.84±3.75)×10⁻⁷ if only sunspot data are considered, and J ₂=−(3.49±1.86)×10⁻⁷ in the case of helioseismic data alone. The value deduced from all available data for the octopole is: J ₄=(2.8±2.1)×10⁻¹². These values are compared to some others found in the literature. Supplementary material to this paper is available in electronic form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005238718479     

Accounting for the viscosity of the fluid core in the problem of the physical libration of the moon

A two-component theoretical model of the physical libration of the Moon in longitude is constructed with account taken of the viscosity of the core. In the new version, a hydrodynamic problem of motion of a fluid filling a solid rotating shell is solved. It is found that surfaces of equal angular velocity are spherical, and a velocity field of the fluid core of the Moon is described by elementary functions. A distribution of the internal pressure in the core is found. An angular momentum exchange between the fluid core and solid mantle is described by a third-order differential equation with a right-hand side. The roots of a characteristic equation are studied and the stability of rotation is proved. A libration angle as a function of time is found using the derived solution of the differential equation. Limiting cases of infinitely large and infinitely small viscosity are considered and an effect of lag of a libration phase from a phase of action of an external moment of forces is ascertained. This makes it possible to estimate the viscosity and sizes of the lunar fluid core from data of observations.     

On some problems concerning the calculation of the form of the magnetopause and the electric field on the magnetopause in the framework of the continuum medium model

In order to understand the reason of the existence of the electric field in the magnetosphere, and for the theoretical evaluation of its value, it is necessary to find the solution of the problem of determination of the magnetosphere boundary form in the frameworks of the continuum medium model which takes into account part of the magnetospheric plasma movement in supporting the magnetospheric boundary equilibrium. A number of problems for finding the distribution of the pressure, the density, the magnetic field and the electric field on the particular tangential discontinuity is considered in the case when the form of discontinuity is set (the direct problem) and a number of problems for finding the form of the discontinuity and the distribution of the above-mentioned physical quantities on the discontinuity is considered when the law of the change of the external pressure along the boundary is set (for example, with the help of the approximate Newton equation). The problem which is considered here, which deals with the calculation of the boundary form and with the calculation of the distribution of the corresponding physical quantities on the discontinuity of the 1st kind for the compressible fluid with the magnetic field with field lines which are perpendicular to the plane of the flow in question, concerns the last sort of problems. The comparison of the results of the calculation with the data in the equatorial cross-section of the magnetosphere demonstrates that the calculated form of the boundary, the value of the velocity of the return flow and the value of the electric field on the magnetopause, agree satisfactorily with the observational data.