河北宣化盆地南缘断裂的古地震遗迹

通过开挖，在宣化盆地南缘断裂上揭露出３次古地震事件，发生的年代分别距今约８．５４、７．０８和５．３１ｋａ，平均重复间隔１６１５±３６０ａ。事件位移量分别为０．５５～０．７４ｍ、０．５２～０．７ｍ和１．６３～２．２ｍ。但距今５．３１ｋａ以来断裂未发生过断错地表的运动，意味着其古地震重复不是简单的准周期型     

海原断裂高湾子地点三维探槽的开挖与古地震研究

对海原断裂高湾子地点进行大比例尺地质地貌填图和三维探槽开挖，揭示出７次古地震事件，除１９２０年地震外，它们的年龄分别为距今（１０００４±３１９６），（６６８９±１６９），（６１２０±５０５），（４２０８±５７７），（２７６３±３７２）和（１００５±４６５）ａ；重复间隔分别为（３３１５±３２００），（５６１±５３２），（１９２０±７６６），（１４２５±６８６），（１５７８±５９５）和（９８０±４６５）ａ。事件Ⅲ，Ⅳ，Ⅴ，Ⅵ，Ⅶ的水平位移量分别为（５．６±２．３），（１．５±１．１），（１．５±１．１），（２±１）和（７±０．５）ｍ。显示出重复间隔时间的分段性和特征行为的分级性。两次类似１９２０年强度的地震间隔期间，有３次位移量为１～２ｍ的地震发生     

河北矾山盆地北缘断层八营段的古地震重复模型

通过实测断错地貌面,开挖在探槽以及系统的地层年代采样,推断和揭露出矾出盆地北缘断层八营段９万年来总移量量为３４ｍ。经７．５万年来共发生过９次古位移事件。其中大探槽揭露的４次事件分别发生在距今：Ａ,２．８万年;Ｂ．１．４万年;Ｃ,０．７５万年和Ｄ,６５６年（？）左右。该段落古地震地重复模型分为两个阶段：９￣１．４万年间符合“时间可推测模型”;１．４万年来以来则为“位称衰减模型”。     

惠灵顿—哈特谷断层段的地震危险性评估

惠灵顿断层是一条石旋走滑大断层，它控制着惠灵顿地区的地震危险。惠灵顿断层由库克海峡延伸到Ｋａｉｔｏｋｅ的这一部分可能这是一个单一的地震破裂段，它就是惠灵顿－哈特谷断层断。沿该段最近一次地表破裂发生在距今３００－３５０年（距今的１４Ｃ年龄），再前一次地表破裂事件发生在距今８００－８５０年，这两次事件间的时间间隔是４５０－５５０年。根据在埃默拉尔德山计算得到的６．０－７．６ｍｍ／ａ的水平滑动速率和ＴＥ     

内蒙古色尔腾山山前断裂带乌加河段古地震活动

通过对色尔腾山山前断裂带乌加河段断层地貌研究，并结合前人对断裂带断裂活动性的工作，分析得到乌加河活动断裂段晚更新世晚期(距今1.445～2.234万年)以来平均垂直位移速率是0.48～0.75 mm/a，全新世早中期以来(距今5 570～8 830年)平均垂直位移速率是0.56～ 0.88 mm/a．利用5个探槽中揭露的古地震现象，结合前人对该断裂带古地震的研究结果，分析确定出2.7万年以来，色尔腾山山前断裂乌加河段共揭露出5次古地震事件，重复间隔约为4 300～4 400年．距今8 000～9 000年之间可能为一个古地震丛，而距今1～2万年之间可能遗漏了两次古地震事件．对比断层陡坎的高度与探槽中揭示出古地震事件的位移和，以及由断层平均位移速率和一次事件的位移得到古地震的重复间隔，得到阿拉盖兔探槽中缺失了3次古地震事件，整个活动断裂段上可能缺失了两次古地震事件．      

六盘山东麓断裂的古地震研究

野外详细调查和探开挖揭示,在六盘山东麓断裂的孙家庄－海子峡地段自距今４．６万年以来存在有６次古地震位借事件的地质形迷,它们分别发生在距今３５２５０,２０２５０,１４７５０,１２１５０,８５５０和４０００年前,各次事件的重复间隔依次是１５０００,５５００,２６００,３６００和４５５０年。按Ｍ－Ｄ经验关系,事件１,２约相当于８级地震的位错,其余各次事件约相当６．５－７．５级地震的位错。     

达尔布特断裂中段构造活动性

研究了达尔布转断裂中段第四纪沉积物的分布特征，阶地变形，冲洪积扇变形，断层陡坎展布及探槽揭露等方面的内容，认为达尔布特断裂中段的活动以左旋走滑为主，晚更新世晚期以来垂直活动速率在０．０１１ｍｍ／ａ，水平活动速率为０．２０～０．２２ｍｍ／ａ；且至少有２次明显活动，全新世最后１次活动可能为古地震事件，时间距今约４０００～４５００年左右，研究结果表明，达尔布特断裂中段具有发生强烈的构造条件。     

富蕴地震断裂带的若干定量特征

对富蕴地震断裂带９处不同地段的平板地质测量结果表明：北部引张段地震断裂 带宽约２２０ｍ,断坎平均高０．４ｍ;中部主体走滑段地震断层长达５３５ｍ以上,断层水平位移为１．８￣７．８ｍ断坎高０．４￣１．２ｍ,水平位移与垂直位移之比为５．７￣８．６;南部末端破裂段地震抛掷巨石距离达４０ｍ,地震断层水平位移为０．４￣９．９ｍ,断坎平均高０．２ｍ,末端及副断层水平位移与垂直位移之比高达２５￣２８。     

京西黄庄—高丽营断层西段晚更新世末的一次粘滑性活动

本文根据新近大比例尺地质图和探槽开控的结果，认为断层西段（仅在芦井至晓幼营间）晚更新世以来仍有明显活动，这种活动以正段倾滑运动为主，但兼具右旋走滑分量；并且在距今约２．４－２．１万年期间有过一次粘滑性活动，其垂直错距为０．９１．０ｍ；该段断层潜在有发生６－６．５级地震的可能性。     

河西走廊黑河口断层上的古地震及年代研究

本文从活断层地貌,断层作用的相关沉积特征,断层面物质受地震作用以后的物理变化等方面讨论了黑河口断层晚第四纪以来发生的古地震期次。并用钙土壤、地貌陡坎演化等相对年代方法,结合一些实验室样品年代,确定古地震发生的年代。结果表明:黑河口断层晚第四纪以来发生过四次古地震事件,一次发生在距今约25000年,另三次发生在距今13000、10500和8500年左右,为不均等间隔。本文还为干旱、半干旱区相对年代方法提供了区域“经验”关系     

Analysis of Paleoseismic Events of Dahuzhuang Trench at the Xiadian Fault

The Xiadian Fault is a very important concealed active fault in the Beijing Plain. It is the seismogenic fault of the Sanhe-Pinggu M_S8.0 earthquake in 1679. The ancient earthquake sequence in the long historical period is of great significance to understand accurately the activity characteristics of the fault and effectively reduce the earthquake disaster risk in Beijing. We have re-interpreted the Dahuzhuang trench, and identified three layers of buried paleosol, six collapsed wedges and one sand liquefaction event. Further, through the comparison with the landmark strata and paleo-earthquake events revealed by other trenches on the fault, an ancient earthquake sequence with a long historical period of the Xiadian Fault was established:since the 31ka, the Xiadian Fault has 11 occurrences of earthquake events (including the 1679 earthquake), and the average recurrence interval is about 2.8ka. The paleo-seismic sequence also shows that there is an ancient earthquake cluster period from 25ka to 15ka, and there are 5 strong earthquakes in the cluster period. The average recurrence interval is about 2.0ka, which reflects the phase difference of the Xiadian Fault activity.     

THE ACTIVITY FEATURES OF XIADIAN FAULT ZONE REVEALED BY RONGJIABAO TRENCH AND ITS PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC HAZARD EVALUATION

The time-dependent probabilistic seismic hazard assessment of the active faults based on the quantitative study of seismo-geology has the vital practical significance for the earthquake prevention and disaster management because it describes the seismic risk of active faults by the probability of an earthquake that increases with time and the predicted magnitude. The Poisson model used in the traditional probabilistic method contradicts with the activity characteristics of the fault, so it cannot be used directly to the potential earthquake risk evaluation of the active fault where the time elapsing from the last great earthquake is relatively short. That is to say, the present Poisson model might overestimate the potential earthquake risk of the Xiadian active fault zone in North China because the elapsed time after the historical M8 earthquake that occurred in 1679 is only 341a. Thus, based on paleoearthquake study and geomorphology survey in the field, as well as integrating the data provided by the previous scientists, this paper reveals two paleo-events occurring on the Xiadian active fault zone. The first event E₁ occurred in 1679 with magnitude M8 and ruptured the surface from Sanhe City of Hebei Province to Pinggu District of Beijing at about 341a BP, and the other happened in (4.89±0.68)ka BP(E₂). Our research also found that the average co-seismic displacement is ~(1.4±0.1)m, and the predicted maximum magnitude of the potential earthquake is 8.0. In addition, the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis of great earthquakes for Xiadian active fault zone in the forthcoming 30a is performed based on Poisson model, Brownian time passage model(BPT), stochastic characteristic-slip model(SCS)and NB model to describe time-dependent features of the fault rupture source and its characteristic behavior. The research shows that the probability of strong earthquake in the forthcoming 30a along the Xiadian active fault zone is lower than previously thought, and the seismic hazard level estimated by Poisson model might be overestimated. This result is also helpful for the scientific earthquake potential estimation and earthquake disaster protection of the Xiadian active fault zone, and for the discussion on how to better apply the time-dependent probabilistic methods to the earthquake potential evaluation of active faults in eastern China.     

交叉断层的交替活动与块体运动的实验研究

通过物理模拟证明交叉断层上会交替地发生失稳事件。两条交叉的断层在活动中既相互促进 ,又相互制约 ,即一条断层既可能使另一条断层发生闭锁而积累应变 ,又可能触发其错动。每条断层的位移速率、总位移量以及失稳事件数与断层方向和主压应力轴的夹角有关。各断层段的位移有时体现为断层围限块体的平移运动 ,而有时则体现为块体的旋转运动。发生在不同部位的失稳事件影响范围不同 ,在正应力较大的断层上失稳事件影响范围大。涉及交叉断层的较大失稳事件发生前常出现前兆性小事件。交叉断层的交替活动实际上由变形场中块体的运动所控制     

The Study of Paleoearthquakes on the Weihe Fault Zone

It is indicated by historical records and the exploratory trench on the Weihe fault that the Yaodian-Zhangjiawan segment of the Weihe fault zone has experienced a historical earthquake and 3 paleoearthquake events in the past 9110a. The historical earthquake, namely, event Ⅳ, occurred between 1487 and 1568 AD. The date of paleoseismic event Ⅰ is （9110 ＋ 90） a, and the ages of events Ⅱ and Ⅲ are unknown. The coseismic vertical displacement of events Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ is 0.5m, 0.5m and 0.2m, respectively. The exploratory trench also indicates that the Yaodian-Zhangjiawan segment of the Weihe fault was active in the Holocene.     

SEISMOTECTONIC BACKGROUND AND RECURRENCE INTERVAL OF GREAT EARTHQUAKES IN 1679 SANHE- PINGGU M = 8 EARTHQUAKE AREA

Basined on comprehensive prospecting and investigation, the authors have ascertained that the 1679 San-he-Pinggu M = 8 earthquake occurred in the intersection region of active faults having deep-seated structural background. The NE-trending New Xiadian Fault, which was characterized by dextrall tensile-shear dislocation, was the seismogenic fault of the 1679 M = 8 earthquake. It is suggested that the macroscopic epicenter of the earthquake should be located in Pangezhuang area, where the vertical displacement of seismic faul' was up to 3.16m. According to the average seismic slip rate in this area, and the displacement value of earthequake with a certain magnitude, the recurrence interval of M = 7.5, M=7.0 and M = 8.5 earthquakes in the magistoseismic area of 1679 M = 8 earthquake on Xiadian Fault Zone have been estimated to be 3800,1750, and 800 years (the lower limit), respectively     

THE 2008 AND 2009 QAIDAM,CHINA EARTHQUAKES:INSAR ANALYSIS FOR COSEISMIC DISPLACEMENTS AND INVERSION FOR FAULT MODELS

This study focuses on four moderate-sized earthquakes in the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin, northeastern Tibet Plateau, China, of which one occurred in 2008, and three in 2009, respectively. We obtain coseismic displacement fields of these four events using Envisat descending ASAR data and D-InSAR technology. The results show that the 2008 earthquake has only one deformation center and the 2009 earthquakes have three deformation centers in their fields. The maximum displacement of 2008 and 2009 earthquakes are 0.097m and 0.41m in the LOS(line of sight), respectively. We invert ground displacements of these earthquakes based on elastic dislocation models to estimate slip distribution on fault planes. For the 2008 event, using a one-segment fault model, the inversion reveals peak slip of about 0.47m occurring at a depth of 19km. For the 2009 earthquakes, the ground displacement pattern observed by InSAR can be fitted by a three-segment fault model with smallest RMS of residuals. The three sectional fault model is considered the most reliable.     

THE RESPONSE OF SAG POND SEDIMENT TO THE PALEOEARTHQUAKE EVENT ON THE XIADIAN FAULT ZONE

The wedge-shaped deposit formed in front of fault scarp is called colluvial wedge. Repeated faulting by faults may produce multiple colluvial wedges, each of which represents a paleoseismic event. When there are two or more colluvial wedges, the new colluvial wedge is in sedimentary contact with the fault, while the old ones are in fault contact with the fault. The shape of colluvial wedge is usually in the form of horizontal triangle, and the sedimentary facies is usually of binary structure. The overall grain size decreases gradually from bottom to top. Soil layer generally develops on the top, and different types of soil are developed under different climate or soil environments. Another deposit in front of fault scarp is the sag pond graben. The graben in front of sag pond is generally a set of sedimentary assemblages of colluvial facies, alluvial diluvial facies and swamp facies. The area close to the fault, especially the main fault, is of colluvial facies, while the area away from the fault is of alluvial and pluvial facies and marshy facies. In an accumulative cycle, the size of the deposit decreases from bottom to top, and soil layers develop on the top or surface. Multiple pile-ups may be a marker for identifying multiple faulting events. The pile-up strata such as colluvial wedge and fault sag pond can be used as identification markers for paleoseismic events. Colluvial wedge and sag pond, as the identification markers for paleoearthquake, have been well applied to practical research. However, there is still lack of detailed research on the lithological structure and genetic evolution in the interior of colluvial wedge and sag pond sediment, meanwhile, there is still a deficiency in the analysis of the completeness and the regional characteristics of paleoearthquake by using colluvial wedge and sag pond sediment. This paper discusses the method of identifying paleoearthquake by using sag pond sediments and colluvial wedge. We discuss the lithologic combination and sedimentary evolution of sag pond and choose the surface rupture zone of the 1679 M8.0 earthquake on the Xiadian Fault as the research area. In this paper, the distribution range and filling sequence of sag pond are analyzed, using borehole exploration. Four paleoearthquake events are identified since 25ka to 12ka, based on the sag pond sediments and colluvial wedge. The in situ recurrence interval of these seismic events is 480a, 510a, 7 630a and 2 830a, respectively. The lithologic combination and sedimentary evolution law of the sag pond sediments caused by an ancient earthquake are discussed. The sag pond distribution range and filling sequence are determined by the surface elevation survey and drilling exploration. The exploratory trench exposes the sag pond filling strata sequence and lithologic combination. Based on this, we analyze the three sedimentation stages of sag pond sediments formed by a paleoearthquake event near the earthquake fault. It is believed that the filling sequence is composed from bottom to top of the colluvial wedge, the erosion surface or unconformity surface, the fine detrital sediments(containing biological debris)and paleosols. For the fault-sag ponds formed by active faults, the paleoearthquakes occurred near the unconformity or erosion surface of the sediments of the fault-plug ponds. An ancient earthquake event includes the combination of organic deposits such as sediments, clastic deposits, bioclasts, burrow, plant roots and other organic deposits on the vertical scour surface or unconformity. The time interval between two paleoseismic events is defined by two adjacent unconformities(or scour surfaces). According to the vertical facies association and chronological test results of the sediments in the Pangezhuang trough of the Xiatan Fault, four paleo-seismic events are identified since the late Pleistocene period of 25~12ka BP, with recurrence intervals of 480a, 510a, 7 630a and 2 830a, respectively.     

PALEOSEIMOLOGY AND LATE QUATERNARY SLIP RATE OF THE YOUSHASHAN FAULT AT SOUTHWESTERN MARGIN OF QAIDAM BASIN

The Youshashan Fault lies in the south flank of Yingxiongling anticline, southwestern margin of Qaidam Basin. The Yingxiongling anticline is one of the most active neotectonics, situated at the front of folds expanding southward in the Qaidam Basin. Research on the paleoseimology and Late Quaternary slip rate of this fault is important for hazard assessment and understanding tectonic deformation in this area. We excavated a 27-m-long trench across the Youshashan fault where a pressure bridge formed on the Holocene alluvial fans, measured a profile of the fold scarp created by the fault west of the Youshashan mountain, and collected several samples of finer sands for luminescence dating. Analysis of these data shows that(1) The Youshashan Fault is a Holocene active feature. The fold scarp in the basin indicates that this fault has been active along a same surface trace since at least mid-late Pleistocene. At least two paleoseismic events are revealed by trenching, both occurred in Holocene. The latest event Ⅱ in the trench happened after 500a. The current information fails to confidently support that it is the 1977 Mangya M6.4 earthquake, but cannot excludes the possibility of it is related to this earthquake. The other event Ⅰ occurred about between 1 000a to 4 000a. Erosion after the event Ⅰ prevents us to constrain the event age and to identify more events further. (2)The vertical slip rate of the Youshashan fault is about(0.38±0.06)mm/a since mid-late Pleistocene. Comparing with relative speeds of GPS sites across the Yingxiongling anticline suggests that the Youshashan fault is an important structure which is accommodating crustal shortening in this region.     

焉耆盆地北缘和静逆断裂-褶皱带古地震破裂方式和时间序列

古地震研究是构造地质基础研究工作之一,获得较为精细的古地震结果有利于提高对断层构造变形的样式、强度以及时间的认识。焉耆盆地是南天山东段的山间盆地,现今的构造应力场特征以挤压兼有走滑为主。盆地南北缘断裂均为全新世活动断裂,南缘开都河断裂以走滑运动为主。盆地北缘断裂向盆内扩展的新生和静逆断裂-褶皱带以逆冲运动为主,且具备发生7级以上大地震的能力。因此,对于焉耆盆地北缘和静逆断裂-褶皱带的古地震破裂方式和发生时间的研究具有重要意义。调查发现,其中的哈尔莫敦背斜南翼主逆断裂以30°左右向盆内逆冲,在河漫滩和T1阶地上形成了3排断层陡坎。在3条断层陡坎上开挖的5个探槽中,通过标志地层建立的时间序列可以确定6次古地震事件的先后关系。利用14C和光释光(OSL)测年手段获得了探槽中相关地层和坎前堆积物的沉积时代,利用逐次限定法得到了各次古地震事件的发生时间和全新世以来2ka左右的古地震复发间隔。结果显示F1断层在所有的古地震事件中都发生了破裂,F2断层只在事件E时产生了破裂,F3断层只在事件D和事件E中发生过破裂。从古地震事件上分析,事件D是一次3条断层同时破裂的事件,事件E是一次F1和F32条断层同时破裂的事件,其他事件都只在F1断层上破裂。和静逆断裂的古地震破裂同时存在必然性和不确定性。     

Paleoseismic events and the 1596 Keicho-Fushimi large earthquake produced by a slip on the Gosukebashi fault at the eastern Rokko Mountains,Japan

Field surveys and trench excavation investigations revealed that there were at least four large seismic events produced by slips on the Gosukebashi fault in the Holocene in the southeastern Rokko Mountains of Japan. The characteristics of deformed topographies and three-dimensionally excavated exposures show that this fault is a right-lateral strike–slip fault having an average slip rate of 1.0 mm/year, with a reverse displacement component. The principle indicators of past faulting events are: (i) termination of secondary faults; (ii) sedimentary deposits related to faulting; and (iii) injection veins of fault gouge related to seismic faulting in the fractured zone. Radiocarbon dates indicate that the events occurred pre-1660 BC , 1660 BC –220 AD , from ～ 30–220 to 600 AD and 15th century AD . The youngest event is probably associated with the large 1596 AD Keicho-Fushimi earthquake which occurred in the area around Kyoto and Kobe Cities. The second younger event is probably correlated with the 416 AD Yamato earthquake, which is the oldest historic earthquake in Japanese historic records. The results of trench surveys show that the horizontal displacement produced by an individual event is ～ 1.5 m, and the recurrence of seismic event intervals is ～ 1200 years in the Gosukebashi fault.