饱和兰州黄土液化过程中孔压和应变发展的试验研究

采用WF12440型空心圆柱扭剪仪,用反压饱和法对初始饱和度较低的原状黄土进行饱和,进行室内原状黄土饱和液化试验研究,探讨了饱和兰州黄土液化过程中孔隙水压力、轴向应变、应力-应变滞回圈的发展规律。结果表明,对初始饱和度较低的原状黄土,反压饱和法使孔压系数B值达到0.95以上,即土样完全饱和;兰州黄土在均压固结条件下液化的孔压发展,开始时上升速率较缓慢,循环数一定后会出现孔压迅速增高的现象直至达到有效围压;应力-应变滞回特性随着振动次数的增加发生变化,塑性逐步增大;当轴向应变小于2%时,孔压增长缓慢;此后,孔压上升速率加大,3%应变可以出现在初始液化前;接近液化时偏应力为负值时的有效应力大于正值时的有效应力。     

黄土液化的研究现状与设想

综述了学术界有争议、尚未纳入现行抗震规范的黄土液化的研究进展,重点叙述了Prakash等的室内黄土液化试验、Ishihara等的对塔吉克境内黄土地震液化引起滑坡灾害的野外调查与分析等国外研究成果及国内由大量黄土液化室内试验得到的应变与孔压增长模型、液化标准的建立、黄土液化的微观机理及黄土液化的野外爆破试验、黄土液化与震陷的区别等,并对未来研究趋势提出了几点建议.     

不同地区饱和黄土液化特性研究

利用动三轴试验系统,对兰州、固原、潼关地区饱和原状黄土进行了液化试验。通过对饱和黄土液化的动应力、动应变和动孔压发展特点等问题的对比和分析,研究了我国不同地区饱和原状黄土的液化特性。研究表明:(1)黄土液化有其自身的特点,一旦发生液化,抗液化强度将迅速丧失;(2)黄土的区域性结构特性对黄土液化的影响非常明显,表现为不同地区、不同结构的黄土,其液化强度是不同的。而不同地区间黄土的干密度等物性指标对黄土液化的影响远小于区域性结构特性的影响;(3)基于黄土的结构破坏特性和液化特性,给出了饱和黄土的液化破坏应变标准。     

从非饱和土力学角度探讨黄土湿陷机制

本文回顾了黄土湿陷概念的由来及其基于其微结构湿陷机制研究现状。对从非饱和土力学角度开展黄土湿陷机理研究的有关问题进行了讨论和分析,提出了广义湿陷性概念。黄土湿陷机制研究应根据具体湿陷路径针对性开展非饱和土应力路径试验研究,从而进一步建立黄土广义湿陷本构模型,为工程问题的定量分析和数值计算提供科学依据。非饱和黄土常剪应力增湿试验表明,黄土湿陷破坏之前发生了一定的微小变形,随后应变速率突然增加,偏应力也不再维持为常数。同时,观察到孔压突然上升1~2kPa,表明黄土湿陷过程发生了不完全排水剪缩破坏。     

阜新—朝阳高速公路段黄土三轴剪切特性研究

对取自阜新—朝阳高速公路段的黄土进行了14C测年、颗粒分析、湿陷及常规试验等,对比分析了其基本特性,通过三轴剪切试验,获得了不同含水量的黄土剪切孔压、固结孔压、抗剪强度及剪切变形的变化特征。分析认为,辽西黄土此类特性由黄土的物质成分和结构特征所决定。对不同含水量的黄土剪切变形曲线建立力学模型,拟合结果表明,对于脆性破坏的应变软化曲线,刘祖典模型描述的效果并不理想,而文中建议的经验模型则较为适合。     

黄土湿陷机理研究现状及发展趋势

在回顾早期黄土湿陷机理研究成果的基础上,概述了黄土湿陷机理的发展历程,从微观结构、数理分析方法、土力学角度和建立本构模型4个方面总结了黄土湿陷机理的研究现状。通过工程实例研究提出了当前黄土湿陷机理发展中存在的问题;并对其发展趋势进行了分析。认为应以黄土微观结构研究为基础,结合先进测试仪器和分析软件,从非饱和土力学的角度出发,采用离散元分析手段,考虑溶盐因素,系统建立各种应力路径下黄土湿陷本构关系,从而完善黄土湿陷机理的研究。这对正确理解和研究黄土湿陷机理具有重大的理论意义和指导意义。     

湿陷性黄土的术语和基本概念

从黄土的湿陷性、黄土的湿陷特性曲线、湿陷特性曲线、湿陷类型和湿陷等级、增湿变形机理和力与水的作用次诒等５个方面列出了有关湿隐性黄白的３０条术语,并阐明了它们的基本概念。     

饱和黄土边坡的动力稳定性分析

考虑地震荷载作用下饱和黄土的孔压增长模式及液化规律,建立了饱和黄土无限边坡的动力稳定性分析模型,并将此类边坡的破坏分为液化型破坏和滑动型破坏两种基本类型。分析结果表明,由于孔压的累积,屈服地震系数将随时间而减小,并且明显地受到有效粘聚力、初始孔压比等参数的影响。另外还证实,考虑孔压累积时的永久位移计算值要大于常规的Newmark法分析的结果。     

陕西蒲城Q2黄土湿陷变形特性研究

利用GDG型高压固结仪和自行研制的非饱和土湿陷三轴仪对陕西蒲城电厂Q2黄土一维和三维应力状态下的湿陷性进行了试验研究,分析了Q2黄土的湿陷特性。试验结果表明：一维状态下,Q2黄土以中等和弱湿陷为主,峰值湿陷系数随深度增加而变小,常规压力下不湿陷的Q2黄土在高压力下可能湿陷,Q2地层中黄土层的湿陷性总体上强于古土壤层,湿陷的敏感性较弱,大型工程宜用实际压力评价湿陷性。三维状态下,湿陷应变随浸水量的变化曲线可以近似分为3段,即湿陷应变缓慢增加段、快速发展段和基本不变段;浸水前的吸力、净围压、偏应力对湿陷过程均有影响,且偏应力和吸力的影响更明显;三轴浸水过程湿陷体应变随湿陷轴应变的增加而增大,几乎是一条直线,体现了湿陷变形的特殊性。     

基于信息熵理论的悬空管道失效分析

长输油气管道极易受到多种地质灾害影响,容易造成管道暴露、悬空,甚至断裂,严重威胁管道的安全。由于管道的失效过程受多种不确定性因素影响,因此,研究地质灾害作用下悬空管道的失效风险对管道的安全可靠运行具有重要的现实意义。为此,以黄土湿陷灾害为例,采用弹性地基梁模型对黄土湿陷作用下的悬空管道进行了受力分析,并基于信息熵理论提出了应变能熵的概念,建立了管道失效概率评价模型,得到了管道失效概率与黄土湿陷深度之间的关系,同时探讨了黄土湿陷长度与管道内压的变化对管道失效概率的影响。结果表明:1管道应变能熵能够全面反映管道在外力作用下的安全状态并能够对管道的失效风险进行定量评价;2与黄土湿陷后管道悬空长度相比,管道内压的变化对失效概率的影响相对较小,降低黄土湿陷后管道的悬跨长度可以大幅度降低管道的失效概率。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of