观测与测量标准在水文观测建模中的应用

介绍了观测与测量信息模型的基本构成,研究了复杂观测模型和时间序列观测模型及其建模方法,实现了对金沙江下游攀枝花水文站的多要素观测建模和水位过程观测建模及建模结果可视化。     

GPS辅助光束法平差中观测值的自动定权

提出一种基于重复计算可靠性矩阵ＱｖｖＰ的逐次递归快速算法的观测值自动定权方法。试验证明,在ＧＰＳ辅助光束法区域网平差中,只要在迭代过程中逐次对各类观测值进行验后权估计和修正,迭代收敛时,虚拟的自检校观测值和漂移误差改正参数的权可被惟一确定,而真实观测值如地面控制点坐标、ＧＰＳ摄站坐标和ＧＰＳ天线偏心分量的权却随先验权的不同而略有变化。尽管如此,区域网平差仍能得到一致收敛的解,并且不会因此增加太大的     

困难观测条件下的倾斜观测

作针对在进行城市高层建筑倾斜观测过程中经常遇到的由于观测环境条件差，无法正常观测的困难，通过对倾斜偏移量及倾斜方向进行分析研究，结合工作实践，提出了新的解决办法。     

GPS PPP测量中观测时限对观测精度的影响研究

运用基础测绘工作中采集的实验数据,对GPS PPP技术测量中观测时限对观测精度的影响进行了深入研究和分析。     

高层建筑沉降观测实例及数据分析

对沉降观测进行了研究,并结合实例介绍了高层建筑沉降观测的步骤,提出利用Matlab生成沉降速率图,并总结了在沉降观测过程中需要注意的问题。     

GPS辅助光束法平差中观测值的自动定权

提出一种基于重复计算可靠性矩阵ＱＶＶＰ的逐次递归快速算法的观测值自动定权方法。试验证明,在ＧＰＳ辅助光束法区域网平差中,只要在迭代过程中逐次对各类观测值进行验后权估计和修正,迭代收敛时,虚拟的自检校观测值和漂移误差改正参数的权可被惟一确定,而真实观测值如地面控制点坐标、ＧＰＳ摄站坐标和ＧＰＳ天线偏心分量的权却随先验权的不同而略有变化。尽管如此,区域网平差仍能得到一致收敛的解,并且不会因此增加太大的计算量     

基于原始观测值的单频精密单点定位算法

研究了一种基于GPS原始观测值的单频PPP算法。该算法通过增加电离层延迟先验信息、空间和时间约束的虚拟观测方程,将电离层延迟当作未知参数与其他定位参数一并进行估计来高效修正电离层延迟误差。通过使用全球178个IGS站1d的实测数据对本算法的收敛速度、定位精度和电离层VTEC的精度进行检验与分析。结果表明,该算法的收敛速度和稳定性均得到了改善,其静态单频单天PPP解的精度可达2~3cm、模拟动态单频单天PPP解的精度可达2~3dm,并且单频PPP与双频PPP提取的电离层总电子含量平均偏差小于5个TECU,可作为一种附属定位产品使用。     

从对地观测卫星到对地观测脑

21世纪以来,高分辨率对地观测卫星快速发展,对地观测系统由最初的单星模式发展为现在的轻小型卫星组建星座,实现了全天时、全天候、全方位的对地精细化观测。未来将对地观测卫星星座与通信卫星、导航卫星和飞机等空间节点通过动态组网,建立天基空间信息网络,以实现智能化空天信息的实时服务。为了进一步增强系统的智能化水平,提高系统感知、认知能力和应急响应能力,本文提出未来空间信息网络环境下对地观测脑（earth observation brain,EOB）的概念,对地观测脑是基于事件感知的智能化对地观测系统。详细介绍了对地观测脑的概念模型及需要解决的关键技术,举例说明了对地观测脑初级阶段的感知、认知过程。将来对地观测脑可以回答何时（when）、何地（where）、何目标（what object）发生了何种变化（what change）,并在规定的时间（right time）和地点（right place）把这些正确的信息（right information）推送给需要的人（right people）的手机或其他智能终端,全球用户可实时获得所需的任何数据、信息和知识。     

浅谈深基坑回弹观测的方法

社会发展日新月异的今天,大型的建筑物如雨后春笋,建筑物的变形观测显得十分重要。本文将对深基坑回弹观测的方法进行说明。     

高层建筑沉降观测几个问题的探讨

本文探讨了沉降观测中的几个问题,阐述了从水准点、沉降观测点的埋设,观测方法、精度指标的确定等。从实际测量工作出发结合有关学科提出的观测方法和精度,对沉降观测工作开展有所裨益。     

THE VARIATION OF THE ATMOSPHERIC COEFFICIENT OF REFRACTION WITH THE NATURE OF THE SOURCE OF LIGHT

Abstract

In working out vertical heights on the Akuse-Kete Krachi chain of triangulation in the Gold Coast a fairly considerable difference was found between values of the coefficient of refraction obtained from observations taken during the day and those taken at night, the mean values being 0.069 for daylight observations to heliographs and 0.087 for night observations to lamps. This difference no doubt is due mainly to the condition of the atmosphere during the day differing from its condition during the night rather than to any effect due to different sources of light. A new chain has recently been observed in Western Ashanti, and the index of refraction for the daylight observations again gave a lower value than that obtained from the night observations, the figures being 0.073 and 0.099 respectively. For the night work three different sources of light were used, hurricane lamps for short lines, Tilley vapour-pressure lamps for lines of intermediate length, and McCaw acetylene signalling lamps by Watts for long lines. It occurred, therefore, to the writer to examine the results to see if the mean values of the index of refraction showed any variations for the different light sources, since it seemed reasonable to suppose that the constitution of the light emitted from each source would be different and hence that the coefficient of refraction might vary.     

ON THE ESSENCE OF THE LANGUAGE OF THE MAP

The author continues development of his concept of cartography as the “language of the map,” an earlier paper of this subject appearing in translation in M.S.R.S., 1985, No. 1. Although the term language has been widely used to describe cartographic communication, current theory fails to incorporate aspects of the language which provide for a comprehensive understanding of its structure and function. In particular, the language of the map and its symbolic elements cannot be explained reflexively by methods and rules of symbol and map design, since these elements were developed not before but after the existence of the language. The language of the map thus is proposed as the mechanism which provides for replicability or duplication in the way a system of mapmaking-map use functions (under diverse conditions, purposes, historical periods, and levels of training of users) through its different methods, models, and norms. Translated from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1985, No. 3, pp. 142-151.     

THE THEORY OF THE ANALYTICAL SOLUTION OF THE STEREOGRAM

The theory of the solution of the stereogram is developed from the condition that the vector triangle, formed by the base-line and the two rays from the perspective centre to a common model point, shall be in equilibrium. Using this approach the unique definition of a point in the model follows naturally from the solution of the relative orientation problem.     

THE CALCULATION OF THE HEIGHT OF KILIMANJARO

Abstract

The observations to height Kilimanjaro were made from two ground stations, Domberg (5,081·6 ft.) and Lelatema (5,323.1 ft.) and from a point called Kibo near Kaiser Wilhelm Spitze which is regarded as the highest point on the crater rim. It was originally intended to include a third ground station, Kifaru, but it was discovered that the ice cap obstructed observations between this point and the top.     

试论地图形式美的规律

本文从六个方面阐述了地图形式美的规律性,最后进一步说明了其规律性与增强地图美感的关系。     

利用卫星测高资料推求西北太平洋海域的海洋大地水准面

本文根据卫星测高数据和海面动力地形资料，绘制了不相上下北太平洋海域局部大地水准面的精细结构图，对解决卫星测高技术中大地水准面积和海面地形的可分性问题作了初步尝试。     

THE ADJUSTMENT OF TRIGONOMETRICAL LEVELS AND THE EVALUATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF TERRESTRIAL REFRACTION

Abstract

This paper is written primarily with the object of ascertaining how other Colonies and Dominions deal. with the adjustment of their trigonometricallevels; further, since the greater part of Nigeria is now covered by a framework of levels of primary accuracy it is of interest to examine the results. Moreover, the evaluation of the coefficient of refraction, and from it the temperature lapse-rate, is of some importance in view of the recent publication of the War Office Aneroid Tables. These tables are based on a standard lapse-rate of temperature.     

THE APPLICATION OF THE GAUSS METHOD OF COLLIMATION TO THE ADJUSTMENT OF SURVEY INSTRUMENTS

Abstract

Gauss's method of collimation is usually given scant attention in survey text-books. The following notes are based on experiments carried out at Accra in making a collimation base, the collimator being a Watts 2I-inch self-adjusting level fitted with a parallelplate micrometer.