卫星测高与卫星重力对洋流的研究

卫星技术研究洋流的关键在于高精度高分辨率的海洋大地水准面和高精度的卫星海面高。卫星测高的观测结果包括海洋大地水准面和动态海面地形两部分,根据现有的卫星测高成果分离海洋大地水准面与动态海面地形将是十分困难的,必须与重力卫星获得的高精度海洋大地水     

联合卫星重力和卫星测高数据确定稳态海洋动力地形

新一代卫星重力探测任务GRACE大大提高了地球重力场模型中长波分量的精度,使得联合卫星测高平均海面分离更精细稳态海洋动力地形成为可能。本文利用T/P(1994年~2003年)和JASON-1(2003年~2005年)卫星测高数据确定了全球30′×30′平均海面高;基于重力场模型WHU-GM-05,计算得到对应于海面高的GRACE海洋大地水准面格网值;利用“移去-恢复法”和高斯滤波求得全球稳态海面地形。与EGM96、R io05、ECCO和GGM02模型进行比较,检验结果表明GRACE任务有效的改善了海洋大地水准面的精度,使得稳态海洋动力地形能够呈现更多细部。     

地球重力场在海面地形研究中的作用

要求以10~(-8)精度定义并确定大地水准面,海面地形的影响必须顾及。自从卫星测高方法实现以后,确定海面地形的任务不再只是物理海洋学领域内的研究对象,转而已成为大地测量学中需解决的主要问题,其中地球重力场的资料起着主导作用。从本文所列的利用地球重力场资料确定海面地形的观测方程中可明显地看出这点。本文仅就利用地球重力场确定海面地形的三个主要问题进行介绍:一、确定固定海面地形的长波分量;二、确定固定海面地形的短波分量;三、确定沿海验潮站所求得的平均海水面相对于大地水准面的倾斜。     

我国大陆沿海的海面地形

利用Engelis按SEASAT卫星测高资料得到的海面地形模型和Levitus按位水准得到的海面地形模型计算了我国沿海几个验潮站与青岛验潮站之间的海面地形,并与几何水准联测得到的这几个验潮站的平均海面的高差进行了比较。用这三种方法求得的我国大陆沿海海水面倾斜的趋势大体上是一致的。此外,在全球统一系统内计算大地水准面差距时,若在计算点附近(Ψ_0=10°)应用我国区域性重力异常,由于大地水准面差距零阶项N_0和海面地形的影响,可使N的误差达到0.4米,这对确定米级精度的大地水准面差距是有影响的。     

建立我国陆海统一高程/深度基准的构 思 模 式

本文提出了一种建立我国陆海统一高程／深度基准的构思模式。这种以 Ｇ Ｐ Ｓ技术,多波束测深,大地水准面和海面地形模型以及潮汐模型等现代科技为依托的新构思,主要是应用近海海域的海面地形信息。在由动力法计算浅海海域的海面地形时,也就是由深海向浅海过渡时,本文采用了内插外推法。计算结果与卫星测高和水准联测的结果趋势一致。     

中国近海海面地形机制研究

本文采用几何水准、海洋水准和卫星测高的综合法求得了较准确的中国近海海面地形，详细分析了中国近海海面地形的机制。经比较，海洋水文法在黄渤海及东海海区的计算结果与综合法很拉近，但在华南沿海约有２１ｃｍ的系统性差。经进一步研究发现，这是由于华南沿海气压影响造成的，气压的均衡效应、气压的非均衡效应、气压扰动和海平面波动的共振使海平面显著升高。     

论高精度卫星重力场模型和厘米级区域大地水准面的确定及水文学时变重力效应

阐述了联全新一代卫星重力测量数据、卫星测高数据及全球陆地重力数据确定高精度180阶全球重力场模型、以全球重力场模型为框架参考场、利用我国地面重力数据、GPS水准资料、数值高程模型和地形密度信息确定高分辨率cm级区域大地水准面的思想。指出了一个重点发展方向:利用GRACE卫星每30天的重力位模型分析时变重力场,联系合卫星测高同时相平均海面以及水文、气候和海洋模型,分析我国黄河流域和海洋地区水储量分布和海流季节性变化,并解释与气候要素变化的相关性。     

论大地水准面的精密确定

本文论述了确定大地水准面的意义,详细分析了确定大地水准面所需数据及其分辨率要求。大地水准面的中、低频成分的改进主要依靠卫星大地测量技术,但局部高频成分需要综合利用ＧＰＳ、重力、水准和地形数据,因而大地水准面的精度是大地测量理论和技术的综合体现。文中以大量数据分析和试验计算论证了我国大地水准面的近期精化目标及实现这一目标的技术途径。     

海洋重力似大地水准面与区域测高似大地水准面的拟合问题

研究了将陆地重力似大地水准面与GPS水；住似大地水准面拟合的处理方法推广到海洋的问题．首先从理论上证明了当存在海面地形．则海洋大地水准面与似大地水准面不重合．导出了在海洋上大地水；住面差距与高程异常之间差值的公式．由此给出了求定平均海面相对于区域高程基准的正常高以及测高似大地水准面的计算公式。由于测高平均海面与GPS大地高有相近的精度．提出了将海洋重力似大地水准面与区域测高似大地水准面拟合的处理方法．并利用当前最新的海面地形模型和测高平均海面模型做了数值估计。     

中国近海海面地形机制研究

本文采用几何水准、海洋水准和卫星测高的综合法求得了较准确的中国近海海面地形，详细分析了中国近海海面地形的机制。经比较，海洋水文法（不考虑气压改正，认为海水温度、盐度是影响海面地形的主要因素）在黄渤海及东海海区的计算结果与综合法很接近，但在华南沿海约有２１ｃｍ的系统性差。经进一步研究发现，这是由于华南沿海（厦门至八所）气压影响造成的，气压的均衡效应、气压的非均衡效应、气压扰动和海平面波动的共振使海平面显著升高。此外还发现，太平洋北赤道流对东山至遮浪海区的海平面高度的机制也有影响。最后研究了海平面高度与纬度的关系，得出了一些有价值的结论。     

Geoid and high resolution sea surface topography modelling in the mediterranean from gravimetry,altimetry and GOCE data: evaluation by simulation

The determination of local geoid models has traditionally been carried out on land and at sea using gravity anomaly and satellite altimetry data, while it will be aided by the data expected from satellite missions such as those from the Gravity field and steady-state ocean circulation explorer (GOCE). To assess the performance of heterogeneous data combination to local geoid determination, simulated data for the central Mediterranean Sea are analyzed. These data include marine and land gravity anomalies, altimetric sea surface heights, and GOCE observations processed with the space-wise approach. A spectral analysis of the aforementioned data shows their complementary character. GOCE data cover long wavelengths and account for the lack of such information from gravity anomalies. This is exploited for the estimation of local covariance function models, where it is seen that models computed with GOCE data and gravity anomaly empirical covariance functions perform better than models computed without GOCE data. The geoid is estimated by different data combinations and the results show that GOCE data improve the solutions for areas covered poorly with other data types, while also accounting for any long wavelength errors of the adopted reference model that exist even when the ground gravity data are dense. At sea, the altimetric data provide the dominant geoid information. However, the geoid accuracy is sensitive to orbit calibration errors and unmodeled sea surface topography (SST) effects. If such effects are present, the combination of GOCE and gravity anomaly data can improve the geoid accuracy. The present work also presents results from simulations for the recovery of the stationary SST, which show that the combination of geoid heights obtained from a spherical harmonic geopotential model derived from GOCE with satellite altimetry data can provide SST models with some centimeters of error. However, combining data from GOCE with gravity anomalies in a collocation approach can result in the estimation of a higher resolution geoid, more suitable for high resolution mean dynamic SST modeling. Such simulations can be performed toward the development and evaluation of SST recovery methods.     

海洋卫星测高及其反演全球海洋重力场和海底地形模型研究进展

海洋卫星测高在全球和区域大地水准面建模、全球海洋重力场反演、海底地形探测、海平面变化监测、构造板块运动研究等大地测量领域至关重要。本文概述了海洋微波测高卫星的简要发展历程,重点梳理了卫星测高在全球海洋重力场和全球海底地形建模方面取得的丰硕成果,对比分析了主流的海洋重力场和海底地形模型;介绍了合成孔径雷达高度计、Ka频段雷达高度计、合成孔径雷达干涉仪3种先进微波测高技术,并分析了其各自的优缺点,表明它们将在未来若干年呈并驱发展趋势;较为系统地阐述了海洋卫星测高的另一新型技术,即GNSS反射信号测量技术的研究动态,给出了GNSS-R(GNSS reflectometry)类(试验)卫星的发展脉络和发展前景。卫星测高的发展趋势之一是多颗测高卫星的组网观测,本文概括了曾经提出的和拟议中的若干组网测高计划,扼要介绍了由我国提出并正在实施的双星跟飞测高模式;最后指出了卫星测高发展的几个主要关注点,包括双星跟飞测高和SWOT(surface water ocean topography)任务的2维海面高(差)测量、卫星测高反演海底地形与高级地形激光高度计观测数据及遥感卫星图像的结合、星载GNSS-R厘米级海面高的载波相位测量、人工智能技术在卫星测高中的潜在应用等。     

A new gravity map, a new marine geoid around Japan and the detection of the Kuroshio current

About half a million marine gravity measurements over a 30^∘×30^∘ area centered on Japan have been processed and adjusted to produce a new free-air gravity map from a 5′×5′ grid. This map seems to have a better resolution than those previously published as measured by its correlation with bathymetry. The grid was used together with a high-degree and -order spherical harmonics geopotential model to compute a detailed geoid with two methods: Stokes integral and collocation. Comparisons with other available geoidal surfaces derived either from gravity or from satellite altimetry were made especially to test the ability of this new geoid at showing the sea surface topography as mapped by the Topex/Poseidon satellite. Over 2 months (6 cycles) the dynamic topography at ascending passes in the region (23^∘47^∘N and 123^∘147^∘E) was mapped to study the variability of the Kuroshio current. Received: 15 July 1994 / Accepted: 17 February 1997     

Analysis of some systematic errors affecting altimeter-derived sea surface gradient with application to geoid determination over Taiwan

This paper analyzes several systematic errors affecting sea surface gradients derived from Seasat, Geosat/ERM, Geosat/GM, ERS-1/35d, ERS-1/GM and TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetry. Considering the data noises, the conclusion is: (1) only Seasat needs to correct for the non-geocentricity induced error, (2) only Seasat and Geosat/GM need to correct for the one cycle per revolution error, (3) only Seasat, ERS-1/GM and Geosat/GM need to correct for the tide model error; over shallow waters it is suggested to use a local tide model not solely from altimetry. The effects of the sea surface topography on gravity and geoid computations from altimetry are significant over areas with major oceanographic phenomena. In conclusion, sea surface gradient is a better data type than sea surface height. Sea surface gradients from altimetry, land gravity anomalies, ship gravity anomalies and elevation data were then used to calculate the geoid over Taiwan by least-squares collocation. The inclusion of sea surface gradients improves the geoid prediction by 27% when comparing the GPS-derived and the predicted geoidal heights, and by 30% when comparing the observed and the geoid-derived deflections of the vertical. The predicted geoid along coastal areas is accurate to 2 cm and can help GPS to do the third-order leveling. Received 22 January 1996; Accepted 13 September 1996     

Theory of oceanic levelling for improving the geoid from satellite altimetry

The problem of improving the geoid from satellite altimetry is formulated and studied within the scope of geophysical fluid dynamics. The oceanic levelling is defined by analogy to the astrogeodetic levelling and it is used to determine the sea surface topography as a function of current velocity, atmospheric pressure and viscosity. Simulating strong currents like the Gulf Stream or the Kuroshio the numerical treatment of the oceanic levelling shows that the sea surface topography can come up to an order of magnitude of1–2 m, whereby the results depend on latitude and slightly on the actual pressure conditions.     

利用卫星测高空间技术建立数字化海洋

论述了卫星测高空间技术的主要特征、科学意义及其在军事和经济建设领域的重要价值，阐明了国内外测高卫星系统的发展现状及利用卫星测高空间技术建立数字化海洋所取得的成果，分析卫星测高目前的研究方向，提出了发展我国卫星测高空间技术以及利用该技术建立数字化海洋的一些建议。     

卫星测高在物理大地测量应用中的若干问题

总结了卫星测高在物理大地测量领域的应用，描述了卫星测高数据逼近地球重力场、确定海面地形、改善卫星轨道参数以及求解重力异常的数学模型和数学原理。     

The geopotential from gravity measurements,levelling data and satellite results

The geodetic boundary value problem is formulated which uses as boundary values the differences between the geopotential of points at the surface of the continents and the potential of the geoid. These differences are computed by gravity measurements and levelling data. In addition, the shape of the geoid over the oceans is assumed to be known from satellite altimetry and the shape of the continents from satellite results together with three-dimensional triangulation. The boundary value problem thus formulated is equivalent to Dirichlet's exterior problem except for the unknown potential of the geoid. This constant is determined by an integral equation for the normal derivative of the gravitational potential which results from the first derivative of Green's fundamental formula. The general solution, which exists, of the integral equation gives besides the potential of the geoid the solution of the geodetic boundary value problem. In addition approximate solutions for a spherical surface of the earth are derived.     

Slope correction for ocean radar altimetry

We develop a slope correction model to improve the accuracy of mean sea surface topography models as well as marine gravity models. The correction is greatest above ocean trenches and large seamounts where the slope of the geoid exceeds 100  \(\upmu \) rad. In extreme cases, the correction to the mean sea surface height is 40 mm and the correction to the along-track altimeter slope is 1–2  \(\upmu \) rad which maps into a 1–2 mGal gravity error. Both corrections are easily applied using existing grids of sea surface slope from satellite altimetry.     

Mission design,operation and exploitation of the gravity field and steady-state ocean circulation explorer mission

The European Space Agency’s Gravity field and steady-state ocean circulation explorer mission (GOCE) was launched on 17 March 2009. As the first of the Earth Explorer family of satellites within the Agency’s Living Planet Programme, it is aiming at a better understanding of the Earth system. The mission objective of GOCE is the determination of the Earth’s gravity field and geoid with high accuracy and maximum spatial resolution. The geoid, combined with the de facto mean ocean surface derived from twenty-odd years of satellite radar altimetry, yields the global dynamic ocean topography. It serves ocean circulation and ocean transport studies and sea level research. GOCE geoid heights allow the conversion of global positioning system (GPS) heights to high precision heights above sea level. Gravity anomalies and also gravity gradients from GOCE are used for gravity-to-density inversion and in particular for studies of the Earth’s lithosphere and upper mantle. GOCE is the first-ever satellite to carry a gravitational gradiometer, and in order to achieve its challenging mission objectives the satellite embarks a number of world-first technologies. In essence the spacecraft together with its sensors can be regarded as a spaceborne gravimeter. In this work, we describe the mission and the way it is operated and exploited in order to make available the best-possible measurements of the Earth gravity field. The main lessons learned from the first 19 months in orbit are also provided, in as far as they affect the quality of the science data products and therefore are of specific interest for GOCE data users.