老君山变质核杂岩隆升的热历史解析与动力学机制探讨

1 区域地质概况 滇东南老君山变质核杂岩[1-3]出露于中越边境,地处南华地块与扬子地块、印支地块的结合部位,是探讨华南西段大地构造的重要窗口.该核杂岩的核部由韧性变形--低角闪岩相变质的元古界猛洞岩群和加里东期南温河花岗岩组成,过渡层主要为韧脆性变形--绿片岩相变质的新元古界(?)新寨岩组,盖层由脆性变形--变质微弱的古生界-中生界地层构成,其间为多条韧性剥离断层和脆性正断层所组成剥离断层系分隔,并为变形--变质微弱的燕山晚期老君山花岗岩侵入.     

辽南州地区的太古宙侵入岩

辽南金州地区的太古宙变质侵入岩，是由得胜片麻杂岩为代表的早期ＴＴＧ岩系和由亮甲店片麻岩。小黑山片麻岩及赵屯片麻岩组成的晚期石英闪长岩－低硅英云闪长岩－花岗岩系构成的，早期岩系呈奥长花岗岩演化趋势，晚期岩系显钙碱性演化趋势，属太古宙常见的两类岩石系列，其源岩来源陆壳，是陆壳角闪岩或石榴角闪岩部分溶融的产物。     

内蒙古狼山地区晚太古代变质杂岩特征探讨

狼山位于内蒙古中部巴彦淖尔盟,在狼山主峰出露一套角闪岩相变质杂岩,它主要由角闪斜长片麻岩、黑云斜长片麻岩、斜长角闪岩、角闪岩、黑云变粒岩、黑云石英片岩组成,局部夹磁铁石英岩。其原岩以中、基性火山岩为主,顶部则为变粘土质碎屑岩。这套变质杂岩,至少经历了两期混合岩化作用,它与狼山南、北坡中元古代狼山群有明显的差异,作者对其中黑云斜长片麻岩测得sm—Nd等时线年龄为2735 Ma,证明其时代应为晚太古代。从变质杂岩地层层序、岩石化学、微量元素特征来看,它与绿岩带有许多相似之处。狼山主峰变质杂岩是该区的结晶基底,中元古代狼山群中的层控多金属矿床,就是在该基底上发育的裂陷槽中形成的。结晶基底自身的岩石中,Cu、Pb、Zn、Au等元素含量均较高,亦具有一定的找矿前景。     

左权变质杂岩区早前寒武纪变质演化及其构造指示

左权变质杂岩构造上位于华北中部带中南段,向东紧邻赞皇变质杂岩。研究区广泛发育长英质黑云斜长片麻岩和斜长角闪岩,无典型变泥质岩石出露,斜长角闪岩多以似层状或透镜状方式产于似层状的片麻岩中,二者在局部地区侵入接触关系明显。该地区可识别出三期变形作用和三期变质作用,区域片麻理所代表的第二期变形作用(D2)与峰期变质作用(M2)事件相对应。杂岩区含榴黑云斜长片麻岩和含榴斜长角闪岩中较好地保留了多个阶段的变质作用信息,本文重点研究其变质演化过程。含榴黑云斜长片麻岩中仅保留峰期阶段矿物组合,变质条件为730℃/8.5kbar。含榴斜长角闪岩记录了3个阶段的变质矿物组合,第一阶段矿物组合(M1)为进变质矿物组合,以石榴石变斑晶内部的早期包裹体及其临近的石榴石核部为代表,即Grt1+Pl1+Amp1+Qtz±Bt1±Chl1±Ilm±Ap,该阶段的温度和压力范围分别为:608~643℃/5.2~5.5kbar;第二阶段矿物组合(M2)为变质峰期矿物组合,主要由石榴石XMn最低的"边部"和基质矿物(Grt2+Amp2+Pl2+Qtz±Cpx2±Bt2±Ep2±Ilm±Ap)组成。最高变质温度大于670℃,最高变质压力大于9.4kbar。第三阶段矿物组合(M3)为退变质减压矿物组合,其典型代表是石榴石边部发育的Pl3+Hbl3+Cum3+Qtz±Bt3后成合晶矿物组合,呈细粒交生状结构特征,该阶段温压估算范围为:611~627℃/5.1~5.9kbar。左权变质杂岩区岩石变质程度虽明显低于赞皇变质杂岩区(Tmax812℃,Pmax12.5kbar),但两杂岩区岩石拥有类似的变质演化特征,均记录了包含近等温降压型(ITD)退变质片段的顺时针P-T轨迹,指示碰撞造山环境。结合中部带其它杂岩区的变质演化特征,推测左权变质杂岩卷入了晚太古代-早元古代末期华北克拉通东、西部陆块之间的碰撞造山过程。     

论大别造山带中“罗田片麻岩杂岩”的构造属性

罗田片麻岩杂岩位于大别造山带腹地，东、西大别变质带之间，面积约６０００ｋｍ２。主要由一套花岗片麻岩系组成。它们经历过早期高角闪岩相至麻粒岩相变质和晚期低角闪岩相叠加变质。该杂岩的原始建造以古老变质变形侵入体为主，与其周边构造变质单元的原始建造迥然不同，后者皆为沉积型或火山－沉积型原始建造。罗田片麻岩杂岩与其周边环境的地质特征不一致，是个造山带规模的外来变质地体。其下存在广泛的低密度岩层，相当于混合岩化或花岗岩化的硅铝质岩系。罗田片麻岩杂岩是华南、华北陆块碰撞期间，可能曾经存在的古岛弧深成岩系发生深变质强变形，并在仰冲机制作用下，于　地壳深层次拼贴到高压／超高压碰撞混杂岩之上的，具有推覆体属性的构造岩片。     

柴北缘都兰地区含石榴石、蓝晶石片麻岩的变质演化历史

在柴北缘超高压变质带东段,新识别出一个高压麻粒岩单元,其主要的岩石组合包括基性（长英质）高压麻粒岩、花岗质片麻岩、富铝质片麻岩（片岩）、石榴角闪岩和英云闪长岩。岩相学和变质反应序列、矿物化学和温压估算结果表明,蓝晶-石榴-黑云-二长片麻岩共经历了4阶段的变质演化：Ⅰ早期进变质阶段,以石榴石核部发育的黑云母、白云母、斜长石和石英等矿物包裹体为特征;Ⅱ峰期高压麻粒岩相阶段,矿物组合为石榴石+蓝晶石+条纹长石+斜长石+石英,金红石Zr温度计和GASP压力计限定其峰期温压条件为：t=800～840℃和p=1.4～1.6GPa;Ⅲ高角闪岩相退变质阶段,矿物组合为石榴石（边部）+黑云母+长石+石英;Ⅳ晚期低角闪岩相-绿片岩相退变质阶段,以蓝晶石周围出现的Ms+Pl±Zo和Mrg+Qtz±Ms±Pl后成合晶为特征。锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb定年结果指示高压麻粒岩相变质时代为431Ma。蓝晶-石榴-黑云-二长片麻岩具有顺时针的pt演化轨迹,与基性高压麻粒岩形成于相同的动力学过程。     

大别山南部高压-超高压变质地体中云母片岩和片麻岩的相平衡研究

对于大别山高压一超高压变质带中大面积出露的云母片岩和片麻岩的变质条件和演化历史有不同的认识：如中低压绿帘角闪岩相，高压角闪岩相和超高压榴辉岩相。通过对大别山南部超高压榴辉岩区、高压榴辉岩区和宿松变质杂岩带中的云母片岩和片麻岩进行详细的岩相学及相平衡研究表明：它们的变质条件分别为610℃～690℃，1．2～1．4GPa；590～600℃、1．3～1．5GPa；520～590℃，0．9～1．4GPa，相当于高压绿帘角闪岩相、高压角闪岩相与榴辉岩相之间的过渡。依据超高压榴辉岩区绿帘石黑云片麻岩中的石榴石环带特征推测，它们很可能经过超高压变质阶段。现有矿物组合记录了抬升阶段的条件。但是高压榴辉岩区的石榴石绿帘石二云片麻岩和宿松变质杂岩带中石榴石云母片岩中的石榴石环带特征表明，其现有矿物组合记录了变质峰期条件，不应该经历更高压变质阶段。在KFMASH体系的PT视剖面图上计算多硅白云母Si含量等值线表明，在多数矿物组合中白云母的Si含量可作为地质压力计，但Si等值线的斜率受到矿物组合的控制。     

内蒙古锡林郭勒杂岩岩石学特征及其变质作用的p—t条件

锡林郭勒杂岩出露于华北地台北缘晚古生代褶皱带内，形成于1．3－1．0Ga，主要由黑云斜长片麻岩、角闪斜长片麻岩、斜长角闪片岩以及变粒岩夹透镜状或脉状斜长角闪岩组成，具角内岩相变质，原岩以钙碱性系列火成岩为主。通过对其中角闪岩及片麻岩中的长石、角闪石的矿物化学研究，计算出其变质作用发生的温度为540－550℃，压力为0.5-0.6GPa。     

滇西高黎贡山变质带变质深成岩特征及时代

高黎贡山变质岩带中(腾冲大蒿坪地区),原划归古元古代高黎贡山岩群中广泛存在的变质深成岩类,原岩实际为早白垩世(163.5±5.7 Ma)花岗闪长岩和晚白垩世(74.0±2.0Ma)二长花岗岩类,属变质的燕山期深成侵入岩,可划分为扬飞水角闪黑云花岗闪长质片麻岩、芹菜塘花岗片麻岩两个变质地体单元.早白垩世花岗闪长岩形成于造山前期同碰撞火山弧环境;晚白垩世二长花岗岩侵入岩形成于造山前期碰撞造山环境,并沿断裂带强烈侵位.原岩经喜马拉雅早期韧性剪切带动力变质,变质强度达高绿片岩相或低角闪岩相,形成花岗质片麻岩类,喜马拉雅中期叠加脆韧性动力变质作用.     

赞皇变基性岩中锆石的U-Pb定年及其地质意义

赞皇变质杂岩区位于阜平杂岩南部,地处华北克拉通中部造山带的中段,和中部带北段杂岩一样,是洞悉华北克拉通前寒武纪基底构造演化历史的一个重要窗口.研究区变基性岩可分为斜长角闪岩和角闪斜长片麻岩两种,二者均以似层状方式产于黑云斜长片麻岩或长英质片麻岩中,斜长角闪岩亦可呈透镜状,二者后期与围岩一起共同经历了高角闪岩相变质作用....     

原地-半原地深熔花岗岩特征:以华北克拉通北缘包头地区石榴花岗岩为例

在华北克拉通北缘大青山地区,广泛的深熔作用导致新太古代晚期石榴花岗岩发育。石榴花岗岩空间上与新太古代晚期大青山表壳岩(主要为石榴黑云母片麻岩)共生,渐变过渡。宏观上岩性具有不均一性,在包头哈德门沟一条实测地质剖面上可以观察到石榴混合闪长岩、石榴混合石英闪长岩和石榴混合花岗闪长岩等不同岩石类型。岩相学研究表明,石榴花岗岩与源岩矿物组合相近,但含量却大不相同。石榴花岗岩和源岩中的石榴石特征十分相似。石榴石周围存在放射状黑云母,是典型的逆反应结构。研究表明深熔作用可能发生在具有顺时针P-T轨迹的变质作用演化峰期及峰期后近等温降压阶段,主要发生钾长石熔融和黑云母熔融。地球化学特征研究表明石榴花岗岩与石榴黑云母片麻岩具有亲缘关系,均表现出高Al2O3、CaO含量,K2O/Na2O比值存在较大变化,富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、P和Ti。但是,石榴花岗岩存在组成变化,Eu富集型和亏损型稀土模式为原地-半原地深熔花岗岩的标志性特征。SHRIMP锆石年代学研究表明深熔作用发生在2.43Ga之前,与区内新太古代晚期水平顺层滑脱变形有关,揭示华北克拉通北缘新太古代晚期构造热事件。     

特提斯喜马拉雅错那洞穹隆的岩石组合、构造特征与成因

目前关于新近发现的错那洞穹隆的精细构造、岩石组成、变质变形运动学特征等方面均不清楚,严重阻碍了其演化历程的还原以及成穹与成矿耦合关系的解剖工作.在详实的野外地质调查基础上,补充采集了穹隆中新发现的岩浆岩进行年代学研究.结果表明,错那洞穹隆由上（边部）-中（幔部）-下（核部）3个构造层组成,分别以上、下拆离断层为分界线.核部岩石组合主要为片麻岩、淡色花岗岩以及少量深熔混合岩,可见大量伟晶岩脉穿插;幔部为古生界,岩石组合为一套强变质变形片岩夹碳酸盐岩,从内至外具有蓝晶石+十字石+石榴石+黑云母的蓝晶石带→十字石+石榴石+黑云母的十字石带→石榴石+堇青石+黑云母的石榴石带→绿泥石+黑云母的绿泥石带的巴罗式变质分带特征;边部主要为三叠纪-侏罗纪浅变质沉积岩系,岩石组合为一套砂板岩及少量千枚岩.穹隆内从早至晚经历了南北向逆冲推覆、南北向伸展、东西向伸展3期次的构造运动,穹隆的形成主要与南北向伸展作用有关.穹隆中岩浆活动从早至晚可见有早古生代片麻岩（约500 Ma）、中生代辉绿岩（140 Ma）、渐新世变形二云母花岗岩/伟晶岩（26 Ma）、中新世弱定向二云母花岗岩（18 Ma）、含石榴石电气石花岗岩（16.8~15.9 Ma）5期.综合研究表明,错那洞穹隆的形成是早期伸展拆离核杂岩叠加晚期岩浆底劈热穹隆综合作用的结果,成穹构造的初始阶段与始新世-渐新世藏南拆离系（STDS）的运动密切相关.      

Variscan amphibolite-facies rocks from the Kurtoğlu metamorphic complex (Gümüşhane area,Eastern Pontides,Turkey)

The Kurtoğlu metamorphic complex, that forms part of the pre-Liassic basement of the Sakarya zone in northern Turkey, consists of at least two tectonic units. Blueschist-facies rocks of unknown metamorphic age in the southern part of the complex are tectonically overlain by Variscan low-pressure high-temperature metamorphic rocks. The latter comprise mica schists and fine-grained gneisses, cut by metaleucogranitic dikes, as well as migmatitic biotite gneisses and subordinate amphibolite intercalations. Structural data indicate that metamorphism and penetrative deformation occurred after dyke intrusion. Peak metamorphic conditions of the mica schists, fine-grained gneisses and metaleucogranites are estimated to ∼650°C and ∼0.4 GPa, based on phase relationships in the system NCKFMASH, Fe–Mg partitioning between garnet and biotite as well as garnet-aluminosilicate-quartz-plagioclase (GASP) and garnet-plagioclase-biotite-quartz (GBPQ) barometry. Peak temperatures of the migmatitic biotite gneisses and amphibolite intercalations are not well constrained but might have been significantly higher (690–740°C), as suggested from hornblende-plagioclase thermometry. ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar incremental dating on muscovite and biotite fractions from the mica schists and fine-grained gneisses yielded plateau ages of ∼323 Ma. Significantly older model ages of ∼329 and ∼337 Ma were obtained on muscovite fractions from two metaleucogranite samples. These fractions contain both relict igneous and newly formed metamorphic muscovite.     

Petrogenesis of the Puerto Edén Igneous and Metamorphic Complex,Magallanes, Chile: Late Jurassic syn-deformational anatexis of metapelites and granitoid magma genesis

A suite of schists, gneisses, migmatites, and biotite granitoids from the Puerto Edén Igneous and Metamorphic Complex (PEIMC) and biotite–hornblende granitoids of the South Patagonian batholith (southern Chile) has been studied. For that purpose, the chemistry of minerals and the bulk rock composition of major and trace elements including Rb–Sr and Sm–Nd isotopes were determined. Mineralogical observations and geothermobarometric calculations indicate high-temperature and low-pressure conditions (ca. 600–700 °C and 3 to 4.5 kbar) for an event of metamorphism and partial melting of metapelites in Late Jurassic times (previously determined by SHRIMP U–Pb zircon ages). Structures in schists, gneisses, migmatites and mylonites indicate non-coaxial deformation flow during and after peak metamorphic and anatectic conditions. Andalusite schists and sillimanite gneisses yield initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of up to 0.7134 and εNd₁₅₀ values as low as − 7.6. Contemporaneous biotite granitoids and a coarse-grained orthogneiss have initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios between 0.7073 and 0.7089, and εNd₁₅₀ values in the range − 7.6 to − 4.4. This indicates that metamorphic rocks do not represent the natural isotopic variation in the migmatite source. Thus, a heterogeneous source with a least radiogenic component was involved in the production of the biotite granitoids. The PEIMC is considered as a segment of an evolving kilometre-sized and deep crustal shear zone in which partial melts were generated and segregated into a large reservoir of magmas forming composite plutons in Late Jurassic times. A biotite–hornblende granodiorite and a muscovite–garnet leucogranite show initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of 0.7048 and 0.7061, and εNd₁₀₀ values of − 2.6 and − 1.8, respectively, and are thus probably related to Early Cretaceous magmas not involved in the anatexis of the metasedimentary rocks.     

甘肃敦煌东巴兔山地区敦煌杂岩的变质 变形特征及时代限定

敦煌地块位于塔里木克拉通的东南缘,是塔里木克拉通前寒武纪岩石出露的重要地区之一。敦煌地块包括北阿尔金 地区和敦煌地区,区域内出露的最古老岩石分别被称为米兰杂岩和敦煌杂岩,文章研究重点是敦煌地区出露的敦煌杂岩。 敦煌杂岩由TTG质片麻岩和变质表壳岩组成,代表性岩石组合包括英云闪长质片麻岩、奥长花岗质片麻岩、花岗闪长质片 麻岩、石榴石斜长角闪岩、石榴石黑云母片岩以及大理岩。文章对东巴兔山干沟地区的花岗闪长质片麻岩样品进行了 LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年,对石榴石黑云母片岩样品进行了矿物电子探针分析,同时对敦煌杂岩开展了构造变形研究,目 的是揭示敦煌杂岩的形成时代、构造变形特征以及变质温压条件。花岗闪长质片麻岩样品的结晶年龄为2057±75 Ma,并且 记录了~1.88 Ga和~400 Ma两期变质作用,分别与古元古代和古生代的造山事件相关。构造变形研究表明敦煌杂岩记录了两 期变形作用,分别为区域上的右形韧性剪切作用（S1） 和南北向褶皱作用（S2）,且右形韧性剪切作用（S1） 和~400 Ma的变 质作用是配套同期的。此外,对石榴石黑云母片岩样品的分析表明,~400 Ma这期变质作用变质峰期的矿物组合主要为石 榴石+黑云母+斜长石+石英,且变质温压条件为667~690 ℃/0.88~0.89 GPa,代表了高角闪岩相的变质作用。     

Genetic Mechanism of Mineral Inclusions in Zircons from the Khondalite Series, Southeastern Inner Mongolia

The early Precambrian khondalite series is widely distributed in the Jining-Zhuozi-Fengzhen-Liangcheng area, southeastern Inner Mongolia. The khondalite series mainly consists of sillimanite garnet potash feldspar (or two-feldspar) gneiss and garnet biotite plagioclase gneiss. These gneissic rocks have commonly experienced granulite-facies metamorphism. In zircons separated from sillimanite garnet potash feldspar gneisses, many mineral inclusions, including Sil, Grt, Ky, Kfs, Qtz and Ap, have been identified by the Laser Raman spectroscopy. Generally, prograde metamorphic mineral inclusion assemblages such as Ky + Kfs + Qtz + Ap and Ky + Grt + Kfs + Qtz are preserved in the core of zircon, while peak granulite-facies metamorphic minerals including Sil + Grt + Kfs + Qtz and Sil + Grt + Kfs + Qtz + Ap are identified in the mantle and rim of the same zircon. However, in some zircons are only preserved the peak metamorphic minerals such as Sil + Grt + Kfs + Qtz and Sil + Grt + Kfs + Qtz + Ap from core to ri     

The significance of garnet and cordierite from the Sioux Lookout region of the English River gneiss belt,Northern Ontario

Garnet and cordierite bearing Archean gneisses are a common rock-type in the English River gneiss belt of the Superior Province, northern Ontario. Bulk compositions of such gneisses are found to be depleted in potassium with respect to the garnet and/or cordierite-free biotite gneisses. The mineral assemblages of the garnet and cordierite gneisses indicate that they have equilibrated at higher metamorphic grades than the garnet and/or cordierite-free biotite gneisses. These, observations suggest that anatexis has occurred in the garnetiferous regions of the gneiss belt resulting in a granite melt which had migrated from the source rocks, thereby depleting the garnetiferous restite in potassium.     

内蒙古呼和浩特变质核杂岩韧性拆离带40Ar-39Ar定年及其构造含义

晚中生代,内蒙古大青山依次经历晚侏罗世盘羊山逆冲推覆、早白垩世呼和浩特变质核杂岩伸展、早白垩世大青山逆冲推覆断层及早白垩世以来高角度正断层复杂构造演化。其中,呼和浩特变质核杂岩韧性剪切带的冷却时间和抬升机制的制约尚不明确。本文在野外考察和显微构造分析基础上,采用逐步加热40Ar-39Ar定年法对韧性剪切带内不同单矿物的冷却年龄进行了测定。角闪石、白云母、黑云母和钾长石单矿物40Ar-39Ar冷却年龄处于120~116Ma之间。结合已有年龄数据及单矿物封闭温度,构建了韧性剪切带的冷却曲线。结果表明,韧性剪切带在122~115Ma期间存在一个明显的快速冷却过程。这一阶段快速冷却是与变质核杂岩拆离断层相关核部杂岩拆离折返作为大青山逆冲推覆断层上盘抬升的结果。     

New data on the metamorphic petrology of rocks from the Kuekvun uplift (Northern Chukchi Peninsula)

The metamorphic rocks of the Kuekvun uplift are gneisses and schists that developed after Mid-Paleozoic sedimentary sequences, which consist mostly of terrigenous rocks with minor amounts of intermediate to mafic igneous rocks and subordinate carbonates. Two plagiogneiss samples that were selected for detailed analysis were taken from the axial part and flanks of the uplift. The mineral paragenesis and composition of coexisting garnet, biotite, and staurolite indicate a metamorphic temperature of 560–600°C and pressure of 2.5–4 kbar, corresponding to a depth of 8–12 km. These conditions suggest a relatively high geothermal gradient (about 60°C/km), approaching that for contact metamorphic aureoles. Garnets from the axial zone and flanks of the uplift display a similar zoning pattern. The difference is the presence of compositionally contrasting Ca-rich rims in garnets from the axial zone. These rims may be either the result of zoning within the entire metamorphic complex or a late local overprint, e.g., crystallization of granitic plutons, which are common within the study area.     

Progressive metamorphism of pelitic rocks from protolith to granulite facies, Dutchess County, New York, USA: constraints on the timing of fluid infiltration during regional metamorphism

A complete Barrovian sequence ranging from unmetamorphosed shales to sillimanite–K-feldspar zone metapelitic gneisses crops out in a region extending from the Hudson River in south-eastern New York state, USA, to the high-grade core of the Taconic range in western Connecticut. NNE-trending subparallel biotite, garnet, staurolite, kyanite, sillimanite and sillimanite–K-feldspar isograds have been identified, although the assignment of Barrovian zones in the high-grade rocks is complicated by the appearance of fibrolitic sillimanite at the kyanite isograd. Thermobarometric results and reaction textures are used to characterize the metamorphic history of the sequence. Pressure–temperature estimates indicate maximum metamorphic conditions of 475 °C, c. 3–4 kbar in the garnet zone to >720 °C, c. 5–6 kbar in the highest grade rocks exposed. Some samples in the kyanite zone record anomalous (low) peak conditions because garnet composition has been modified by fluid-assisted reactions. There is abundant petrographic and mineral chemical information indicating that the sequence (with the possible exception of the granulite facies zone) was infiltrated by a water-rich fluid after garnet growth was nearly completed. The truncation of fluid inclusion trails in garnet by rim growth or recrystallization, however, indicates that metamorphic reactions involving garnet continued subsequent to initial infiltration. The presence of these textures in some zones of a well-constrained Barrovian sequence allows determination of the timing of fluid infiltration relative to the P–T paths. Thermobarometric results obtained using garnet compositions at the boundary between fluid–inclusion-rich and inclusion-free regions of the garnet are interpreted to represent peak metamorphic conditions, whereas rim compositions record slightly lower pressures and temperatures. Assuming that garnet grew during a single metamorphic event, infiltration must have occurred at or slightly after the peak of metamorphism, i.e. 4–5 kbar and a temperature of c. 525–550 °C for staurolite and kyanite zone rocks.