西藏门巴地区早白垩世花岗岩地球化学特征及LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄

门巴地区早白垩世花岗岩位于冈底斯弧背断隆带东段,是研究冈底斯演化的重要组成部分。以门巴地区黑云母花岗岩和二云母花岗岩为研究对象,运用岩石地球化学和锆石U-Pb测年方法,分析了该区域早白垩世花岗岩的地球化学特征及构造背景。样品锆石具有明显的振荡环带,属岩浆成因锆石;测得LA-ICP-MS锆石~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄为139.4～140.6Ma,为早白垩世。岩石地球化学特征表明,门巴地区早白垩世花岗岩具有富硅、高碱,贫FeO、MgO、CaO的特征,为强过铝质的高分异花岗岩,属高钾钙碱性系列,并具同源岩浆演化的趋势;稀土元素配分模式为右倾型,具Rb、Ba、Th、Nb、Ce等富集,Hf、Zr、Sm、Y、Yb等亏损的特征;门巴地区花岗岩形成于陆-陆碰撞造山环境,构造背景由同碰撞逐渐过渡为造山期后的构造环境,具有后碰撞伸展构造性质,是软流圈上涌或玄武岩底侵的岩浆响应。     

内蒙赤峰楼子店拆离断层带下盘变形花岗质岩石的时代、成因及其地质意义——锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素证据

对内蒙赤峰楼子店拆离断层带下盘前人划为前寒武纪岩石的糜棱状花岗质岩石中锆石进行了U-Pb年龄测定和Hf同位素测试,结果显示其时代为晚古生代至中生代。楼子店扎兰营子片麻状花岗岩的锆石206Pb/238U年龄为253.6±1.2Ma,锆石εHf(t)值为-8.6～-14.6,锆石Hf同位素地壳模式年龄为1.8～2.2Ga;朝阳沟糜棱岩化片麻状花岗岩的锆石206Pb/238U年龄为150.43±0.79Ma,锆石εHf(t)值为-5.6～-14.9,锆石Hf同位素地壳模式年龄为1.6～2.1Ga;莫里海沟片麻状闪长岩的锆石206Pb/238U年龄为127.6±3.1Ma,锆石εHf(t)值为-5.1～-13.9,锆石Hf同位素地壳模式年龄为1.5～2.1Ga。不同岩性、不同形成年龄的3个样品的εHf(t)值主要为负值,说明这些岩石主要来自地壳岩石的部分熔融。2.2～1.5Ga的锆石Hf同位素两阶段模式年龄表明它们可能主要来源于华北克拉通下地壳物质的部分熔融。结合该区已经获得的锆石U-Pb年龄,将该区古生代至中生代花岗质岩浆作用划分为4个时期:早石炭世(327Ma)、二叠纪(285～252Ma)、中三叠世—早侏罗世(241～184Ma)、中侏罗世—早白垩世(163～125Ma)。早石炭世喇嘛洞混合花岗岩的产出对应于古亚洲洋古生代向南俯冲于华北板块的时期,二叠纪花岗岩是古亚洲洋最后闭合、蒙古弧与华北陆块北缘拼合与伸展有关的岩浆活动的产物,大面积的中三叠世—早侏罗世的花岗岩是西伯利亚与华北陆块碰撞后地壳伸展的记录,中侏罗世—早白垩世(163～125Ma)岩浆活动则发育在伸展构造背景中,与岩石圈减薄存在密切的成因联系。这些新年龄资料将为华北陆块北缘古生代—中生代的地质构造演化提供重要的年代学制约。     

鲁西地区中生代侵入岩期次划分

鲁西地区中生代有2个岩浆活动时期,中侏罗世岩浆活动规模较小,形成铜石杂岩体,锆石SHRIMP U Pb年龄167.9-183Ma,加权平均值为（175.7±3.8）Ma;早白垩世岩浆活动范围较广,生成多种岩石系列,形成济南—埠村—邹平—淄博金岭一带杂岩体和沂南县铜井、莱芜、蒙阴虎头崖、临朐铁寨等杂岩体,锆石SHRIMP和LA ICP MS U Pb测年结果为128-134Ma。     

阿尼玛卿蛇绿岩带花岗—英云闪长岩锆石U—Pb同位素定年及大地构造意义

对阿尼玛卿蛇绿岩带布青山段花岗—英云闪长岩进行的锆石U—Pb同位素定年及岩石化学研究表明,该岩体锆石U—Pb年龄为402±24Ma,归属加里东末期,并非二叠-三叠纪同造山岩浆活动的产物;岩石属钙碱系列,具岛弧花岗岩特征,暗示着本区在早古生代发生过洋壳俯冲及岛弧岩浆活动事件,并为本区早古生代蛇绿岩的存在提供了佐证。     

滇西梁河地区闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素特征及其地质意义

对滇西梁河地区早白垩世闪长岩岩株中的花岗闪长岩和闪长岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄测试,获得206Pb/238U年龄分别为118.7Ma±1.5Ma和119.8Ma±1.0Ma,表明它们与早白垩世花岗岩体基本同时形成。其中在闪长岩中发现1颗约140Ma的岩浆锆石,可能指示梁河地区早白垩世初期的岩浆事件,2颗晚三叠世锆石继承核的年龄分别为208.2Ma±6.7Ma和221.9Ma±2.4Ma,记录了印支期的岩浆活动。花岗闪长岩和闪长岩具有相似的全岩εNd(t)值(-8.03、-7.70),但却表现出不均一的锆石εHf(t)值(118.7Ma:-5.60~-3.28;119.8Ma:-6.73~-3.09),表明它们来自于结晶基底重熔的长英质岩浆与幔源岩浆的混合。不同锆石的Hf同位素组成显示,与北冈底斯带相比,滇西梁河地区早白垩世幔源组分参与花岗质岩石形成的程度较低。滇西梁河地区花岗闪长岩和闪长岩的形成,可能与地壳加厚的构造背景有关。     

辽东前任屯角闪岩形成的时代——锆石SHRIMP U—Pb定年证据

辽东前任屯角闪岩中锆石的阴极发光图像显示其具均匀的吸收条带,具有镁铁质超镁铁质岩中锆石的特征。锆石的SHRIMPU_Pb分析结果主要集中在谐和线上117～143Ma之间,206Pb/238U的平均年龄值为128.6±5.1Ma(204Pb校正的结果),表明前任屯角闪岩岩体的形成时间为早白垩世。研究区内早白垩世镁铁质超镁铁质岩石和花岗质岩石的共存,即双峰式岩浆作用的存在,表明华北克拉通东部早白垩世时期强烈伸展环境的存在,同时暗示中生代岩石圈地幔减薄达到了峰期。     

辽东半岛中生代花岗质岩浆作用的年代学格架

辽东半岛是我国东部中生代花岗质岩石较为发育的地区。传统观点认为,该区花岗岩以三叠-早中侏罗世（印支-早燕山期）为主。采用SHRIMP、TIMS和LA—ICPMS三种方法,对60余个样品中的锆石进行了U—Pb同位素年代学测定。根据这些资料,目前可以将该区中生代花岗质岩浆作用划分为3个阶段：三叠纪（233～212Ma）、侏罗纪（180～156Ma）和早白垩世（131～117Ma）。与以前认识不同的是,区内的花岗质岩石以早白垩世为主。对比华北地台其它地区中生代岩浆作用的年代学格架发现,三叠纪一侏罗纪花岗岩主要出现在华北东部,而早白垩世花岗岩在全区均较发育,这一分布特征为探讨华北中生代地质演化提供了重要信息。     

西藏嘉黎县措麦地区含石榴子石二云母花岗岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄及其意义

1.25万门巴区幅区域地质调查首次于嘉黎县措麦地区发现了含石榴子石二云母花岗岩，并对其进行了详细的野外地质研究。该花岗岩单颗粒锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄的测定结果为123．4Ma，是早白垩世岩浆活动的产物。岩石地球化学研究表明。属钙碱性系列的强过铝质S型花岗岩，是地壳重熔的产物。它的发现揭示了本区早白垩世的同碰撞事件，并为本区在晚侏罗世——早白垩世时期发生陆内汇聚作用提供了约束。     

藏南东部麻玛沟地区早古生代与中新世岩浆作用及其意义

喜马拉雅造山带东部错那县麻玛沟地区发育多种类型的花岗片麻岩和淡色花岗岩。锆石SHRIMP U-Pb地质年代学研究结果表明：花岗片麻岩（MM15）原岩结晶年龄为500.7±4.5Ma,含石榴子石淡色花岗岩中携带的继承性核部锆石年龄为498.6±3.4Ma,表明该地区经历了早古生代的岩浆作用事件。淡色花岗岩的结晶年龄区间为15.7~25.1Ma之间,为白云母脱水熔融的产物,可能是晚元古代-早古生代花岗质岩石发生低程度部分熔融的结果。锆石形态学表明该区的花岗片麻岩和淡色花岗岩均为过铝质花岗岩,并相对富集Cs、Rb、U、Pb,亏损Zr、Hf和低Nb/Ta比值,属于造山型花岗岩,支持该区域古生代岩浆作用事件与俯冲-碰撞造山作用相关,不是被动大陆边缘构造背景。结合前人数据推断：（1）从晚元古代末期开始,原特提斯洋向印度大陆的初始俯冲为自东向西的俯冲扩展模式;和（2）喜马拉雅造山带中新世淡色花岗岩为白云母脱水熔融和水致白云母熔融共同作用的结果,岩浆活动至少存在五个相。     

广西苍梧宝山铜多金属矿床花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

广西苍梧县宝山矿床位于大瑶山隆起区的东南部,是一个与石英斑岩有关的铜多金属矿床。本文对该矿区内花岗闪长岩、细粒花岗岩和石英斑岩进行了单颗粒锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年,获得了3件花岗闪长岩的~(206)Pb/~(238)U加权平均年龄分别为433.7±1.2 Ma、435.0±1.2 Ma和449.7±2.3 Ma;1件细粒花岗岩的~(206)Pb/~(238)U加权平均年龄为100.4±0.5 Ma,2件石英斑岩样品的~(206)Pb/~(238)U加权平均年龄分别为95.4±0.7 Ma和92.5±0.5 Ma。本文认为,宝山矿区存在晚奥陶世、早志留世、早白垩世晚期和晚白垩世早期等多期岩浆活动,与成矿有关的石英斑岩锆石U-Pb年龄揭示宝山铜铅锌多金属矿床形成于晚白垩世早期。这些高精度花岗岩锆石U-Pb测年数据为进一步深入研究大瑶山地区的岩浆活动及其成矿作用提供了重要的年代学依据。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。