云南麻栗坡南温河钨矿床黑云母Ar-Ar同位素年龄及地质意义

<正>云南麻栗坡南温河矿床位于滇东南多金属成矿带中。滇东南地区位地处华南板块、扬子板块与三江褶皱系的结合部位,自元古代以来历经多期次的构造变形及岩浆演化。其中,在该区个旧、薄竹山和老君山一带沿NW向近等距展布有3个大的复式花岗岩体,围绕岩体分布有个旧锡     

滇东南老君山矿集区马卡钨铍稀有金属矿床花岗岩年代学归属

滇东南地区处于扬子板块和华夏板块交汇处,该区地质活动频繁、成矿条件优越,分布有个旧岩体、薄竹山岩体、老君山岩体,并伴随形成了以个旧锡矿床、白牛厂银多金属矿床、都龙锡锌矿床为代表的大型-超大型矿床,构成了我国重要的滇东南钨锡多金属成矿带。马卡钨铍多金属矿床分布于老君山岩体北缘,位于重要的滇东南成矿带上,该矿床与区内的马卡花岗岩成因上具有密切联系。本文通过对马卡花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素年代学开展了系统研究,探讨了该花岗岩的形成年龄、物质来源等。结果显示,马卡花岗岩年龄位于400～415 Ma之间,表明其形成于加里东期,应归属于加里东期的南温河系列花岗岩系列,而不是燕山期老君山花岗岩的组成部分。马卡花岗岩具有高硅(w（SiO₂）=72.47%～74.63%)、高碱(w（Na₂O+K₂O）=7.02%～7.79%)、高钾(w（K₂O）>w（Na₂O）)、强过铝质(I_A/I_CNK>1.11)等特征,Y、Th与Rb演...     

云南白牛厂银多金属矿床喷流沉积成因证据:容矿岩石的地球化学约束

滇东南是否存在广泛的热水沉积活动已成为制约滇东南三大多金属矿床(个旧、都龙、白牛厂)成因研究的主要因素之一。系统研究了白牛厂银多金属矿床容矿岩石的地球化学特征,研究表明:矿床容矿岩石主量元素数据均投影于火山及海底热卤水成因区域内;稀土元素明显分为两组,稀土元素总量较高的样品可能与较多的正常沉积物的加入有关;稀土元素总量较低的样品具有与加拿大沙利文矿山的条带状富电气石热液沉积岩和加拿大Agnico-Eugle矿山的铁建造中的条带状燧石岩相似的稀土元素配分模式与标准化参数;同时,微量元素对的演化趋势与现代大洋热水沉积物相似,而且As、Sb和Ag含量与大厂和个旧热水沉积硅质岩相当。推测白牛厂银多金属矿床属热水沉积成矿,只是在距花岗岩体较近的部位遭受了部分叠加改造。     

滇东南个旧白云山碱性岩年代学和地球化学及成因意义

报道了滇东南个旧超大型锡多金属矿区西区北部白云山碱性岩新的锆石U-Pb年龄、全岩地球化学和Sr-Nd同位素数据。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,白云山碱性正长岩形成于晚白垩世(80.0±0.6 Ma),与个旧地区的中基性岩及花岗岩均为同一次构造岩浆事件的产物;碱性正长岩与霞石正长岩具有相似的主微量元素地球化学特征及Sr-Nd同位素组成,暗示二者很可能是源于同一富集地幔源区并经历了不同程度演化的产物。结合已有的元素和同位素组成结果,认为碱性岩、中基性岩和成矿花岗岩很可能分别源自富集的岩石圈地幔、正常的岩石圈地幔和地壳源区。在晚白垩世伸展构造背景控制下,源于不均一岩石圈地幔的碱性和中基性的岩浆底侵,促使中下地壳岩石部分熔融形成花岗质熔体,在上升至近地表过程中引起构造活动带成矿物质的富集,从而形成个旧超大型锡多金属矿床的矿化格局。可以说,源于富集地幔的碱性岩浆在含矿花岗质岩浆的成岩成矿过程中,应不只是提供热量的贡献。     

滇东南构造岩浆带花岗岩体的含矿性探讨

滇东南构造岩浆带燕山期花岗岩构成了个旧及薄竹山—老君山两个同源岩浆演化系列,两系列平行演化并控制了锡多金属矿床的形成。本文从数理统计方面,对各岩体尤其是尚未发现的锡多金属矿床的岩体的含矿性进行评价,认为神仙水与白沙冲两岩体有希望找到具有工业价值的锡多金属矿床。     

个旧-大厂地区地质构造演化及锡多金属成矿

个旧-大厂锡多金属矿床不是简单的燕山晚期地台环境的“花岗岩岩浆期后气液矿床”，矿区地处三大板块的交接部位附近的个旧-大厂锡矿，前泥盆纪区域构造岩浆活动及锡多金属成矿作用强烈，泥盆纪-三叠纪裂谷作用和锡多金属成矿特点突出。泥盆纪受北西向同沉积断裂控制，在南丹-河池一带裂谷作用明显，发生了海底喷流成矿，加上印支-燕山期构造岩浆改造，形成了大厂锡矿。三叠纪受北东向个旧-兴义-晴隆同沉积断裂控制，在个旧、兴义一带发生的裂谷作用，伴随基性火山成矿、喷流热水沉积成矿和燕山晚期花岗岩改造(叠加)成矿，从而形成了个旧锡矿。     

滇东南个旧白云山碱性岩年代学和地球化学及成因意义滇东南个旧白云山碱性岩年代学和地球化学及成因意义

报道了滇东南个旧超大型锡多金属矿区西区北部白云山碱性岩新的锆石U-Pb年龄、全岩地球化学和Sr-Nd同位素数据。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,白云山碱性正长岩形成于晚白垩世（80.0±0.6 Ma）,与个旧地区的中基性岩及花岗岩均为同一次构造岩浆事件的产物;碱性正长岩与霞石正长岩具有相似的主微量元素地球化学特征及Sr-Nd同位素组成,暗示二者很可能是源于同一富集地幔源区并经历了不同程度演化的产物。结合已有的元素和同位素组成结果,认为碱性岩、中基性岩和成矿花岗岩很可能分别源自富集的岩石圈地幔、正常的岩石圈地幔和地壳源区。在晚白垩世伸展构造背景控制下,源于不均一岩石圈地幔的碱性和中基性的岩浆底侵,促使中下地壳岩石部分熔融形成花岗质熔体,在上升至近地表过程中引起构造活动带成矿物质的富集,从而形成个旧超大型锡多金属矿床的矿化格局。可以说,源于富集地幔的碱性岩浆在含矿花岗质岩浆的成岩成矿过程中,应不只是提供热量的贡献。     

滇东南老君山地区晚白垩世花岗岩的成因

老君山花岗岩体位于滇东南地区的文山州麻栗坡县境内,是个旧-薄竹山-老君山岩浆-成矿系统中最东部的一个岩体.该岩体侵入到老君山地区前寒武纪变质地层中,是一个多期次岩浆侵入形成的复式岩体,其岩性主要为似斑状黑云母花岗岩,粗粒-中粗粒黑云母/二云母花岗岩,中粗粒黑云母/二云母二长花岗岩.本文提供了老君山花岗岩6个锆石的LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果,为88.9±1.1Ma~93.9±2.0Ma之间,表明老君山花岗岩是白垩世晚期岩浆作用产物.全岩化学分析结果显示老君山花岗岩属过铝质高钾钙碱性S型花岗岩.锆石的ε_Hf(t)值变化于-9.94~-5.01之间,平均值为-7.29,锆石Hf的两阶段模式年龄为t_DM^C=1.8~1.4Ga,上述特点表明,老君山花岗岩浆的源岩是滇东南地区早元古代结晶基底中的变泥砂质岩类.结合前人的研究资料,论证了老君山花岗岩的成因及其与区域成矿作用的关系,提出老君山花岗岩及其附近的钨锡多金属矿床同属于岩石圈板块强烈伸展作用下的产物,其中钨锡多金属矿床的形成与早期岩石圈板块的伸展及基底变质岩中成矿物质的活化迁移有关,而老君山花岗岩是在燕山晚期岩石圈强烈伸展与地幔物质上涌的背景下,由基底变泥砂质岩石的部分熔融作用形成的.燕山晚期岩石圈的强烈伸展、地幔上涌及花岗岩浆作用,不仅为成矿物质的活化迁移提供了热动力条件,而且还可能提供了成矿物质.正是因为燕山晚期岩石圈的强烈伸展、地幔上涌及花岗岩浆作用对早期矿床的叠加与改造,可能是该区大规模成矿作用的主要机制,也可能是形成该区大型与超大型钨锡多金属矿床的主要原因之一.     

滇东南燕山晚期与岩浆作用有关的多金属成矿作用

滇东南地区产出有个旧锡多金属矿床、白牛厂银-铅-锌-锡多金属矿床和都龙锡-锌-铜3个超大型多金属矿床(图1),而矿床的成因争议始终伴随着研究的整个过程,本文通过成岩成矿年代学研究探讨了滇东南3个超大型多金属矿床与岩浆作用的关系。1地质概况     

滇东南燕山晚期老君山花岗岩的地球化学特征与年龄谱系

对滇东南燕山晚期老君山花岗岩开展了全岩主-微量元素、Sr-Nd-Pb同位素、锆石LA-MC-ICPMS U-Pb定年研究。结果表明该岩体岩石化学成分总体上属于高K钙碱性系列,其铝饱和指数ACNK多大于1.1;标准矿物计算显示大多数样品含有标准刚玉分子(1%~5%);认为老君山花岗岩为过铝-强过铝S型花岗岩,是古老地壳物质部分熔融的产物,其源岩可能为滇东南地区中-古元古代结晶基底中的一套变质泥岩为主,含少量变质硬砂岩的泥砂质副变质岩。根据锆石U-Pb定年结果,可将该复式岩体形成年龄分为80~88 Ma、90~98 Ma、100~118 Ma等三幕。老君山花岗岩成岩与锡矿化时代的一致性,表明都龙锡矿化与燕山期岩浆热液活动关系密切,老君山花岗岩是都龙锡锌多金属矿床成矿物质的主要源区。滇东南个旧、白牛厂和都龙等三个超大型矿床的成矿和成岩时代的耦合关系可能暗示其经历了相似的动力学背景,均与燕山期岩浆事件和华南岩石圈伸展密切相关。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.