页岩油岩心样品洗油实验效率对比分析

页岩储层中的裂缝和微纳米级孔隙是页岩油的主要赋存空间。岩心样品高效无损洗油是页岩孔隙结构表征和页岩油赋存研究的关键,但是目前的实验方案并不统一。通过调研总结常用的洗油方法,针对现行广泛使用的浸泡抽提法、快速萃取法以及气驱+索氏抽提法对大港油田沧东凹陷孔二段页岩(块样,1 cm×1 cm×1 cm)进行洗油测试,利用Rock-Eval 热解仪和气相色谱仪对洗油前后的样品以及萃取出的可溶有机质进行了实验效果对比和三种方法之间的优劣性分析。研究结果表明,随着实验时间的延长萃取物中重烃含量逐渐增加,且低孔低渗的页岩岩心在常温常压下难以达到理想的洗油效果。升温和增压可以提高洗油效率,但长时间的高温作用会使部分重烃和吸附组分裂解,当裂解的速度大于轻烃组分被萃取的速度时,S₁值会出现随着洗油时间上升的现象;合适的压力条件可以有效促进洗油速率,但如果条件控制不好会造成样品破碎或者内部孔隙被破坏。建议在洗油过程中采用较低的压力、常温或者稍微加温以加快实验速度,驱替法和抽提法结合会有更好的效果。     

利用测井信息评价盐湖相烃源岩

盐湖相烃源岩富含膏、盐质成分,使其测井响应特征发生极大改变,给测井评价烃源岩带来困难。基于实测数据,分析了盐湖相烃源岩中普遍发育的纯泥岩、含膏(盐)泥岩和膏(盐)质泥岩有机碳含量的测井响应模式,发现纯泥岩和含膏(盐)泥岩TOC与AC和LogRt呈正比,与DEN呈反比,膏(盐)质泥岩TOC与DEN呈正比,与LogRt呈反比,并基于此建立了盐湖相烃源岩测井评价方法,即首先利用ΔGR区分岩性,再针对不同岩性建立TOC评价模型,最后根据实测S₁+S₂和TOC建立相关关系,就可以求取烃源岩的TOC和S₁+S₂。利用该方法对东营凹陷沙四下亚段烃源岩性质和展布进行分析,发现预测TOC与实测TOC吻合程度高,具有一定推广价值。     

中国昆明地区岩溶洞穴洞口带苔藓植物研究

为了研究中国西南岩溶洞穴植物区系与生物多样性特征, 作者曾两次对云南昆明地区12个岩溶洞穴进行了野外考察和苔藓植物标本采集工作。其中含昆明市石灰岩洞穴1个, 石林县石灰岩洞穴5个和宜良县白云岩洞穴6个。根据采自12个岩溶洞穴洞口带的164件苔藓植物标本研究, 本文首次报道昆明地区洞穴苔藓植物10科18属25种。昆明地区洞穴中分布较多的苔藓植物科有丛藓科( Po ttiaceae) 5属8种,凤尾藓科( Fi ssidentaceae ) 1属4种,柳叶藓科( Amblystegiaceae ) 3 属3 种和青藓(Brachytheciaceae ) 2属3种。溶洞中较常见的4种苔藓植物种类是萤光苔类植物光苔Cyathodiumcavernarum Kunze ( 见于6个溶洞中) , 小凤尾藓Fissidens bryoides Hedw ( 见于4个溶洞中) , 橙色净口藓Gymnostonum calcareum Nees et Ho rsch (见于3 个溶洞中)和长叶扭口藓Tortella tortuosa( Hedw ) Limp ( 见于3个溶洞中)。野外观察表明,受洞穴弱光环境生态因子的限制, 昆明地区洞穴苔藓植物主要生长于洞穴洞口0～ 26m带范围内; 2种丛集型藓类植物, 橙色净口藓Gymnostonumcalcareum Nees et Horsch, 和钩喙净口藓G.recurvirost re Hedw 参与洞口带钟乳石或石笋钙华沉积。      

Analysis on the deployment of mining research supported by the grant program of Deep Resources Exploration and Mining

The Deep Resources Exploration and Mining(DREAM) grant program, within the framework of The National Key Research and Development Program grants, is a pillar to implement China's science and technology strategy in the area of deep resources exploitation. To tackle the insufficient of theories and technologies for the 1000-meter-deep mining, a section of mining, covering the research of basic theories, general technologies and application demonstration, was arranged in the layout of DREAM under the principle of "whole chain design, integrated implementation". In the aspect of basic research, DREAM mainly focused on the deep rock mechanics and mining theory, such as the in-situ mechanical behavior of deep rock, deep high stress induction and energy regulation theory. For the general and key technologies, DREAM supported the research on the mine construction and hoisting, excavation, rock breaking, mining methods and mining safety according to the characteristics of coal and metal mines. For the demonstration application, taking green, safe and efficient as the starting point, DREAM aimed at the green, safe and high efficiency mining, and the demonstration and leading role projects such as the low-waste and high-efficiency back fill mining. Since 2016, 10 RD projects have been funded, and 122 institutional participants with a total budget of RMB 235 million from the central government and RMB 480 million from enterprises as well as local governments have been involved. It is expected that the mining section of DREAM would contribute to establishing the theory and technology system in the area of deep mining and promoting the ability of deep resource exploitation in China.     

Principles of Probabilistic Regional Mineral Resource Estimation

Five principal sources of uncertainty in quantitative mineral resource estimation are listed and illustrated by means of a simple example (mosaic model) and a case history study for large copper deposits in the Abitibi area of the Canadian Shield. Abitibi copper potential originally was estimated on the basis of 1968 estimates of production and reserves totalling 3.12 Mt Cu. This prognostication now could be evaluated on the basis of 2008 copper production and reserves totalling 9.50 Mt Cu. An earlier hindsight study performed on the basis of 1977 data (totalling 5.23 Mt Cu) showed seven new discoveries occurring either in the immediate vicinities of known deposits or on broad regional copper anomalies predicted from the 1968 inputs. By 1977, the global geographic distribution pattern of large copper deposits in the Abitibi area had stabilized. During the next 30 years, new copper was essentially found close to existing deposits, much of it deeper down in the Earth's crust. In this paper, uncertainties associated with copper ore tonnage are analyzed by comparison of 2008 data with 1968 data using (a) log-log plots of size versus rank, and (b) lognormal QQ-plots. Straight lines fitted by least squares on these plots show that 1968 slopes provide good estimates of 2008 slopes but 1968 intercepts are much less than 2008 intercepts. In each linear log-weight versus log-rank plot, the slope is related to fractal dimension of a Pareto frequency distribution, and in a lognormal QQ-plot it is determined by logarithmic variance. The difference between 2008 and 1968 intercepts represents the increase in copper ore production and reserves from 1968 to 2008. The Pareto model fits actual copper and massive sulphides increase over the past 40 years better than the lognormal frequency distribution model for 10 km×10 km cells on favorable environments in the Abitibi area.      

Application of 3D Static Modelling in Reservoir Characterization: A Case Study from the Qishn Formation in Sharyoof Oil Field, Masila Basin, Yemen

Three-dimensional(3 D)static modelling techniques are applied to the characterization of the Qishn Formation(Fm.)in the Sharyoof oil field locating within the Masila basin,southeastern Yemen.The present study was initiated by the seismic structural interpretation,followed by building a 3 D structural framework,in addition to analysing well log data and from these,3 D facies and petrophysical models are constructed.In the Sharyoof oil field,the Qishn Fm.exhibits depth values within the range of 400-780 m below sea level,with a general increase towards the SSE.A set of high dip angle normal faults with a general ENE-WSW trend dissect the rocks.The strata are also folded as a main anticline with an axis that is parallel to the fault trend,formed as a result of basement uplift.According to the facies models,the Qishn Fm.comprises 43.83% limestone,21.53% shale,21.26% sandstone,13.21% siltstone and 0.17% dolomite.The Qishn Carbonates Member has low porosity values making it a potential seal for the underlying reservoirs whereas the Upper Qishn Clastics SI A and C have good reservoir quality and SIB has fair reservoir quality.The Upper Qishn Clastics S2 and S3 also have fair reservoir quality,while the Lower Qishn Clastics zone has good reservoir quality.The water saturation decreases towards the west and east and increases towards north and south.The total original oil in-place(OOIP)of the Upper Qishn clastics is 106 million STB within the SI A,SIC and S2 zones.Drilling of development wells is recommended in the eastern study area,where good trapping configuration is exhibited in addition to the presence of a potential seal(Upper Qishn Carbonates Member)and reservoir(Qishn Clastics Member)with high porosity and low water saturation.     

印度共和国地质构造与区域成矿

印度共和国位于南亚次大陆中部,陆地面积297.32万km2(不包括印控克什米尔地区与锡金),北部为喜马拉雅高山区,海拔平均为5500m;中部是印度河-恒河-布拉马普特河(在中国境内称雅鲁藏布江)平原,平均海拔100~200m,是印度经济最发达、人口最稠密地区;南部是印度半岛高原区,西高东低,     

多年冻土环境对寒区天然气管线稳定性的影响

Field investigations of several gas mains in different geosystems were carried out in Noviy Urengoy region (Eastern Siberia) in September, 2003. There were on ground pipelines covered with peat or sand. In case of small rivers pipelines were elevated by pile support on the shores. Because pipelines were applied in cryolithozone that means special secure methods used in pipeline systems functioning and operating. There are multiple sites of natural landscapes destructed or totally destroyed during building and exploiting of the pipelines. That causes negative cryogenic processes development. The most dangerous one is the heaving, that reaches up to several meters in humid landscapes. The complex thermoerosion, thermokarst and heaving occur very often at one site. The heaving of piles leads to pipe deformations and the emergency situations to occur. It is possible to predict negative cryogenic processes development and so far to reduce an emergency risk.     

Water in coesite: Incorporation mechanism and operation condition,solubility and P-T dependence,and contribution to water transport and coesite preservation

A series of coesite,coexisting with or without a liquid phase,was synthesized in the nominal system SiO2-H2O at800-1450℃and 5 GPa.Micro-Raman spectroscopy was used to identity the crystalline phase,electron microprobe and LA-ICP-MS were employed to quantity some major and trace elements,and unpolarized FTIR spectroscopy was applied to probe the different types of hydrogen defects,explore water-incorporation mechanisms and quantify water contents.Trace amounts of A1 and B were detected in the coesite.Combining our results with the results in the literatures,we have found no positive correlation between the Al contents and the"Al"-based hydrogen concentrations,suggesting that previously proposed hydrogen-incorporation mechanism H^++Al^3+■Si^4+does not function in coesite.In contrast,we have confirmed the positive correlation between the B contents and the B-based hydrogen concentrations.The hydrogen-incorporation mechanism H^++B3^+■Si^4+readily takes place in coesite at different P-T conditions,and significantly increases the water content at both liquid-saturated and liquid-undersaturated conditions.For the SiO2-H2O system,we have found that type-Ⅰhydrogarnet substitution plays a dictating role in incorporating water into coesite at liquid-saturated condition,type-II hydrogarnet substitution contributes significantly at nearly dry condition,and both operate at conditions in between.The water solubility of coesite,as dictated by the type-Ⅰhydrogarnet substitution,positively correlates with both P and T,cH2O=-105(30)+5.2(32)×P+0.112(26)×T,with cH2O in wt ppm,P in GPa and T in℃.Due to its low water solubility and small fraction in subducted slabs,coesite may contribute insignificantly to the vertical water transport in subduction zones.Furthermore,the water solubility of any coesite in exhuming ultra-high pressure metamorphic rocks should be virtually zero as coesite becomes metastable.With an adequately fast waterdiffusion rate,this metastable coesite should be completely dry,which may have been the key factor to the partial preservation of most natural Coe.As a byproduct,a new IR experimental protocol for accurate water determination in optically anisotropic nominally anhydrous minerals has been found.Aided with the empirical method of Paterson(1982)it employs multiple unpolarized IR spectra,collected from randomly-orientated mineral grains,to approximate both total integrated absorbance and total integrated molar absorption coefficient.Its success relies on a high-level orientation randomness in the IR analyses.     

Magmatic and hydrothermal zircon growth during multiple orogenic cycles in an evolving mantle wedge

The Hongseong area of the Hongseong-Imjingang Belt in the central-western Korean Peninsula forms part of a subduction-collision system that is correlated with the Qinling-Dabie-Sulu Belt in China. Several serpentinized ultramafic bodies carrying blocks of metamorphosed mafic rocks occur in this area. Here we investigate zircon grains in serpentinites from Bibong(BB) and Wonnojeon(WNJ), and high-pressure(HP) mafic granulite from Baekdong(BD) localities based on U-Pb, REE and Lu-Hf analyses. The zircons from BD HP mafic granulite show distinct age peaks at 838 Ma, 617 Ma and 410 Ma, with minor peaks at1867 Ma, 1326 Ma and 167 Ma. The Neoproterozoic age peaks in these rocks as well as in the serpentinites suggest subduction-related melt-fluid interaction in the mantle wedge at this time. The older zircon grains ranging in age from the Early to Middle Paleoproterozoic might represent detrital grains from the basement rocks transferred to the wedge mantle through sediment subduction. The BD HP mafic granulite shows a Middle Paleozoic age peak(Devonian; 410 Ma). The 242-245 Ma age peaks in the compiled age data of zircon grains serpentinites from BB and WNJ correspond to a major Triassic event that further added melts and fluids into the ancient mantle wedge to crystallize new zircons. In the chondrite normalized rare earth element diagram, the magmatic zircon grains from the studied rocks show LREE depletion and HREE enrichment with sharply negative Eu and Pr anomalies and positive Ce and Sm anomalies. The REE patterns of hydrothermal zircons show LREE enrichment, and relatively flat patterns with negative Eu anomaly. Zircon Hf signature from the WNJ serpentinite show negative εHf(t)(-18.5 and-23.5) values indicating an enriched mantle source with TDM in the range of 1614 Ma and1862 Ma. Zircons from the BD HP mafic granulite also show slightly negative εHf(t)(average-4.3) and TDM in the range of 1365-1935 Ma. Our study provides evidence for multiple zircon growth in an evolving mantle wedge that witnessed melt and fluid interaction during different orogenic cycles.     

原油水洗作用与高凝固点原油的成因探讨

高凝固点原油在油藏开采过程中是一个非常棘手的问题,研究高凝固点原油的成因,对于开采过程中降低高凝固点原油的工艺措施具有重大指导意义。对取自大港油田的高凝固点原油样品从轻烃、全烃、饱和烃色质、芳烃色是行测试分析,并结合实际地质情况综合判断,认为该区的高凝固点原油的成因与原油在运移过程中遭受的水洗作用有关,轻烃尤其是苯和甲苯等轻芳烃的散失是造成原油具有高凝固点的重要原因。还对水洗作用对一些常用的原油轻     

Response surface methodology approach to the optimization of oil hydrocarbon polluted soil remediation using enhanced soil washing

One of the environmental concerns in recent decades is the prevalence of different pollutants in soil. Hence, the importance of remediation has led to the development of various methods to remediate polluted soil. Among these methods, soil washing has gained significant attention to treat polluted soils. In this paper, the response surface methodology was applied in order to determine the optimal conditions for total petroleum hydrocarbon remediation using nonionic surfactant Brij35 in soil environment. The effect of different factors in soil washing process including surfactant solution concentration and volume, washing time, age of pollution and frequency of washing are evaluated. The predicted values for total petroleum hydrocarbon remediation efficiency by the response functions are in a very close agreement with experimental data (R-2= 98.75 %). The second order model was developed as experimented response and optimal conditions were obtained by analyzing the contour and surface plots and also by solving the regression equation using LINGO 9.0 software. The optimal concentrations (8 g/L), volume of surfactant solution (500 mL), washing time (75 min), age of pollution (29 days) and frequency of washing (three times) are determined. In this optimal condition, the removal efficiency has been observed to be 93.54 % which conforms to the results of process optimization using response surface methodology. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the response surface methodology is a suitable approach to determine the optimal conditions of soil washing to remediate organic hydrophobic pollutants using the nonionic surfactant Brij35 from the soil.     

Quantitative assessment and significance of gas washing of oil in Block 9 of the Tahe Oilfield, Tarim Basin, NW China

Some Ordovician and Triassic oils in Block 9 are characterized by light oils,which have distinctly differentiated from heavy oils in other blocks in the Tahe Oilfield,Tarim Basin.Based on the whole oil gas chroma- tograms,this paper estimates the effect of oil migration and fractionation and the amount of depletion(Q)in terms of the n-alkanes depletion model.The results showed that the amount of depletion in the Ordovician reservoir is highest in the east of this block,e.g.the depletion is 97% in Well T904.The amount of Q gets lower to the west,e.g.the depletion is 53.4%in Well T115 and there is no sign of depletion in Well S69.It is suggested that the direction of gas washing is from the east to the west.The compositions and isotopic characteristics of associated gas in Ordovician oils indicated that the gas might be derived from Cambrian source rocks of the Caohu Depression which lies to the east of Block 9.In contrast,no obvious depletion of n-alkanes in Triassic oils was found,suggesting that the migration pathway of natural gas has been limited to the Ordovician karst fracture system formed in the Early Hercynian Orogeny.Different depletions of the Ordovician and Triassic oils can reveal fault activities in this region.     

Pressure-assisted cyclic washing of heavy-metal-contaminated sediments

Remediation of heavy-metal-contaminated sediment is often hampered by the availability of heavy metals to the added chemical agents because the heavy metals are often shielded by the sediment matrix. Effective heavy-metal extraction technique becomes an important factor in enhancing the treatment efficiency. A novel extraction/washing technique utilizing chelating agent and elevated pressure in consecutive cycles of compression and decompression has been developed for heavy-metal-contaminated sediment washing in the presence of chelating agent. In this study, the optimal operational conditions of pressure-assisted cyclic washing of Cu-contaminated sediments (initial Cu concentration = 23.177 mg/kg) were determined in a laboratory-scale system. The control factors included applied pressure level, washing time, applied chelant [ethylenediamine-tertraacetic (EDTA)] concentration (0.01–0.5 M), pressure times, and application of consecutive batches washing. Results from the bench-scale study showed that up to 70 % of Cu can be removed from the sediments when 10 atm of pressure was applied for washing. The efficiency dropped to 55 % when the pressure dropped to 6 atm. Under the same operational conditions, the optimal cyclic washing time was 60 min. Results from the particle size analyses indicate that the mean particle size dropped from 100 to 50 μm after the pressure-assisted cyclic washing. Thus, cyclic pressure caused the fracture of sediment aggregates resulting in the exposure of Cu to chelating agents. With the assistance of pressure cyclic system, the total washing time and the amount of added chemical agent used can be significantly reduced.     

强烈气洗作用导致原油成分变化的定量计算:以库车坳陷天然气藏为例

库车坳陷以产天然气为主,同时产出少量原油和凝析油,油气充注不同步,普遍具有"油早气晚"的特点,晚期大量天然气的侵入,必然对早期聚集的油藏发生改造作用。对气藏中原油成分变化的定量计算和讨论,可为天然气的注入强度定量评价提供直接证据。未遭受气洗的原油,正构烷烃摩尔浓度的对数与相应的碳数呈线性关系,而气洗作用可使轻组分的正构烷烃最先溶解于干气中,并随着天然气继续向前运移,原始油藏中的轻组分正构烷烃大大减少。以此为理论基础,建立了正构烷烃损失的定量计算模型。结果表明克拉2构造原油正构烷烃损失程度最高,平均可达70%左右,大北构造带原油正构烷烃损失程度差异较大,与该地区断块发育有关。气洗作用导致原油正构烷烃减少,而金刚烷、多环芳烃等在天然气中溶解度较低的化合物得以浓缩富集,相对含量大大增加。轻芳烃含量也会随之而增加,原油芳香度增加,石蜡度降低。在模拟实验基础上对气洗程度进行了定量评价,初步估算表明,克拉2构造原油遭受的气洗作用最强,是其他构造带的2～5倍。     

气洗作用对油气组分影响的理论探讨

用PR状态方程定量计算和分析了部分常用地球化学参数随气洗次数的变化规律及这些参数与气洗方式之间的关系;定义了相对溶解度(α)和残留能力(h)的概念;推导出了凝析油和残留油中化合物含量比值与α、h之间的理论关系.从理论上证明,同一次气洗形成的凝析油中正构组分含量比值nCm/nCm 1必然大于残留油中nCm/nCm 1;同一油藏早期气洗凝析油中比晚期气洗凝析油中含有更丰富的轻质组分.并且给出了不同期次气洗凝析油中组分的变化规律.最后,用理论研究的结果探讨了松辽盆地古龙凹陷古31井Hl气层中凝析油的成因.     

An analysis of medium losses in coal washing plants

A major operating cost in dense-medium separation is in replacement of lost medium solids. The loss of medium solids, being costly, plays a crucial role in determining the economics of any preparation operation. Coal washeries that employ dense-medium cyclones often attempt optimization of the processes by varying the vortex or the spigot diameter and the feed relative density. While these changes help in closer control of the separation process, they also result in medium losses due to changes in the medium split ratio (ratio of the medium flow rate in overflow to underflow). Since medium solids are lost by adhesion to products and as magnetic separator effluent, the effect of the change in medium split ratio on the drain-and-rinse screens and, hence, the magnetic separator circuit needs to be studied. In Tata Steel's coal washeries, at Jharkhand India, which employs primary and secondary dense-medium cyclones in series to produce clean coal, middlings and rejects, reducing the relative density of feed medium, had an insignificant effect on the medium split ratio. On the other hand, changing the cone ratio (ratio of the overflow diameter to the underflow diameter) changed the relative density and the flow rates through the cyclone outlets, thus affecting the performance of the magnetite recovery circuit.A systematic study through laboratory tests and a detailed plant sampling campaign helped in identifying the causes of magnetite loss. Upon implementation of the recommendations, the magnetite losses decreased, resulting in a saving of approximately US$27,500 per annum. The study also helped in evolving some checkpoints for plant operators for identifying magnetite losses.     

注水开发过程中原油的水洗作用初探

注水开发过程中的水洗作用是一个以往被忽略,但又十分重要的问题.通过对3口井、时间间隔为20年的6个原油样品系统的地球化学测试与对比研究,探讨了注水开发过程中水洗作用对原油的改造作用以及各种地球化学参数的变化特征和规律.结果表明,在注水开发过程中,水洗作用对芳烃的影响远大于饱和烃,主要表现在芳烃组分的含量明显降低,一些芳烃类化合物的含量和芳烃参数也发生了显著的变化.认为这些变化是注水开发过程中原油遭受水洗作用的特征性标志,并对油源对比和油气运移等研究具有参考意义.     

应力-溶解耦合作用下的盐腔水溶建腔机制研究

通过分析岩盐应力-溶解耦合效应对盐腔水溶建腔过程的影响,研究应力-溶解耦合作用下的盐腔水溶建腔机制。研究表明,在盐腔成腔过程中,应力-溶解耦合效应对盐腔形状的影响不可忽略;应力-溶解耦合作用下的盐腔水溶建腔机制在于溶蚀作用下在水的溶蚀影响范围内的腔壁围岩力学性质发生变化,同时,由于腔壁边界处围岩力学性质的改变,造成盐腔内部溶蚀过程发生变化,从而使盐腔形态发生改变;根据应力-溶解耦合作用下的盐腔水溶建腔机制,建立应力-溶解耦合作用下的盐腔水溶建腔计算方法;使用编制的应力-溶解耦合作用下的盐腔形态变化计算程序以及FLAC计算软件对水溶建腔过程进行计算。计算结果表明,相比于纯溶解作用,应力-溶解耦合作用下计算得到的盐腔形状与实际溶腔形状较为符合。该研究成果可为进一步研究储库盐腔水溶建腔机制提供理论依据和分析基础。