秦岭造山带矿床成矿系列与演化

本文将矿床成矿系列的概念应用于秦岭造山带区域成矿规律研究。秦岭及邻区共有21个矿床成矿系列和24个亚系列,经历过6个构造-成矿旋回。秦岭区域成矿系列与构造-成矿旋回之间具有内在成生联系,其演化具旋回性和跨代现象：中、新元古代至早古生代与中、新生代为两个成矿高蜂期,分别对应秦岭造山带由陆缘裂谷向板块构造和由板块构造向陆内造山两次最重要的构造体制转化期：与火成活动及地壳开裂有关的成矿作用规模和强度在造山带的南、北成矿域及东、西成矿域之间具明显的旋回性和时-空振荡性演化特征。     

新疆库鲁克塔格成矿带主要矿床类型及成矿系列划分

库鲁克塔格是新疆前寒武纪出露较全的地区,然而该区区域成矿规律研究程度非常低.通过对研究区已有资料进行总结分析,系统阐述研究区矿床类型,并对其成矿系列进行划分.研究区从太古代到早古生代形成了7个主要的岩浆构造演化阶段:古太古代陆核形成阶段(3.3~3.0 Ga)、新太古代-古元古代陆壳增生改造阶段(2.6~2.3 Ga)、古元古代中晚期陆壳改造阶段(2.1~1.8 Ga)、中元古代晚期-新元古代早期造山运动阶段(1.1~0.86 Ga)、新元古代中期后碰撞伸展阶段(830~800 Ma)、新元古代中晚期陆内裂解阶段(770~600 Ma)和早古生代造陆运动阶段.成矿作用主要发生在古元古代、新元古代及早古生代.依据各构造演化阶段、含矿建造特征及矿床成因特征,将库鲁克塔格成矿作用类型总结为以下6个主要成矿系列,即形成于古元古代陆壳增生改造环境下的Fe-P-Cu-Au系列、新元古代俯冲碰撞环境下的Cu-Au系列、新元古代后碰撞环境下的Cu-Mo-Au-Fe-P-REE系列、新元古代裂解环境下的Cu-Ni系列、早古生代沉积盆地中Ag-V-Mo-Au-U-P系列和早古生代俯冲岛弧环境下的Cu-Au系列.      

秦岭造山带金属成矿系统

秦岭造山带是一个多旋回复合大陆碰撞造山带，是我国重要的多金属成矿带之一，自太古代以来秦岭经历了四大构造演化阶段及多种构造体制的转化，导致了多期构造热事件和成矿作用的发生，形成了多个构造成矿旋回，为秦岭金属元素的大规模富集成矿创造了条件，根据构造，建造，成矿作用及矿床组合特征，从早到晚可将秦岭区域成矿划分为六大成矿系统。其中，中晚元古代与海相火山岩及岛弧菌浆活动有关的成矿系统，早古生代与海相火山热液有关的成矿系统，海西期与海底热液及岩浆作用有关的成矿系统及中生代与陆内造山体制构造一岩浆活动有关的成矿系统对成矿的贡献最大，成矿系统的叠加是区内大多数大型，超大型矿床形成的前提。     

秦祁昆造山带重要成矿事件与构造响应

古亚洲构造域和特提斯构造域叠加作用的秦祁昆造山带,在中国显生宙大陆壳形成中起着重要作用。其构造演化复杂,成矿作用多样,古生代及中、新生代为重要成矿时期,并伴有元古宙的重要成矿事件。通过秦祁昆造山带成矿事件的研究,将成矿事件与所处的构造位置紧密联系,发现重要成矿事件均对应特殊的构造响应。其中,西昆仑古元古代塔什库尔干磁铁矿,是一个重要的成"铁"事件;阿尔金与东昆仑构造带交汇的祁漫塔格矿集区是一个重要的构造结,新发现的重要矿产是构造转换、多期次构造作用的产物;祁连山北邻龙首山中产出的金川巨型岩浆铜镍矿床,是元古宙大规模幔源物质上涌的岩浆事件;马元铅锌矿是比较典型的MVT型矿床类型,与秦岭的构造演化历程相一致。     

内蒙古阿贵庙地区地质构造演化与成矿响应探讨

阿贵庙地区位于狼山造山带的西段,同狼山成矿带东段的东升庙、炭窑口、霍各乞等大型-超大型铜铅锌多金属矿区具有相似的成矿地质背景和其他有利的成矿地质条件。笔者在分析区域构造地质背景的基础上,重点研究了阿贵庙地区的地质构造演化过程与成矿作用。研究结果表明:阿贵庙地区经历了古太古代基底岩石建造的形成、太古宙晚期-古元古代早期结晶基底形成和变质与变形、中元古代陆缘裂解与接受沉积-成矿、新元古代末裂陷槽闭合、晚古生代(海西期)-中生代(印支期)以来的挤压造山变形、大量岩浆上侵、地壳增生与变形的多个构造演化阶段。在不同的构造演化阶段形成不同类型的矿床:新太古代主要形成海底火山热水沉积条带状铁矿、在中元古代主要形成了与被动陆缘裂解过程相关的热水沉积硫化物矿床、晚古生代则形成与次火山岩浆热液成矿作用相关的斑岩型铜金矿床以及其他与火山岩有关的多个铜矿点。     

内蒙古狼山造山带构造演化与成矿响应

狼山造山带位于华北地台北缘西段,它经历了新太古代和古元古代结晶基底形成与变形、中元古代被动陆缘裂陷槽裂解→沉积→闭合、新元古代晚期开始的活动陆缘、海西期→中生代以来的挤压造山并伴有大量中酸性岩浆侵入的漫长构造演化与发展过程。该造山带有丰富的锌、铅、铜、铁、金等矿产资源,矿床(化)类型、矿床规模与时空分布规律都与其成矿地质背景、构造演化有密切的耦合关系,在不同构造演化阶段有不同的矿床形成:在新太古代主要形成了海底火山环境热水沉积条带状铁矿、在中元古代主要形成了与被动陆缘裂解过程相关的海底啧流.沉积铅锌铜铁硫化物矿床、而在海西期—中生代以来挤压造山过程中的岩浆热液活动,既形成了中小型的斑岩型铜金矿床、又对中元古代等先成的喷流-沉积矿床产生了明显的改造和叠加成矿作用。东升庙、炭窑口和霍各乞矿床的部分铜矿是造山过程中叠加成矿的结果。     

中国镍矿成矿规律初探

我国镍矿可分为岩浆型、海相沉积型和风化壳型3种预测类型.矿床形成时代较为连续,最早形成于中—新元古代,最晚形成于新生代,其中中—新元古代和晚古生代是形成矿床的两个高峰期;中—新元古代矿床主要分布在华北地块和扬子地块周缘,晚古生代镍矿主要分布在中亚造山带、峨眉山和塔里木大火成岩省范围内.岩浆型镍矿主要形成于大陆边缘裂解、造山带后碰撞伸展以及地幔柱3种构造背景,根据不同构造背景并结合主要岩浆作用特点,将与幔源基性—超基性岩有关的镍-铜-钴-铂族元素矿床成矿系列类型划分出与大陆裂解边缘幔源基性—超基性岩浆作用有关的镍-铜-钴-铂族元素矿床成矿亚类型、与地幔柱基性—超基性岩浆作用有关的镍-铜-钴-铂族元素矿床成矿亚类型、与造山带俯冲作用下幔源基性—超基性岩有关的镍-铜-钴-铂族元素矿床成矿亚类型、与造山带后碰撞伸展背景下幔源基性—超基性岩有关的镍-铜-钴-铂族元素矿床成矿亚类型等4种亚类型.分别对中—新元古代与大陆边缘裂解有关的镍铜(铂)矿床、寒武纪与黑色页岩有关的海相沉积型镍钼钒矿床、早二叠世与造山带伸展背景有关的镍铜矿床、晚二叠世与大火成岩省有关的镍铜(铂)矿床、新生代与风化壳有关的镍金矿床及其对应的典型矿床特征和成矿模式进行了叙述;认为大陆裂解边缘、地幔柱、造山带后碰撞伸展是我国镍矿形成的有利成矿地质背景,与邻近深大断裂、镁铁—超镁铁岩体、高MgO的原生岩浆(高镁玄武质岩浆)、深部岩浆作用、硫饱和与硫化物熔离共同组成岩浆型镍矿的6个重要地质条件.     

秦岭金属矿床成矿系列与大陆造山带构造动力学背景

根据构造单元、构造演化及其矿床组合,将秦岭造山带划分为4个成矿集中区:小秦岭古陆活化区、熊耳山裂谷增生区、南秦岭被动陆缘断陷区和碧口地体古拼合带。分别构成4个成矿系列:花岗-绿岩带型金-铁矿床系列、陆相火山岩型金-钼矿床系列、沉积岩型金-铅锌-汞锑矿床系列、海相火山岩型金-银-多金属矿床系列与超基性岩型镍-金矿床系列。矿床系列表现出同生成矿作用和后生叠加改造成矿作用的演化,同生成矿作用与造山带形成早期(古生代及其以前)广泛的地幔羽或热点活动有关,后生成矿作用是在盆山转化和陆内构造-岩浆活动时期(120～340Ma)完成的。     

中亚天山—帕米尔地区成矿地质背景

中亚天山—帕米尔地区地处亚欧大陆腹地,跨古亚洲、特提斯两大全球性构造域,是哈萨克斯坦—准噶尔、卡拉库姆—塔里木、中伊朗—冈底斯、印度四大古板块的结合部位,地质构造复杂,矿产资源丰富。自中新太古代(或古元古代)以来分为5大演化阶段:1太古宙—古元古代演化阶段,本区古陆可能是组成Pangea-Ⅳ泛大陆的一部分;2长城纪—青白口纪泛大陆裂解事件导致了西昆仑地区第一次大规模的成矿作用,新元古代超大陆汇聚形成阶段,中天山地区广泛沉积了一套文德系含炭质岩系,形成金的矿源层,为后期大规模金的成矿作用提供了物质基础;3新元古代超大陆裂解及古亚洲洋—原特提斯洋演化阶段,岩浆活动强烈深部壳幔物质交换频繁,尤其是晚泥盆世—早中二叠世碰撞后伸展期,是区内最重要的成矿期;4研究区工作程度低(部分地区为空白区),特提斯洋演化阶段矿床发现较少,但找矿潜力巨大;5欧亚大陆形成后的后造山阶段,伴随着造山带强烈的挤压、褶皱、抬升、走滑、推覆等构造活动,岩浆作用十分发育,形成了一系列与韧性剪切构造有关的金矿化,以及与中酸性岩浆热液活动有关的铁、铜、多金属、锂铍(铌钽)、钨、锡、钼等矿产。     

秦岭金属矿床成矿系列与大陆造山带构造力学背景

根据构造单元、构造演化及其矿床组合，将秦岭造山带划分为4个成矿集中区：小秦岭古陆活化区、熊耳山裂谷增生区、南秦岭被动陆缘断陷区和碧口地体古拼合带。分别构造4个成矿系列：花岗－绿岩带型金－铁矿床系列、陆相火山岩型金－钼矿床系列、沉积岩型金－铅锌、汞锑矿床系列、海相火山岩型金－银－多金属矿床系列与超基性岩型镍－金矿床系列。矿床系列表现出同生成矿作用和后生叠加改造成矿作用的演化，同生成矿作用与造山带形成早期（古生代及其以前）广泛的地幔羽或热点活动有关，后生成矿作用是在盆山转化和陆内构造－岩浆活动时期（120－340Ma）完成的。     

Metallogeny,Minerogenic Series,and Gold Mineralization of the Qinling Orogen,China

The Qinling orogen extends 1650 km E-W and has a width of 95-255 km. It has a long evolutionary history of ～3.02 Ga and a mineralization history of approximately 2.5 Ga. There are more than 400 mineral deposits of Au, Ag, Pb, Zn, Sb, Hg, Mo, W, Fe, Ni, Mn, rare elements, REE, U, V, P, As, Ba, Sr, Ti, Al, pyrite, gypsum, trona, halite, glauberite, mirabilite, blue asbestos, fluorite, rock crystal, mica, vermiculite, graphite, kyanite, andalusite, talc, fireclay, and K-feldspar in the Qinling orogen and adjacent areas. The deposits were formed in six tectono-minerogenic cycles and have been grouped into 21 regional minerogenic series.

The metallogeny of the Qinling orogen is closely associated with the tectonic evolution of the orogen, and most of the ore deposits were formed in two important metallogenic periods: (1) Middle Proterozoic to Early Paleozoic, which was characterized by spreading and rifting-related minerogenetic processes; during this period, the minerogenic series are directly associated with basic-ultrabasic magmatism and marine volcanism resulting from spreading-rifting and deep faulting; (2) Mesozoic, when mineralization was controlled by intracontinental subduction and postorogenic relaxational taphrogenesis or extension; the minerogenetic series are associated with intermediate-acid magmatism and terrestrial volcanism.

Gold is one of the most important ore-forming commodities in the Qinling orogen. Over 80% of those gold deposits were formed in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic and are related genetically to magmatism, terrestrial volcanism, and alluvial sedimentation. Most gold deposits in the Qinling orogenic belt are of hydrothermal origin. The Dashui-type gold deposits may be a new category of high-sulfi-dation epithermal gold deposits hosted by carbonate rocks of the Upper Paleozoic and Triassic in the southwestern part of the Qinling orogen. Shuangwangtype gold deposits in the middle of the Qinling orogen are characterized by low-grade (but large in terms of tonnage) ores hosted by brecciated and banded albitites, which are thought to have been formed by Yanshanian (late Mesozoic) magmatic-hydrothermal fluids injected into the Devonian sedimentary rocks. Carlin-type, quartz vein-type, and placer-type deposits also are important in this continental orogenic belt and adjacent areas.     

秦岭地区主要金属矿床成矿系列的划分及区域成矿规律探讨

本文根据我国公路建设项目投资、融资体制改革的发展趋势，阐述了改进公路建设项目可行性研究财务评价工作的重要意义及改进财务评价方法的原则，提出改进财务评价方法的途径。针对当前公路建设项目可行性研究财务评价的现状，提出了财务评价工作应注意几个问题，供有关部门参考。     

Structural Control to the Genesis of Sediment-hosted Disseminated Jinlongshan Gold Orebelt, China

Abstract. Jinlongshan gold orebelt is a newly discovered sediment-hosted gold orebelt in Southeastern Qinling Mountains hosted by Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous sedimentary rocks. The location of the belt is regionally controlled by E-W striking Zhenan-Banyan and Ningshan Faults, which were formed during the Indo-Sinian Orogeny. Circular patterns on TM images indicate that intrusive rocks occur at shallow depths in the Jinlongshan orebelt. Two basic types of disseminated and vein-type mineralization have been recognized. Calcareous siltstone is the most favorable host for disseminated mineralization. Vein-type mineralization is mostly hosted by limestone. Locally vein-type mineralization has envelop of disseminated mineralization.
Gold deposits are distributed north and south of the Zhenan-Banyan Fault zone, and the zone is considered to be the feeder zone and pathway for mineralizing fluids. During the Indo-Sinian Orogeny, magmatic and orogenic fluids may have extracted gold and other elements from underlying Proterozoic rocks and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. The ore solutions evolved continuously with sedimentary rocks until gold was precipitated in appropriate structural sites. Exploration needs to be expanded along the Jinlongshan gold orebelt, focusing on inferred concealed intrusions and calcareous host rocks close to the Zhenan-Banyan Fault.     

东昆仑祁漫塔格早中生代大陆地壳增生过程中的岩浆活动与成矿作用

东昆仑祁漫塔格地区位于青藏高原北缘,为典型的大陆边缘增生造山带,经历了漫长的古生代—早中生代增生造山过程,其中以早中生代岩浆活动与成矿作用最为发育。文章系统总结了区内早中生代侵入岩分布及成因,对与其相关矿床地质、成矿流体特征及成矿物质来源进行分析,进一步探讨了祁漫塔格地区早中生代大陆地壳增生过程中的壳幔混合岩浆活动与成矿作用的关联。研究结果认为,中二叠世—早三叠世以俯冲阶段的侧向增生为主,中-晚三叠世以碰撞-后碰撞阶段的垂向增生为主,与成矿有关的岩浆岩主要为中-晚三叠世石英闪长岩、花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩、正长花岗岩、花岗斑岩等,以I型、A型花岗岩为主,且多见暗色包体,Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成表明其源于古陆壳物质的重熔,有地幔物质的参与,由地幔底侵古老陆壳,幔源基性岩浆与壳源花岗质岩浆发生不同程度混合作用而形成。与该时期岩浆活动关系密切的主要为斑岩型铜钼矿床、矽卡岩型铁多金属矿床、层控矽卡岩型铅锌矿床、与碱性花岗岩有关稀有金属矿化等。成矿时代集中于248~210 Ma,成矿流体主要来源于岩浆热液,成矿物质具有壳幔混合来源,区内中-晚三叠世大陆垂向增生过程中的壳-幔岩浆混合作用为区域大规模金属成矿提供大量热能、成矿流体及成矿物质。     

青海省东昆仑地区晚古生代—早中生代火山活动与区域构造演化

从沉积建造分析入手,通过对区内晚古生代—早中生代火山岩组合的构造属性识别,认为区内晚古生代—早中生代构造演化是一个连续的过程,它奠定了该区的基本构造格局,也是金与铜多金属矿产的主要成矿时期;晚古生代—早中生代发育的双岩浆弧是在同一动力学机制下不同阶段形成的造山岩浆弧：陆缘的钙碱性岩浆弧和陆内的高钾钙碱性岩浆弧。晚古生代—早中生代构造岩浆旋回可以划分为２个阶段,早期的俯冲造山阶段形成了与蛇绿岩有关的火山岩类和弧火成岩类,晚期的大洋闭合和碰撞造山阶段则形成了钾玄岩系列火山岩。     

Gold Deposits in the Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone: Orogenic Gold Deposits or Intrusion‐Related Gold Systems?

Most of the known large gold deposits in Iran are located along the Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone, western Iran, which hosts a wide range of gold deposit types. Gold deposits in the belt, hosted in upper Paleozoic to upper Mesozoic volcano‐sedimentary sequences of lower greenschist to lower amphibolite metamorphic grade, appear to represent mainly orogenic and intrusion‐related gold deposit types. The largest resource occurs at Muteh, with smaller deposits/occurrences at Zartorosht, Qolqoleh, Kervian, Qabaqloujeh, Kharapeh, and Astaneh. Although a major part of the gold deposits in the Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone are related to metamorphic devolatilization, some deposits including Muteh and Astaneh are related to short‐lived disruptions in an extensional tectonic regime and are associated with magma generation and emplacement. The age of gold ore formation in the orogenic gold deposits is Late Cretaceous to Tertiary, reflecting peak‐metamorphism during regional Cretaceous–Paleocene convergence and compression. The Oligocene to Pliocene age of most intrusion‐related gold systems is consistent with the young structural setting of the gold ore bodies; these deposits are sequestered along normal faults, correlated with Middle to Late Tertiary extensional tectonic events. This relationship is comparable to the magmatic‐metallogenetic evolution of the Urumieh‐Dokhtar magmatic arc, where the number of different types of gold‐copper deposits and the magnitude of the larger ones followed development of a magmatic arc. The appropriate explanation may be related to two different stages of gold mineralization consisting of a first compressional phase during the Late Cretaceous to Early‐Middle Tertiary, which is related to orogenic gold mineralization in the Qolqoleh, Kervian, Qabaqloujeh, Kharapeh, and Zartorosht deposits, and the extensional phase during the Eocene to Pliocene that is recognized by young intrusion‐related gold mineralization in the Muteh and Astaneh deposits.     

The Pre-Sinian Basement and Mineralization on the Western Margin of the Yangtze Paraplatform

The pre-Sinian basement on the southwestern margin of the Yangtze paraplatform consists of threemetamorphic rock series of different ages. Being products of different tectonic events and environments, theydiffer markedly in original rock sequences, metamorphism. tectonic style and characteristics of granitoids andmineral deposits. The Late Archean Kangdian cration mainly comprises the Kangding and Julin Groups with ametamorphic age of nearly 2500 Ma. They are supracrustal rocks dominated by mafic volcanics enclosed introndhjemitic rocks The craton is believed to represent a granite-greenstone terrane of Late Archaean age.There occur mineral deposits such as graphite and kyanite deposits of metamorphic origin, muscovite depositsin pegmatites and gold quartz veins in gneissic granites, banded hornblende-magnetite mineralization and cop-per and zinc mineralizations related to felsic volcanics. Large V-Ti-bearing magnetite deposits were also formedin the mafic. ultramafic stratiform intrusions emplaced on the margins of the craton during the MiddleProterozoic. Copper and nickel deposits are found in several ultramafic intrusions. Extending in a north-southdirection, the Proterozoic mobile belt consists mainly of the Early Proterozoic Hekou Group and MiddleProterozoic Huili and Kunyang Groups. and they are thought to be accumulations in a Proterozoic rift troughor aulacogen. During the Early Proterozoic, the rift trough was characterized by intense volcanism and pres-ence of iron ore deposits of volcano-magmatic type, iron-copper deposits of exhalative-sedimentary type. TheMid-Late Proterozoic of the rift trough mainly witnessed the formation of sedimentary stratiform copper de-posits and submarine sedimentary iron deposits. In the wake of the emplacement of the Jinningian andChengjiangian granites in the Late Proterozoic, skarn-type tin and tin-iron ore deposits were formed.     

祁连成矿带钨矿成矿特征及其区域找矿标志

在对祁连成矿带内钨的区域成矿地质和地球化学背景，钨及钨多金属矿床地质特征等综合分析基础上，将本区钨及钨多金属矿床初步划分为夕卡岩型、石英脉型、云英岩型以及海相火山岩型等4种类型，指出元古代及早古生代，特别是元古宙各时代的含钨中基性火山岩一碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩地层、与造山构造作用(俯冲造山和/或碰撞造山)有关具有多阶段侵入的以偏碱性和钙碱性成分为主的复式中酸性岩浆侵入体以及多组构造系统复合是本成矿带钨矿床，特别是大型钨矿床的主导控制因素。进一步总结了本区钨矿区域找矿标志。     

黑龙江省嫩江-黑河地区古、中生代洋陆转换的岩浆岩记录及相关的矿床类型

黑龙江省嫩江-黑河地区显生宙岩浆活动强烈,发育一系列大、中型矿床,为了了解研究区古、中生代的洋陆过程及其成矿背景,系统总结了研究区近年来岩浆岩和矿床学研究中取得的成果,梳理出洋内弧前弧岩石组合的埃达克质岩石、高镁岩石和TTG花岗岩等,并结合火山-沉积建造特征,探讨研究区的洋陆转换及相关的矿床类型代表的成矿事件.研究区古生代发育早寒武世、晚寒武世、中奥陶世、早志留世的高镁岩石和早奥陶世、中奥陶世、晚泥盆世的埃达克质岩石,一直处于嫩江-黑河洋的俯冲环境,在晚石炭世-二叠纪转为晚造山-后造山阶段,成矿作用以奥陶纪最为强烈,且与洋内弧前弧岩石组合的高镁岩石、埃达克质岩石密切相关,出现俯冲造弧阶段的斑岩与浅成低温热液成矿系统,需要进一步加强可能的VMS型矿床、造山型金矿等找矿勘查工作.研究区中生代发育与蒙古-鄂霍茨克大洋板片南向俯冲作用有关的中三叠世、早侏罗世埃达克质岩石和晚三叠世的镁质岩石及早-中侏罗世TTG花岗岩,而早白垩世晚期的弧火山岩和产出的一系列大、中型金矿床可能与古太平洋板块俯冲-后撤有关.