敞开酸溶和偏硼酸锂碱熔ICP-MS法测定多金属矿中的稀土元素及铌钽锆铪

用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定地质样品中的稀土及难熔元素,混合酸敞开酸溶法和碱熔融法是两种主要的溶样方法。但地质样品组分复杂,元素之间存在相互共生的现象,对于特殊元素、特殊样品用传统酸溶法会造成部分元素消解不完全,使测定结果不准确;而碱熔法的操作过程繁琐,且溶液盐度高,易产生基体干扰和堵塞仪器进样系统。本文改进了传统四酸和五酸体系,采用氢氟酸-硝酸-硫酸敞开酸溶体系,用国家一级标准物质制作标准曲线测定15种稀土元素,方法准确度(ΔlgC)为0.001～0.027。同时改进了偏硼酸锂碱熔法,样品用偏硼酸锂碱熔提取,加入氢氧化钠调节溶液至碱性条件,所测元素与偏硼酸锂共沉淀后过滤分离熔剂,再用硝酸复溶测定15种稀土元素及铌钽锆铪。两种溶样方法的测定值与认定值的相对误差为1.09%～9.30%。将混合酸敞开酸溶法测定稀土元素、偏硼酸锂碱熔法测定铌钽锆铪的结果与其他实验室密闭酸溶法相比,两组数据的相对偏差为0.13%～15.32%。本实验表明,混合酸敞开酸溶法适用于测定地质样品中的稀土元素,偏硼酸锂碱熔法不仅适用于测定地质样品中的稀土元素及铌钽锆铪,也适用于测定如古老高压变质岩石及铝含量高的样品中的铌钽锆铪。     

等离子体发射光谱法同时测定岩石中微量锆、铪、铌和钽等元素

本文介绍了一种快速离子交换分离—ICP-AES法同时测定岩石中微量锆、铪、铌和钽等元素的新方法。样品经碱熔、浸取、过滤,其沉淀连同滤纸放回原烧杯,加入H~+型阳离子交换树脂和少量酒石酸溶液。基体元素(Fe~(3+),Al~(3+),Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+)等)被树脂吸附,锆、铪、铌和钽与酒石酸形成稳定络合物存留在溶液中,经干过滤后,用ICP-AES方法直接测定。欲测元素的样品分析实际检出限分别为:Zr0.2ppm。Hf、Nb、Ta均为0.4ppm。实践证明,本方法不仅步骤简单,分析速度快,而且分析结果或靠,精密度和准确度良好。     

ICP-MS和ICP-AES测定地球化学勘查样品及稀土矿石中铌钽方法体系的建立

针对目前铌钽分析中出现的样品溶解不完全、元素易水解及现有分析技术流程复杂的情况,本文对常用的混合酸恒温电热板溶解和过氧化钠碱熔两种样品前处理方式进行优化,运用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)两种技术手段,建立了测定地球化学勘查样品及稀土矿石中不同含量水平的铌、钽两套分析方法。对于铌、钽含量较低且易于分解的样品,采用硝酸-氢氟酸-硫酸混合酸恒温电热板消解ICP-MS方法测定;对于铌、钽含量高且难溶的样品,采用过氧化钠高温熔融ICP-AES方法测定。ICP-MS用于分析低含量样品更具优势,而高含量样品更适合运用ICP-AES。通过分析土壤、水系沉积物、岩石、稀有稀土矿石系列国家标准物质,结果表明混合酸处理ICP-MS分析方法的线性范围为0~200ng/mL;检出限为铌0.01μg/g,钽0.05μg/g;相对误差小于10%,精密度(RSD)小于6%;碱熔处理ICP-AES分析方法的线性范围为0~30μg/mL,检出限为铌0.2μg/g,钽2.5μg/g,相对误差小于10%,精密度(RSD)小于7%。这两套分析方法可以满足基体复杂、铌钽含量变化范围大、试样批量大的检测要求。     

密闭酸溶-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱/质谱法测定花岗伟晶岩中32种微量元素

花岗伟晶岩富集锂铍铷铯铌钽等稀有金属元素,准确测定其中的大离子亲石元素、高场强元素和稀土等微量元素,可用于判断成矿流体物质来源、成岩构造环境。目前的测试方法研究主要集中在锂铍铷铯铌钽等少数元素,样品消解方法有四酸敞开法、五酸敞开法、密闭酸溶法等,存在难溶矿物分解不完全、锆铪钍铀和稀土等元素回收率偏低等问题。本文对比了盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸敞开消解法、盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸-硫酸敞开消解法、硝酸-氢氟酸密闭消解法三种方法的分解效果。结果表明：四酸消解法中,铌钽锆铪钨和重稀土元素结果严重偏低;五酸消解法由于采用硫酸-氢氟酸-过氧化氢体系提取,有效地防止了铌钽的水解,铌钽钨等元素测定结果准确,但锆铪钡铅和轻稀土元素测定结果偏低。硝酸-氢氟酸密闭消解法使用王水代替硝酸进行残渣复溶,促进了铌钽锆铪和稀土等元素的复溶,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱和质谱法(ICP-OES/MS)可以准确测定花岗伟晶岩中稀有金属、稀土元素等32种元素,方法检出限为0.004～2.50μg/g,精密度(RSD,n=12)为1.0%～8.3%。将该方法应用于8种花岗岩、伟晶岩及稀有金属矿标准物质和三种类型实际样品...     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定锆钛砂矿中铪钛锆

锆钛砂矿是一种极难消解的矿物,除氢氟酸外,几乎不溶于所有的酸,由于矿物中铪、钛、锆含量高,而铪、钛、锆又易水解形成难溶的偏铪酸、偏钛酸、偏锆酸析出,样品前处理给定量分析带来很大困难。传统的化学法繁琐费时,且只能进行锆(铪)合量的分析。本文建立了电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定锆钛砂矿样品中铪、钛、锆的方法。通过筛选四种溶矿方法,确定在刚玉坩埚中用过氧化钠于700℃时熔融样品,硝酸-EDTA浸取盐分前处理矿物,利用EDTA的强络合性质可使铪、钛、锆形成稳定的可溶络合物,制备出有代表性的样品溶液;在ICP-AES分析中,采用Re作为内标和大的高频功率消除了基体效应的影响。方法的精密度(RSD,n=11)低于1.3%,Hf、Ti、Zr的检出限分别为0.97 μg/g、0.86 μg/g、0.33 μg/g。实际样品的测定值与化学分析方法和X射线荧光光谱法的测定结果基本吻合。。本方法采用刚玉坩埚熔矿,提高了样品处理数量,降低了分析成本,适用于难熔锆钛砂矿样品的快速定量分析。     

X射线荧光光谱法同时测定地质样品中铌钽锆铪铈镓钪铀等稀有元素

采用粉末压片法制样,选用标准样品,以经验α系数和散射线内标法校正基体效应和元素谱线重叠干扰,使用ZSXPrimusⅡX射线荧光光谱仪对一般地质样品中的铌、钽、锆、铪、铈、镓、钪、铀等稀有元素进行测定,分析结果与标准值和参考值吻合,12次测定的相对标准偏差(RSD)小于10%。     

痕量元素分析新方法在地质调查中的应用研究进展

简要介绍了痕量超痕量分析新技术新方法在地质调查中的开发应用研究进展，内容包括地质调查项目背景和重要性，锍镍试金-ICPMS测定贵金属元素分析方法，高压密封酸溶-ICPMS在测定地质样品中痕量超痕量稀土、稀有稀有散、铌钽锆铪等47种元素的应用，卤素等非金属元素分析方法等研究进展及成果。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定水系沉积物中的铌钽锆铪

建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定水系沉积物中铌、钽、锆、铪四种元素的分析方法。将样品与氢氧化钠、过氧化钠混合物放入高温炉中,熔融分解完全,用热水提取,过滤后弃去滤液,将滤纸及沉淀用酒石酸-盐酸溶液溶解,稀释至刻度测定。方法检出限(3s)为:LD(Nb)=0.08μg/g,LD(Ta)=0.04μg/g,LD(Zr)=0.5μg/g,LD(Hf)=0.04μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=6)为:0.84%~4.21%。该测定方法具有灵敏度高、精密度好、分析速度快、线性范围宽、操作性强等优势。采用该方法对国家一级标准物质进行测定表明,其结果与标准值吻合。此方法已在实际地质调查样品分析中得到应用。     

常压酸溶-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定地球化学勘查样品中的铌钽

常压酸溶法因溶矿效率高、成本低、检出限低,在地质实验室被广泛应用,但采用常用的氢氟酸-硝酸-盐酸-高氯酸四酸法处理样品,铌钽溶出率低,铌钽在容器壁发生水解和聚合反应导致其部分吸附或沉降,从而使测试结果偏低。因此,应用常压酸溶-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)分析地球化学勘查样品中的铌钽,需要解决的两个关键问题是铌钽的溶出率和试液中铌钽的水解。针对溶出率的不足,本方法在酸体系中引入硫酸,即氢氟酸-硝酸-盐酸-高氯酸-硫酸可以完全将铌钽溶出;针对水解,采用5%氢氟酸-5%硫酸-5%过氧化氢为提取剂,并采取与样品前处理相同分析流程的标准物质制作曲线,这两个方法相结合能有效抑制样品溶液中铌钽的水解,同时标准物质制作曲线法降低了ICP-MS分析中的样品溶液与标准溶液基体不一致引起的误差。本方法经国家标准物质验证,相对误差小于±7%,相对标准偏差在3.11%~6.27%之间(n=11),铌钽的检出限分别为0.04μg/g和0.03μg/g,相比于碱熔法检出限0.33μg/g具有明显优势,可以准确测定地球化学勘查样品中的铌钽。     

铌钽元素分析技术新进展

铌钽是发展新兴产业所需的功能性和结构性材料,铌钽矿产是国家重点支持的战略新兴矿产资源,开展相关物料中铌钽的分析技术研究具有重要意义。由于铌和钽的物理化学性质十分相似,彼此难以分离,且易水解,加之地质样品分解困难,因此铌和钽的分析测试一直困扰着分析工作者。本文重点对铌钽元素分析中的样品前处理技术和现代分析测试技术进行综述。样品前处理是铌钽分析的关键环节,结合分析方法和样品特性,选择合理的样品分解和分离富集方法是准确测定铌钽的前提。仪器分析是现代分析测试技术的主流,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱/质谱法(ICP-OES/MS)是目前测定铌钽应用最多的方法,需要解决共存组分的干扰、基体效应和盐类影响等问题。激光剥蚀(LA)技术、X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)和中子活化分析法(NAA)采用固体进样,避免了前期样品处理的繁琐步骤和杂质的引入,是铌钽元素分析发展的方向。     

The Direct Determination of Rare Earth Elements in Basaltic and Related Rocks using ICP-MS: Testing the Efficiency of Microwave Oven Sample Decomposition Procedures

Tests are described showing the results obtained for the determination of REE and the trace elements Rb, Y, Zr, Nb, Cs, Ba, Hf, Ta, Pb, Th and U with ICP-MS methodology for nine basaltic reference materials, and thirteen basalts and amphibolites from the mafic-ultramafic Niquelândia Complex, central Brazil. Sample decomposition for the reference materials was performed by microwave oven digestion (HF and HNO₃, 100 mg of sample), and that for the Niquelândia samples also by Parr bomb treatment (5 days at 200°C, 40 mg of sample). Results for the reference materials were similar to published values, thus showing that the microwave technique can be used with confidence for basaltic rocks. No fluoride precipitates were observed in the microwave-digested solutions. Total recovery of elements, including Zr and Hf, was obtained for the Niquelândia samples, with the exception of an amphibolite. For this latter sample, the Parr method achieved a total digestion, but not so the microwave decomposition; losses, however, were observed only for Zr and Hf, indicating difficulty in dissolving Zr-bearing minerals by microwave acid attack.     

Determination of Zirconium, Niobium, Hafnium and Tantalum at ng g-1 Levels in Geological Materials by Direct Nebulisation of Sample HF Solution into FI-ICP-MS

We have developed a rapid and accurate method to determine Zr, Nb, Hf and Ta (denoted as HFSE) in geological samples by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry fitted with a flow injection system (FI-ICP-MS). The method involves sample decomposition by HF followed by HF dissolution of HFSE coprecipitated with insoluble M and Ca fluoride residues formed during the initial HF attack. This HF solution was directly nebulized into an ICP mass spectrometer. An external calibration curve method and an isotope dilution method (ID) were applied for the determination of Nb and Ta, and of Zr and Hf, respectively. Recovery yields of HFSE were > 96% for peridotite, basalt and andesite compositions, apart from Zr and Hf for peridotite (> 85%). No matrix effects for either signal intensities of HFSE or isotope ratios of Zr and Hf were observed in basalt, andesite and peridotite solutions down to a dilution factor of 100. Detection limits in silicate rocks were 40, 2, 1 and 0.1 ng g-1 for Zr, Nb, Hf and Ta, respectively. This technique required only 0.1 ml of sample solution, and thus is suitable for analysing small and/or precious samples such as meteorites, mantle peridotites and their mineral separates. We also present newly determined data for the Zr, Nb, Hf and Ta concentrations in USGS silicate reference materials DTS-1, PCC-1, BCR-1, BHVO-1 and AGV-1, GSJ reference materials JB-1, -2, -3, JA-1, -2 and -3, and the Smithsonian reference Allende powder.     

丹宁棉分离富集—发射光谱法同时测定地质样品中微量铌钽锆铪

采用丹宁棉对地质样品溶液中的铌、钽、锆、铪进行分离富集，将写信后的丹宁棉在600℃灼烧30min，灰分用发射光谱法同时测定四元素。检出限与通常的发射光谱法相比降低约2个数量级，经国家级标准物质检验，结果与标准值相符，精密度试验，各元素的RSD（n＝20）为2.6％－7.9％。     

Voltammetric Determination of High Field‐Strength Elements (Ti,Zr, Hf,Nb, Ta) in Geological Matrices

A voltammetric method for the determination of the high field‐strength elements Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb and Ta by adsorptive stripping of their tartrate complexes is presented. The applicability of the method to geological and metallurgical samples is illustrated by the analysis of certified reference materials (USGS BCR‐2 basalt, BCS‐CRM 388 zircon and Euronorm CRM 579‐1 ferroniobium). Suitable sample preparation techniques, involving fusion with LiBO₂ and acidic and basic fluxes, followed by preliminary separation by anion chromatography are described. The method is rapid, affordable and environmentally friendly as it does not require problematic compounds such as hydrofluoric acid or toxic solvents and represents an alternative to more commonly used methods (AAS, ICP‐OES, ICP‐MS).     

Analysis of Standard Reference Materials for Zr,Nb, Hf and Ta by ICP-MS after Lithium Metaborate Fusion and Cupferron Separation*

Results are presented of the determination of Zr, Nb, Hf and Ta in 74 standard reference materials by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Samples are decomposed by fusion with lithium metaborate and the analytes are separated prior to analysis by precipitation of their cupferrates. Calibration is made using synthetic solutions and internal standardization with Ru (for Zr and Nb) and Re (for Hf and Ta). Accuracy is assessed by comparison with recommended values and precision is evaluated by replicate analyses of five SRMs.     

灰尘中主次量元素的X射线荧光光谱分析

采用粉末压片-X射线荧光光谱法对灰尘样品中P、Ti、V、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、Rb、Sr、Nb、Cs、Ba、La、Hf、Zr、Pb、Al2O3、CaO、Fe2O3、K2O、MgO、Na2O、SiO2等主次量组分进行测定。探讨了谱线校正,使用经验系数法和康普顿散射线作内标校正基体效应。用国家一级标准物质进行验证,测定值与标准值相符。     

Coprecipitation of Ti,Mo, Sn and Sb with fluorides and application to determination of B,Ti, Zr,Nb, Mo,Sn, Sb,Hf and Ta by ICP-MS

We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l^− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO₂.     

Flux‐Free Fusion of Silicate Rock Preceding Acid Digestion for ICP‐MS Bulk Analysis

We present a new method for the decomposition of silicate rocks by flux‐free fusion in preparation for whole‐rock trace element determination (Sc, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Cs, Ba, rare earth elements and Hf) that is especially applicable to zircon‐bearing felsic rocks. The method was verified by analyses of RMs of mafic (JB‐1a, JB‐2, JGb‐1) and felsic rocks (JG‐3, JR‐3, JSd‐1, GSP‐2, G‐2). Pellets of powdered sample (up to 500 mg) without flux were weighed and placed in a clean platinum crucible. The samples were then fused in a Siliconit® tube furnace and quenched to room temperature. The optimum condition for the fusion of granitic rock was determined to be heating for 2–3 min at 1600 °C. The fused glass in the platinum crucible after heating was decomposed using HF and HClO₄ in a Teflon® beaker. Decomposed and diluted sample solutions were analysed using a quadrupole inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometer. Replicate analyses (n = 4 or 5) of the RMs revealed that analytical uncertainties were generally < 3% for all elements except Zr and Hf (～ 6%) in JG‐3. These higher uncertainties may be attributed to sample heterogeneity. Our analytical results for the RMs agreed well with recommended concentrations and recently published concentrations, indicating complete decomposition of our rock samples during fusion.