第一次全球大气研究计划试验期间华南 前汛期暴雨过程及其环流特征的诊断研究

对1979年第一次全球大气研究计划试验(FGGE)期间华南前汛期3次暴雨过程及其环流特征进行了诊断研究。发现：（1）3次暴雨过程均与锋面活动有关,每次锋面过程都与锋生区对应,暴雨多见于锋前暖区内。锋面的特征既不同于冬季的冷锋,又不同于夏季长江流域的梅雨锋。（2）对视热源和视水汽汇作了计算,发现3次暴雨过程中,华南地区的视热源和视水汽汇项有明显作用,积云对流所造成的对流凝结加热作用很重要。（3）华南前汛期暴雨与南海季风有密切关系。1979年FGGE期间南海季风3次向北推进,与3次暴雨过程有直接的联系。（4）对这3次降水过程的水汽来源作了分析,发现除孟加拉湾外,南中国海亦是重要的水汽供应源地。（5）对云系的分析表明,华南上空的β中尺度对流云团为暴雨的发生提供了有利条件。     

第一次全球大气研究计划试验期间华南前汛期暴雨过程及其环流特征的 …

对１９７９年第一次全球大气研究计划试验（ＦＧＧＥ）期间华南前汛期３次暴雨过程及其环流特征进行了诊断研究。发现：（１）３次暴雨过程均与锋面活动有关,每次锋面过程都与锋生区对应,暴雨多见于锋前暖区内。锋面的特征既不同于冬季的冷锋,又不同于夏季长江流域的梅雨锋。（２）对视热源和视水汽汇作了计算,发现３次暴雨过程中,华南地区的视热源和视水汽汇项有明显作用,积云对流所造成的对流凝结加热作用很重要。（３）华南     

一次华南暴雨过程中水汽输送和热量的研究

利用NCEP/NCAR 每日4 次全球再分析1°×1°网格资料,计算了2004年7月17-21日华南汛期暴雨过程的水汽通量、视热源(Q1)和视水汽汇(Q2),并探讨了其垂直分布特征.结果表明:华南汛期暴雨过程中存在大量的水汽和凝结潜热.孟加拉湾、南海和西太平洋都是这次华南暴雨过程重要的水汽供应源.暴雨区南边界为水汽的主要输入区,北边界为主要输出区,而暴雨区南、东边界的水汽输送主要发生在低层,西边界在中、低层的水汽输送大致相当.在这次降水过程中,视热源和视水汽汇的较大值与降水的大值区有很好的对应关系.视热源、视水汽汇和垂直上升运动与降水量的变化总体趋势是一致的.视热源垂直方向上的峰值在400 hPa附近,而视水汽汇呈双峰型特征,峰值分别在700 hPa和450 hPa附近.垂直平流项均是视热源、视水汽汇的主要贡献者.     

华南前汛期的海岸锋及其和暴雨的关系

在华南前汛期暴雨过程中,人们发现在卫星云图上沿着海岸线附近经常出现一条云带,在雷达回波图上出现一条回波带,其中伴见一些暴雨中心。我们通过华南前汛期6个暴雨过程的分析发现,它是在华南沿海气压场比较弱的背景下,夜间贴地面层的陆风和边界层强烈的偏南风交绥产生的。它们具有锋的性质,但又和大尺度锋面和陆(海)风锋有明显区别,故称为海岸锋。分析看到,它是华南前汛期暴雨的一个重要天气系统。     

广西锋面、暖区及高压后部暴雨个例对比研究

利用常规、非常规气象资料,及高时空分辨率T639、mm5、NCEP资料,深入分析了两次华南前汛期暴雨天气过程(2010年"4.29"暴雨和2011年"5.12"暴雨)。基于这两次过程,对锋面、锋前暖区及高压后部暴雨进行了大尺度环流背景和中尺度特征对比分析,进而探讨三者在天气形势、中尺度系统发生发展机制等方面的差异及原因,以提高对华南前汛期暴雨的认识。     

我国南方洪涝暴雨期西太平洋副高短期位置变异的特点及成因

利用NCEP/NCAR多年逐日再分析资料、美国环境预报中心CMAP (NOAA NCEP Climate Prediction Center Merged Analysis of Precipitation) 候平均降雨量资料以及全国740站逐日降水资料, 对华南前汛期和江淮梅雨期大范围持续性暴雨过程中西太平洋副高短期位置变异的异同及其可能成因进行了分析。结果表明: 华南和江淮大范围持续性暴雨期间, 西太平洋副高位置均比同期气候平均值异常偏南偏西, 且强度偏强。华南暴雨期间, 副高西北侧华南地区以及西侧孟加拉湾地区存在异常强烈的视热源和视水汽汇; 江淮暴雨期间, 副高北侧江淮流域及西侧孟加拉湾地区也存在异常强烈的视热源和视水汽汇。运用全型垂直涡度倾向方程理论, 研究非绝热加热对西太平洋副高短期位置变异的影响, 结果表明: 副高位置的短期变异与非绝热加热场及其配置有密切联系。华南暴雨期间, 副高西北侧边缘的华南地区加热场可在短期内迫使副高东撤南退; 江淮暴雨期间, 副高北侧江淮流域加热场的存在不利于副高北进, 而西侧较远处孟加拉湾热源会诱导副高西伸, 两者的共同作用导致副高在江淮以南维持, 且会明显西伸。     

四川“8.11”暴雨的视热源和视水汽汇特征分析

基于NCEP再分析资料与WRF-ARW高分辨数值模拟资料,利用视热源和视水汽汇方程,诊断分析了2020年8月10～12日四川盆地一次暴雨过程的大气热力和降水特征。结果表明：暴雨发生初期,对流中低层聚集了大量水汽,为暴雨来临准备了丰富的水汽;暴雨强盛时期,视热源和视水汽汇在对流中高层显著增加,使得对流层中高层出现深厚的加热和加湿层,表明此次降水积云对流活跃,以对流性降水为主;暴雨发生发展过程,视热源和视水汽汇中垂直项起主要作用,充分说明了强烈的上升运动可以带来丰沛的水汽,有利于暴雨的发生发展。     

基于热源作用的青藏高原东坡一次夜间暴雨的诊断分析

利用ERA5再分析资料、CMORPH融合降水资料和山地通量观测资料对2020年6月26日发生在四川冕宁一次夜间致灾暴雨进行综合诊断分析。结果表明：本次夜间暴雨发生前，白天地面热源存在明显的正异常变化，地面热源的正异常区与降水有很好的对应关系。同时大气热源（视热源和视水汽汇）与暴雨的关系密切且相互影响，降水释放凝结潜热，加热大气，使得视热源也随之增加。在暴雨发展强盛阶段，视水汽汇的垂直输送项达到最大，而视水汽汇的局地变化项能很好指示整个暴雨过程中区域水汽的净输送状况。     

华南前汛期暴雨的研究

我国是一个多暴雨的国家。华南地区暴雨更为频繁,盛夏7—9月为台风汛期,4—6月为另一暴雨集中季节,称为华南前汛期。 过去认为,华南前汛期降水多数由西风带低压系统引起,以锋面暴雨为主。七十年代以来,则又强调低空西南急流的作用。但是,多年的实践表明,华南前汛期暴雨的许多特征,不是西风带大尺度系统所能完全解释的,甚至有些特大暴雨发生时与西风带低值系统没有什么联系。同时,华南暴雨大多数是对流性降     

"98.5"华南前汛期暴雨中尺度系统发生发展的动力、热量和水汽收支诊断

为进一步了解华南暴雨的形成机理,利用MM5模式输出的高时空分辨率资料,对“98.5”华南暴雨的总涡源、视热源和视水汽汇进行了诊断分析。诊断结果表明:总涡源场与涡度场对应一致,高值中心位于降水上空,正的总涡源柱中心预示了涡度柱将继续发展;在组成总涡源各项中水平绝对涡度平流项和扭转项是负贡献,垂直涡度平流项和散度项为正贡献;降水区与视水汽汇和视热源高值区对应一致,视水汽汇和视热源有峰值相伴,说明凝结潜热给系统提供了发展的能量;地面涡动通量和各层的次网格尺度涡动使高层冷却,低层加热,有利于降水系统中对流发展;在组成视热源和视水汽汇各项中均为垂直项起主要作用,充分说明了在暴雨发生过程中强上升运动具有重要作用;强烈的垂直上升运动将水汽带到了高层,云水场的发展与视水汽汇有着一致性,在视水汽汇达到极值时,除冰晶外,云水场各物理量中心高度达到极值,部分物理量的强度也达到最大。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on