华南早寒武世黑色岩系重晶石矿床环带钡冰长石 新发现及其意义

华南早寒武世黑色岩系重晶石矿床是全球著名的沉积型层状矿床。本文报道了我们最近的一项新发现,在该区天柱大河边重晶石矿床中首次发现了环带钡冰长石,环带的外带BaO含量1653%～1786%,K2O含量777%～819%,相比而言,核部BaO含量1204%～1421%,K2O含量860%～979%。结合成矿地质背景和已有工作报道,讨论了这一新发现的地质意义。认为这种环带钡冰长石的出现,反映了重晶石成矿受到热水作用影响,且其形成过程中经历了不同期富钡流体的影响,成矿可能属于一种热水、断控、幕式、渐进的过程,这不仅进一步揭示了矿床的热水（液）喷流沉积成因,而且加深了对成矿过程的刻画。该认识还可供全球沉积型重晶石矿床成因研究时类比参考。     

河南刘楼重晶石矿床地质特征及找矿标志

本文对河南刘楼重晶石矿床地质特征、控矿地质条件均作了阐明,并对矿床成因作了简要分析。通过综合研究,笔者认为该区重晶石矿床类型为中、低温热液型脉状矿床,矿体赋存于寒武系中统张夏组碳酸盐地层中,矿体形态、规模及品位变化均受构造断裂带的控制。最后提出了在类似矿区寻找重晶石矿（体）的一些特征标志。     

重庆东南部彭水地区重晶石-萤石矿床的成矿物质来源探讨:地球化学证据

重庆东南部重晶石-萤石矿床主要赋存于早奥陶世碳酸盐岩地层中,层控特征明显,NW向断裂为主要的含矿控矿构造。为了探讨重庆东南部重晶石-萤石矿的成矿机理、成矿物质来源与演化,本文选取了彭水地区冯家、朗溪两个具有代表性的重晶石-萤石矿床,对其地质特征和微量元素、稀土元素地球化学特征进行了研究。微量元素和稀土元素特征均显示,重晶石-萤石矿床与下寒武统牛蹄塘组在成矿物质来源上有着密切的联系。稀土元素分析结果则表明,重庆东南部重晶石-萤石成矿带上的矿床(点)为同期形成的;矿石的δEu、δCe异常证明成矿环境是高氧逸度的开放体系,Tb/Ca-Tb/La关系图与La/Yb-?REE关系图显示,研究区重晶石-萤石矿床为热液成因,且与岩浆活动无直接成因上的联系,成矿物质来自沉积岩地层。封存的地层水及大气降水通过水/岩反应将成矿物质汇聚于热流体场中,构造运动和地层温压梯度致使成矿热液沿构造带上涌至早奥陶世碳酸盐岩地层中成矿,矿床类型为中-低温热液成因-断裂带充填交代型层控矿床。     

我国重晶石矿床成因及成矿远景综述

我国重晶石矿床的形成受大陆裂谷系、弧-盆系和陆内挤隆系三种大地构造环境控制,多数矿床形成于大构造旋回的早期阶段,并与一定的岩相古地理环境及岩浆活动有关。矿床可划分为外生成因[沉积型、风化（残积坡积）型]和内生成因（火山-沉积型、层控型、热液型）等不同类型。成矿之钡源主要来自深部的火山-气液。矿床多在中、低温,弱酸性向弱碱性过渡的氧化环境的硫酸盐型成矿溶液中形成。中国重晶石矿具有较好的找矿前景,在一些工业需求地区,有发现新矿床的可能。     

重晶石的找矿意义

重晶石(BaSO_4)是一种较为常见的含钡矿物,也是当前具有开采价值的主要非金属矿产之一。本文不准备对重晶石矿床自身的地质特征及其工业意义进行研究,重点是探讨重晶石与沉积型和中、低温热液型金属矿床的成因联系及其找矿意义。抛砖引玉,以引起对其深入研究的兴趣。     

中国重晶石矿床的成因类型

根据已知的矿床实例,依据矿床的成矿机理、产状、矿体与围岩的相互关系等,将中国重晶石矿床分为五个成因类型:①沉积型重晶石矿床;②层控脉状型重晶石矿床;③脉状热液型重晶石矿床;④火山沉积型重晶石矿床;⑤残坡积堆积型重晶石矿床。     

重晶石成矿地质特征、成矿作用及成矿机制

重晶石全球范围内广泛分布,重晶石矿床具有形成时代多、元素来源复杂、成矿作用多样等特点,目前有关重晶石矿床的成因仍存在争议。文章系统分析前人的研究成果,厘定了不同类型的典型矿床、成矿时代规律,探讨了不同类型矿床中成矿元素来源、成矿作用及成矿机制。矿床类型方面,重晶石矿可分为沉积型、岩浆热液型、层控型、火山-沉积型和风化（残积）型,主要分布在特提斯成矿域和劳亚成矿域,其他地区主要是冈瓦纳成矿域和环太平洋成矿域,其中沉积型是最主要的成矿类型,占重晶石矿床的60%以上。成矿时代方面,重晶石的成矿时代主要为古生代和中生代,赋矿岩系以沉积岩为主,其次为岩浆岩。成矿物质来源方面,全球典型重晶石矿床中的S同位素和Sr同位素显示,成矿物质来源具有多源性、多样性、差异复合性等特点。成矿机制方面,重晶石的成矿机理复杂,具有多阶段性、多因素等特点。     

山西耿庄金矿重晶石巨晶中多相态包裹体研究

在山西耿庄金矿区发现的重晶石巨晶,包含有富镍黄铁矿、FeS₂-Fe（Ni,Co）S₂系列晶须和气液包裹体。用扫描电镜、电子探针等分析研究了重晶石和固体包裹体矿物的形貌、成分和物理性质。用激光拉曼光谱仪研究了气液包裹体成分、均一温度。结果表明：重晶石成分单一,结构发育完好;FeS₂-Fe（Ni,Co）S₂系列晶须成分随着晶须加粗有明显变化;富镍黄铁矿成分较为稳定。固体包裹体矿物的结晶程度高,晶体形态标准。热液为低盐度流体,其成分主要为H₂O,含少量CO₂,其总体密度为0.79～0.95 g／cm3。包裹体均一温度变化范围大,为134.7～269.5℃。根据本次研究成果,结合地质背景,运用晶体生长和地球化学理论,讨论了耿庄金矿重晶石形成时期的热液活动特点及方式、相关元素的地球化学行为、重晶石和固体包裹体矿物的形成条件等。认为该期热液活动中沸腾作用和混合作用表现强烈;并且热液活动过程具有明显的阶段性和原位叠加特点。     

陕、甘、川邻区不同类型重晶石成矿条件与成因机理的讨论

勉县－略阳与大巴山区分火山岩与沉积岩两大成矿区,可划分４种主要的重晶石类型含磷（铀）型重晶石（东风沟式）、多金属矿型重晶石（东沟坝式）、沉积型重晶石（水平式）和沉积型伴生重晶石的毒重石（冉家坝式）矿床。重晶石成矿条件（钡源、构造条件与沉积环境）及成因机理各不相同。     

福建李坊重晶石矿床成因探讨

李坊重晶石矿床发现十多年了,但探明是特大型富矿还是近年地质一队普查勘探的结果。这一发现,引起了中外地质界、矿业界的重视,对矿床的成因也先后提出一些不同的看法,大体有热液说、顺层交代说、沉积说等。一九八一年福州大学地矿系师生来矿区实习,就矿床的成因与在矿区工作的同志共同进行了探讨,取得了一致的看法,认为李坊重晶石矿床是受变质沉积矿床。矿床是沉积形成的,后期经过区域变质作用,使矿体的形态和矿石组构发生了变化。     

华南下寒武统镍钼矿层中铜铅锌矿物的发现及意义

华南扬子地块是我国古热水沉积成矿作用最为发育的地区之一,其热水沉积特性最早引起我国学者的关注。华南下寒武统黑色岩系中赋存多个与热水沉积成矿作用相关的大型、超大型重晶石矿床与N i-Mo-U-V多金属富集层。进一步研究分布在华南扬子地块黑色岩系中的金属、非金属矿床成因及其地球化学特征,对认识华南乃至全球晚震旦—早寒武世生物与环境演化有着十分重要的意义。本文对华南下寒武统镍-钼富集层矿石进行电子探针研究,识别出黄铜矿、黝铜矿等铜的独立矿物;闪锌矿等锌的独立矿物;方铅矿、白铅矿等铅的独立矿物。研究表明,在镍-钼矿石中这些矿物的发现为镍-钼矿层是热水沉积作用产物提供了直接的矿物学证据。     

Barite in the ocean – occurrence,geochemistry and palaeoceanographic applications

The mineral barite (BaSO₄) can precipitate in a variety of oceanic settings: in the water column, on the sea floor and within marine sediments. The geological setting where barite forms ultimately determines the geochemistry of the precipitated mineral and its usefulness for various applications. Specifically, the isotopic and elemental composition of major and trace elements in barite carry information about the solution(s) from which it precipitated. Barite precipitated in the water column (marine or pelagic barite) can be used as a recorder of changes in sea water chemistry through time. Barite formed within sediments or at the sea floor from pore water fluids (diagenetic or cold seeps barite) can aid in understanding fluid flow and sedimentary redox processes, and barite formed in association with hydrothermal activity (hydrothermal barite) provides information about conditions of crust alteration around hydrothermal vents. The accumulation rate of marine barite in oxic‐pelagic sediments can also be used to reconstruct past changes in ocean productivity. Some key areas for future work on the occurrence and origin of barite include: fully characterizing the mechanisms of precipitation of marine barite in the water column; understanding the role and potential significance of bacteria in barite precipitation; quantifying parameters controlling barite preservation in sediments; determining the influence of diagenesis on barite geochemistry; and investigating the utility of additional trace components in barite.     

Early Cambrian palaeobiogeography of the Zhenba–Fangxian Block (South China): Independent terrane or part of the Yangtze Platform?

Early Cambrian small skeletal fossils (SSFs) are studied and revised from the Zhenba–Fangxian Block of the transitional zone between the Yangtze Block and the South Qinling Terrane. The study reveals a diverse fauna with 47 species of various biological affinities, including the new species Gapparodus gapparites sp. nov. The SSFs are assigned to the newly defined Cambroclavus fangxianensis–Rhombocorniculum cancellatum Assemblage Zone. Based on the investigated SSF fauna from Zhenba County, Southeast Shaanxi of China and published data, a palaeobiogeographic study is carried out for the Cambrian Stage 3 (equivalent to the Atdabanian–Botoman of Siberia). A hierarchical Pearson similarity cluster analysis of 295 species from 32 regions of the world indicates a distinct palaeobiogeographic pattern with seven faunal provinces. The result is mostly consistent with existing palaeogeographic reconstructions for the early Cambrian. However, it is also shown that the SSF assemblages of the Zhenba–Fangxian Block have low similarity with those of the Yangtze Block. Instead, they share high similarity with those from Armorica, Tarim and the Karatau–Naryn terranes (South Kazakhstan/North Kyrgyzstan). The Yangtze Block has a unique SSF assemblage dissimilar to most of other regions. The Terreneuvian–Cambrian Stage 3 sedimentary sequence of the Zhenba–Fangxian Block is more consistent with that of the South Qinling Terrane. Besides, sedimentary Ediacaran manganese ore deposits and Cambrian barite/witherite deposits have unique distribution pattern on the Zhenba–Fangxian Block. Derived from the profound dissimilarities in faunal composition, sedimentary sequence and distribution of sedimentary ore deposits, we hypothesize that during the Neoproterozoic–Cambrian transition, the Zhenba–Fangxian Block might have been an independent terrane and more distant from the Yangtze Block. The palaeobiogeographic analysis of SSFs also indicates a closer alliance between Avalonia and Siberia. It corroborates the palaeogeographic reconstruction of North China at the margin of Gondwana, in the vicinity of Australia, Antarctica, and Armorica.     

C, O, S and Sr isotope studies on the genesis of Fe-carbonate and barite mineralizations in the Attepe iron district (Adana, Southern Turkey)

The Attepe district consists of Precambrian, Lower–Middle Cambrian, Upper Cambrian–Lower Ordovician and Mesozoic formations. It contains several iron deposits and occurrences. Three types of iron-mineralizations can be distinguished in the area; (i) Sedimentary Fe-sulfide in Precambrian bituminous metapelitic rocks, and Fe-oxides in Precambrian metasandstones (SISO), (ii) vein-type Fe-carbonate and oxides composed of mainly siderite, ankerite and hematite including barite in Lower–Middle Cambrian metacarbonates of the Çaltepe Formation (HICO), (iii) karstic Fe-oxides and hydroxides essentially in the Lower–Middle Cambrian metacarbonates and the unweathered Fe-carbonates (KIO). The latter type is more widespread and located at the upper parts of the most important mineable iron deposits like Attepe deposit.

Oxygen-, carbon-, sulfur- and strontium-isotope studies have been performed on siderites and barites in the vein-type ores, and on calcites in the recrystallized Çaltepe Limestones to investigate the sources and formation mechanism of primary ore-forming constituents. The δ¹³C values of siderites and calcites in limestones of the Çaltepe Formation range from −10.10‰ to −8.20‰, and from −0.8‰ to 2.30‰. Both carbonate minerals show δ¹⁸O values between 17.50–18.30‰ and 16.20–23.00‰, respectively. The δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O isotopic variations do not indicate any direct or linear relations between siderites and limestones. However, it is possible that the carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of carbonate minerals could be changed to some extent, when limestones were subjected to hydrothermal processes or thermal alterations during metamorphism.

The isotopic values of barites display 32.40–38.30‰ for δ³⁴S and 12.20–14.70‰ for δ¹⁸O. The strontium isotope ratios (0.717169–0.718601) of barites and the sulfur isotope compositions of barites and pyrites suggest that there are no direct linkages of ore-forming compounds neither with a magmatic source nor with sedimentary pyrite formations in the Precambrian bituminous shales of the Attepe formation.

According to the field observations and the stable isotope data, siderites and ankerites should be formed by interaction between iron-rich hydrothermal fluids and Çaltepe limestones, whereas isotope ratios of barites indicate that they were formed by mixing of sulfur-rich meteoric waters and deeply circulated hydrothermal solutions.     

贵州天柱大河边铅锌矿床的发现及其意义

大河边重晶石矿床是一个世界级的超大型重晶石矿床。最近在该区重晶石矿床下部的震旦系陡山沱组碳酸盐岩(白云岩)和碎屑岩中,新发现一套规模较大、层位产出稳定的铅锌矿化。铅锌矿体和重晶石矿床具有"上部为重晶矿,下部为铅锌硫化物矿床"的矿化特征。铅锌矿段矿石矿物主要为闪锌矿、黄铁矿及方铅矿,含少量白铁矿、黄铜矿及磁黄铁矿;脉石矿物主要为石英和重晶石,少量白云石、热液磷灰石、炭沥青及钡冰长石。成矿流体特征类似于形成沉积喷流型铅锌矿床的流体特征。铅锌矿化中的硫源自局限海盆内早寒武世海水经硫酸盐还原作用提供。此种类似于喷流沉积型铅锌矿床在南华裂谷盆地一带矿化层位稳定、分布范围较广泛,体现早寒武世时在裂谷盆地内存在一次大规模的热液事件。天柱大河边铅锌矿床的发现具有重要的资源意义及区内该种矿床的勘查意义。     

扬子板块北缘下志留统龙马溪组重晶石结核特征及其成因机制分析

在扬子板块北缘城口明中剖面及巫溪徐家坝剖面下志留统龙马溪组底部的硅质岩、泥岩中发现椭球状重晶石结核。其矿物组成主要为重晶石颗粒与作为"基质"的黄铁矿、粘土矿物和石英。通过重晶石岩石学、矿物学及锶同位素分析表明,重晶石结核形成于早期成岩阶段松软沉积物的孔隙水中。上升洋流带来丰富的营养及富钡物质,表层海水的高初始生产力促使生物繁盛,海水中的钡通过生物作用富集形成生物钡,生物钡(bio-barite)在埋藏过程中的硫酸盐耗竭区(sulfate depleted zones)通过硫酸盐细菌作用(BSR)溶解被激活提供了钡的来源。围岩岩性(黑色泥岩和硅质泥岩)表明重晶石结核形成于缺氧的环境中。上述研究对深入理解早志留世时期扬子板块北缘古海洋环境有一定的启示作用。     

南秦岭古生代热水沉积盆地与热水沉积成矿

扬子地块北部被动边缘的南秦岭古生代沉积盆地中,发育一套自早古生代—中生代以来的碳酸盐岩夹细碎屑岩沉积建造,形成规模巨大独具特色的以铅锌金为主的多金属成矿带。伸展构造体制下形成的裂陷或断陷型盆地中,正常水成沉积与热水沉积同盆共存。正常水成沉积中叠加的热水沉积是一个"突发事件或灾变事件",具有特殊的物质组成和产态。通过对区内沉积成矿盆地的识别、分级,二级沉积盆地中边缘部位常发育多个三级构造热水沉积成矿盆地,它受控于沉积盆地中的同生断裂,具有沉积岩相、热水沉积岩组合、显著成矿作用及物化探异常广布的特点。三级构造热水沉积成矿盆地是矿床定位的构造空间,四级热水沉积洼地为矿体(矿层)的容纳空间。区内热水沉积岩主要为重晶石(毒重石)岩、硅质岩、钠长石岩和铁碳酸盐岩类,铅锌重晶石等矿产多产于热水沉积岩中或上盘。热水沉积形成一般由早期的热水喷发交代→主期热水喷流→晚期热水喷气演变。早期的热水喷发交代往往沿矿液喷发通道,形成网脉状、角砾状矿化;主期热水喷流主要形成多金属及热水喷流相,形成块状、条带状、层纹状矿石或热水沉积岩;晚期热水喷气主要形成浸染状矿石和热水喷气岩石。     

Rare earth element and stable isotope (O, S) geochemistry of barite from the Bijgan deposit, Markazi Province, Iran

The Bijgan barite deposit, which is located northeast of Delijan in Markazi Province of Iran, occurs as a small lenticular body at the uppermost part of an Eocene volcano-sedimentary rock unit. The presence of fossiliferous and carbonaceous strata suggests that the host rocks were deposited in a quiet marine sedimentary environment. Barite, calcite, iron oxides and carbonaceous clay materials are found as massive patches as well as thin layers in the deposit. Barite is marked by very low concentrations of Sr (1–2%) and total amounts of rare earth elements (REEs) (6.25–17.39?ppm). Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of barite indicate a fractionation of light REEs (LREEs) from La to Sm, similar to those for barite of different origins from elsewhere. The La_CN/Lu_CN ratios and chondrite-normalized REE patterns reveal that barite in the Bijgan deposit is enriched in LREE relative to heavy rare earth elements (HREEs). The similarity between the Ce/La ratios in the barite samples and those found in deep-sea barite supports a marine origin for barite. Lanthanum and Gd exhibit positive anomalies, which are common features of marine chemical sediments. Cerium shows a negative anomaly in most samples that was inherited from the negative Ce anomaly of hydrothermal fluid that mixed with seawater at the time of barite precipitation. The δ¹⁸O values of barites show a narrow range of 9.1–11.4‰, which is close to or slightly lower than that of contemporaneous seawater at the end of the Eocene. This suggests a contribution of oxygen from seawater in the barite-forming solution. The δ³⁴S values of barites (9.5–15.3‰) are lower than that of contemporaneous seawater, which suggests a contribution of magmatic sulfur to the ore-forming solution. The oxygen and sulfur isotope ratios indicate that submarine hydrothermal vent fluids are a good analog for solutions that precipitated barite, due to similarities in the isotopic composition of the sulfates. The available data including tectonic setting, host rock characteristics, REE geochemistry, and oxygen and sulfur isotopic compositions support a submarine hydrothermal origin for the Bijgan barite deposit. At the seafloor, barite deposition occurred where ascending Ba-bearing hydrothermal fluids encountered seawater. Sulfate was derived from the sulfate-bearing marine waters, and, to a lesser extent, by oxidized H₂S, which was derived from magmatic hydrothermal fluids.     

塔里木盆地西北缘下寒武统黑色岩系差异性成岩演化及其影响因素

尽管泥页岩在埋藏过程中经历的复杂成岩改造会显著影响页岩油气储层发育潜力,但对其成岩作用,特别是泥页岩中成岩矿物的类型、成岩演化及其影响因素、成岩矿物元素在低孔低渗孔隙系统中的迁移等问题的认识仍很薄弱,因而制约了对泥页岩储层的深入认识。为此,本文以塔里木盆地西北缘下寒武统玉尔吐斯组发育的两套黑色岩系为例,在沉积环境认识的基础上,通过矿物组分、黏土矿物组合、有机碳含量及有机质成熟度等测定分析,着重研究了黑色岩系自生矿物的分布及在成岩演化阶段的变化特征,阐述了成岩变化的时空分布及其影响因素。研究结果表明：（1）在浅水缓坡台地环境下,玉尔吐斯组受两个较为完整的海进-海退沉积旋回控制而形成的两套黑色岩系主要经历了早成岩阶段和中成岩阶段;（2）受沉积环境和热液作用的影响,这两套黑色岩系在石英、重晶石、碳酸盐胶结物和黏土矿物等自生矿物的组合、分布及形成顺序上存在显著的差异,呈现出差异性成岩演化的特点;（3）伊利石、伊蒙混层、绿泥石、白云石、石英胶结等中成岩阶段成岩产物的广泛分布,反映出在成岩过程中特别是中成岩阶段低孔低渗的泥页岩仍存在一定程度的内部和外部来源的矿物元素迁移。本次研究对深入认识塔里木西北缘下寒武统黑色岩系成岩机制,以及分析页岩储层发育特征提供了重要的依据。     

新疆预须开普台铁铜矿床成因探讨

根据矿床地质地球化学等方面的研究，认为该矿床成矿物质来源于深部地壳或上地幔；通过海底火山同流作用，在酸性相对还原的热学沉积盆地中沉积成矿。成矿流体来源岩浆水，并有海水混入。红碧玉、重晶石等具有喷流岩的特征。矿床成因属于海底火山喷流一热水沉积矿床。