东祁连造山带陆相盆地早白垩世古地磁新结果及其构造意义

对东祁连造山带早白垩世红层进行详细的古地磁学及岩石磁学研究, 系统热退磁研究结果表明: 紫红色砂岩的剩磁方向可分离出2～3个磁性分量, 其低温分量在地理坐标下与现今地磁场方向一致; 高温特征方向主要由赤铁矿携带, 19个采点的平均极位置为: λ＝62.2°N, Φ =193.4°E, A95=3.2°, 其在99%置信水平下通过了褶皱检验, 且在95%的置信水平通过了倒转检验; 该极位置在95%置信水平下与Halim等人在该地区的研究结果是一致的; 对比同时代华北、华南、欧亚的古地磁结果表明: 兰州地区相对于华北、华南及欧亚白垩纪后不存在明显的南北向地壳缩短, 但却发生了20°左右的顺时针旋转, 造成这一旋转的原因很可能是印度/欧亚的碰撞挤压造成青藏高原北缘阿尔金断裂发生了大规模的左旋走滑所致.     

河西走廊和阿拉善东缘地区中寒武世古地磁研究的初步结果

用可西走廊和阿拉善地体东缘中寒武世15个采点107块定向岩芯样品,进行岩石磁学实验和古地磁学研究,结果表明,所采样品以磁铁矿为主要载磁矿物,高温特征分量B4组分在95%置信水平下通过了褶皱检验,其构造校正后的方向明显区别于华北地块及河西走廊和阿拉善地区志留纪以来的特征剩磁方向.这一组分对应的古地磁极位置(349.9°E,21.1°N,95%置信圆锥半顶角A95为14.9°)与华北地块同时期的极位置相近,表明河西走廊和阿拉善地体与华北地块主体之间,在中寒武世之后未发生明显的纬向相对运动;但在中寒武世-奥陶纪期间,河西走廊和阿拉善地体相对于华北地块主体仍可能发生15°左右的逆时针旋转.这一旋转作用可能代表了河西走廊和阿拉善地体与华北地块主体的增生过程,最终在晚寒武世形成统一的华北地块.     

鄂尔多斯块体周缘强震活动时空特征及地震危险性分析

采用公元 4 0 0～ 2 0 0 0年MS ≥ 6 .0地震资料 ,研究鄂尔多斯块体周缘 ( 34°～ 4 2°N ,1 0 4 .5°～ 1 1 4 .5°E)强震活动时空特征 .结果表明 ,鄂尔多斯周缘强震活动具有时间分期性、时空迁移有序性、填空性与重复性、大地震等间隔分布特点 .地震危险性分析表明下一个 7级地震可能发生在北部边缘的阴山地震带两端 .     

青藏高原羌北地块晚古生代古地磁研究的初步结果

羌塘地区是解决特提斯的演化和冈瓦纳大陆与欧亚大陆界线问题的关键地区.对青藏高原羌北地块晚古生代及早三叠世剖面（33.7°N,86.7°E）15个采点163块砂岩、灰岩和安山岩定向样品进行了系统的古地磁学实验研究.结果表明：样品中主要载磁矿物为赤铁矿和磁铁矿.在逐步热退磁和热-交变混合退磁过程中,大部分样品的剩磁具有明显的双分量特征,低温分量方向在地理坐标系下接近于现代地磁场偶极子场（PEF）方向,很可能是粘滞剩磁;高温分量显著不同于PEF方向.部分样品具有单分量特征,并与双分量样品的高温分量方向一致.高温特征剩磁分量可通过95%置信度的倒转检验和99%置信度的褶皱检验,并且有岩脉检验,应代表岩石形成时的原生剩磁.羌北古地磁极位置：晚石炭世（31.8°S,45.7°E,（dp=3.9,dm=2.1））;早、中二叠世（31.7°S,46.8°E,（dp=16.9,dm=9.2））;晚二叠世（34.4°S,54.1°E,（dp=12.5,dm=6.9））;早三叠世（16.9°S,22.5°E（dp=9.2,dm=4.9））.     

沈阳及其附近地区小震复合震源机制解

在收集了沈阳及其附近地区 (12 1°30′～ 12 4°30′E ,4 1°～ 4 3°N)已有地震震源机制解成果的基础上 ,利用MAPSIS系统提供的P波初动求解方法 ,求解了 1974年 12月～ 2 0 0 1年 12月期间 ,该区域小震复合震源机制解 (平均解 )。结果表明 ,研究区主压应力轴P轴集中分布在NEE SWW方向 ,主张应力轴T轴集中分布在NNW SSE方向 ,这与本地区区域应力场的方向一致。     

羌北地块中-晚侏罗世雁石坪群古地磁新结果

本文报道青藏高原羌北地区中-晚侏罗世雁石坪群古地磁新结果.对采自青海省格尔木市唐古拉山乡雁石坪剖面(33.6°N, 92.1°E)11个灰岩采点(118块)和10个碎屑岩采点(99块)定向样品系统古地磁学研究表明,大部分样品的退磁曲线具有双分量特征.低温分量方向在地理坐标系下较为集中,应该为地层褶皱之后的黏滞剩磁.高温特征剩磁分量方向可分为两类:(1)索瓦组(J₃s)和布曲组(J₂b)灰岩,以磁铁矿为主要载磁矿物,高温特征剩磁分量(D_s=355.7°,I_s=42.1°,k=58.2,α₉₅=6°)可通过99%置信度的褶皱检验.(2)雪山组(J₂x)和雀莫错组(J₂q)碎屑岩,以赤铁矿、磁铁矿为主要载磁矿物,高温特征剩磁分量(D_s=3.3°,I_s=28.9°,k=30.7,α₉₅=8.9°)可通过95%置信度的倒转检验和99%置信度的褶皱检验.两组分量都应该是岩石形成时的原生剩磁信息.碎屑岩组的磁倾角比灰岩组偏低13°左右,其剩磁方向很可能存在着与压实作用相关的剩磁倾角变浅的状况.本文取灰岩组平均磁化方向作为雁石坪群的原生剩磁分量,获得羌北地区雁石坪群古磁极位置:80.0°N,295.2°E(dp/dm=7.4/4.5).古地磁结果表明,羌北-昌都地区晚石炭-晚二叠世期间位于南纬中低纬度地区,早三叠世以后开始大规模北向漂移,至中-晚侏罗世已到达24.3°N.其快速北向运动主要发生在早三叠至早侏罗世期间(3500 km左右),与现今位置相比中晚侏罗世之后的北向迁移总量为900 km左右.     

2003年6月首都圈地区ML≥2.0地震动态

根据中国地震局分析预报中心提供的资料 ,2 0 0 3年 6月首都圈地区 ( 38 0°～ 4 1 0°N ,1 1 3 0°～ 1 2 0 0°E)共发生ML≥ 2 0地震 1 6次 (见表 1 ) ,其中ML≥ 3 0地震有 4次。 2 1日 2 0时 1 3分唐山ML3 8地震是本月最显著的事件。首都圈本月地震活动频次低于上月 ,处于中等偏高水平。能量释放处于中等水平 ,震中主要在 39 0°～ 4 0 0°N之间成东西方向的带状内分布。表 1　 2 0 0 3年 6月首都圈地区ML≥ 2 0地震序号发　震　时　刻年月日时分秒震中位置φN/°　　　　λE/°震级ML震　中0 12 0 0 3 0 6 0 1T12 30 194…     

远东地区地磁场的长期变化

本文根据远东地区33个地磁台近20年(1960—1980)年均值的资料,经过11年滑动平均及时间二次项拟合的处理,采用戴劳级数二阶模型和网格化,编制了远东和中国及其邻近地区1965.0—1975.0年代各要素等变线图,结果表明,1975.0年代远东地区长期变化可能在同一源场内出现了两个负值焦点。一个焦点位于中国的中部(45°N,120°E),另一个焦点位于印度半岛之南(30°N,80°E),同时,在中国境内地磁场的年变率,北向强度为~(-(10-15)nT)/年,东向强度为~(-(0-6)nT)/年,垂直强度为~(-(30-40)nT)/年。此外,本文还根据远东地区4个地磁台近100年的资料,编绘了地磁场随时间变化图和长期变化的极谱图,并提出了各台长期变化极谱图的一些特征。     

青藏高原地区的P、S波与上地幔性质

天然地震的 P、S 波在青藏高原地区的传播特征表明:(1)在高原地区不存在明显的“影区”现象;(2)振幅随距离的变化,在10°～12°出现极小值,在20°附近出现极大值;(3)2°到30°的走时曲线可以用4段直线来描述,推断的上地幔结构为:界面深度(公里) P 波速度(公里/秒) S 波速度(公里/秒) Vp/Vs53±2 8.15±0.03 4.58±0.03 1.78196±36 8.37±0.08 4.59±0.11 1.82463±83 9.68±O.19 5.37±0.34 1.80736±121 11.21±0.26 6.19±0.20 1.81(4)高原地区上地幔顶层的温度可达800℃～1000℃,岩石层的厚度约为200公里。文中还简要地讨论了本文结果的构造意义。     

宁夏及邻近地区震源机制解特征

采用在吴尔夫网上作图的方法求得了宁夏及邻近地区 372个地震震源机制解 ,再以各次地震的主压、主张应力轴资料在吴尔夫网上求出了该地区主压应力方向和主张应力方向 .其P轴的优势方向在北东 30°～ 70°之间 ;T轴的优势方向在北西 30 0°～ 330°之间 .由该地区主压和主张应力以近水平方向为主 ,认为发生地震的断层运动形式是以走滑运动为特征     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.