用震源机制解确定东北地区地壳应力场

利用中、强震震源机制资料和区域小震平均解给出了中国东北地区地壳应力场的分布。由多个震源机制的平均结果得到,东北南部地区(42°30’以南)主压应力方向为NE70°。东北中部地区(吉林省和黑龙江省东南部)主压应力方向近似NE100°,它与深源地震震源机制解P轴一致,可能该区应力场分布受深源地震影响,东北北部地区(黑龙江省和内蒙北部)主压应力方向为NE58°。东北地区浅源地震震源机制解P轴仰角大多数小于30°,表明该区以水平应力为主。由震源机制结果也讨论了中国东北地区地震断层活动状况。     

青海省久治县4.0级地震震源机制解

2004年10月4日13时30分,青海省久治县发生ML4 0级地震(33°18′N,101°00′E),此次地震震中位于青海、甘肃、四川三省交界处,“南北地震带地震强化监测项目”测震系统中大多数的地震台站都较好地记录到此次地震,得到了较完整的数据资料,以此计算出了此次地震的震源机制解,见图表。图1　2004年10月4日青海久治县4 0级地震震源机制解Fig 1　Focal-mechanismsolutionofJiuzhiearthquakewithML4 0onOct 4,2004　表1　2004年10月4日青海久治县4 0级地震震源机制解(单位:°)节面A节面BXA轴YB轴P轴(负区)T轴(正区)N轴走向倾角滑动角走向倾…     

珊溪水库地震小震震源机制解特征研究

利用P波初动和直达P、S波最大速度振幅比联合求解小震震源机制的方法求出珊溪水库ML2.0以上地震的震源机制,得到了珊溪水库震源机制各参数时空特征如下:主压应力为SN向,主张应力为EW向,应力主要为水平应力,发震断层倾角较大且多为走滑断层。在个别4级左右地震前P轴方位都有偏离再恢复的现象。在北纬27.65°～27.69°间,P轴方位集中在0°±30°或者180°±30°,节面走向集中在45°±15°或者135°±15°。震源深度大于4km的地震倾角多集中在70°～90°度之间。     

宁夏及邻近地区震源机制解特征

采用在吴尔夫网上作图的方法求得了宁夏及邻近地区 372个地震震源机制解 ,再以各次地震的主压、主张应力轴资料在吴尔夫网上求出了该地区主压应力方向和主张应力方向 .其P轴的优势方向在北东 30°～ 70°之间 ;T轴的优势方向在北西 30 0°～ 330°之间 .由该地区主压和主张应力以近水平方向为主 ,认为发生地震的断层运动形式是以走滑运动为特征     

帕米尔东北侧中强地震前应力场动态变化特征分析

依据乌恰、喀什和巴楚3个台小震综合机制解资料,分析研究了帕米尔东北侧中强地震前震源区及其附近地区应力场的动态变化过程.结果表明3个台小震综合机制解的P轴方位各自存在较明显的优势分布,这种分布与区域应力场的分布特征基本吻合.该区发生的4次6级以上地震前3个台小震综合机制解的P轴方位显示出较好的一致性,特别在伽师地震前P轴方位集中分布于N60°～74°E,与伽师强震群震源机制解的P轴方位基本相同.     

千岛—鄂霍次克海地区的地震分布、震源机制及应力状态

利用1971年1月至1982年12月的地震资料,研究了千岛岛弧地区的地震分布及震源机制解,进而讨论了贝尼奥夫带的形态及应力状态。地震分布于沿海沟展布的NE向的弧形带上,除地壳内地震外,形成明显的贝尼奥夫带,贝尼奥夫带最深达619公里,两侧较浅,少于200公里,倾向近于NW55°,倾角为45°。地壳内的压应力轴位于NW方向,且接近于水平,反映了太平洋板块的挤压;俯冲带上应力轴随深度变化:114公里以上的T轴沿俯冲方向,114公里至175公里震源机制解分为两组,T轴沿俯冲方向和P轴沿俯冲方向;320公里至440公里范围内P轴有接近俯冲方向的趋势,但较为分散;515公里以下P轴相当集中,且沿俯冲方向。本文对这种应力分布的成因进行了讨论     

基于CAP方法的2013湖北巴东5.1级地震震源机制与发震构造研究

利用湖北与重庆区域台网共9个台的宽频带数字地震记录,采用CAP法(Cut and Paste Method)反演了湖北巴东2013年12月16日MS5.1地震震源机制解,其最佳双力偶解为节面I：走向166°,倾角82°,滑动角41 °;节面Ⅱ：走向69°,倾角49°,滑动角169°;最佳震源深度主要集中分布在5.5 km附近。分析认为此次地震的发震断层为带有逆冲成分的走滑性质断层,主压应力P轴近EW向,主张应力轴近NS向。余震序列主要呈EW分布,少部分呈NS方向分布,较大余震的发震破裂滑动类型以正走滑型的居多,其次为逆倾滑型及逆走滑型。结合7次较大余震的机制解判断,近EW向节面为发震断层。     

2003年12月10日台湾7.0级地震震源参数

据中国地震局台网测定 ,2 0 0 3年 1 2月1 0日 1 2时 38分 (北京时间 )在台湾地区( 2 3 1°N ,1 2 1 4°E)发生了MS=7 0地震。我们利用CDSN的 7个台站的数字波形资料初步反演了该地震的震源参数 ,结果如下 :最佳双力偶解 :节面Ⅰ走向 4 9°,倾角79° ,滑动角 1 6 6°;节面Ⅱ走向 1 4 2° ,倾角76° ,滑动角 1 1°。应力轴 :T轴方位 5° ,仰角 1 7° ;N轴方位 1 93°,仰角 72° ;P轴方位 96° ,仰角 2°。标量地震矩 :M0 =8.3× 1 0 19N·m。矩震级 :Mw =7.2。图 1　震源机制的几何表示2003年12月10日台湾7.0级地震震源参数@许力生$中…     

2001年7月11日甘肃镜铁山5.4级地震震源机制解刘旭宙

20 0 1年 7月 11日 0 5时 4 1分 3.8秒 ,甘肃省镜铁山发生了ＭＳ5 .4地震 .经甘肃省地震监测台网测定 ,该次地震震中位于 39.2°Ｎ ,98.0°Ｅ ,震源深度 10ｋｍ .作者收集了甘肃及青海地区共 2 6个地震台站的Ｐ波初动资料 ,求出了该次地震的震源机制解 ,见表 1和图1.表 1　 2 0 0 1年镜铁山ＭＳ5 .4地震震源机制解节面参数 Ａ节面Ｂ节面 应力轴参数 Ｐ轴Ｂ轴Ｔ轴倾向 2 2 0° 13 0°方位角 2 65° 2 10° 175°倾角 86° 82°仰角 90° 0° 90°　　 矛盾比 :0 .0 36图 1　 2 0 0 1年 7月 11日甘肃镜铁山　　　 5 .4级地震震源机制解Ｆｉｇ…     

2000年4月15日青海省杂多5．3级地震震源机制

20 0 0年 4月 1 5日 1 7时 3 2分在青海省玉树州杂多县发生了 5 3级地震 ,微观震中 ( 3 3°1 8′Ｎ ,95°1 8′Ｅ)。震后收集了全国基准台网及青海省台网记录有Ｐ波初动符号的十个台站的资料 ,作出了该震的震源机制解 ,见图表 ,初动符号矛盾比为 2 0 %。从震源机制解看出 ,该震是近ＮＳ向受压 ,近ＥＷ向受张 ,走滑性逆冲错动。　表 1杂多 5 3级地震源机制参数　　　　节面Ⅰ　　　　　　　　节面Ⅱ　　　　　　Ｐ轴　　　　Ｔ轴　　　　Ｂ轴　　 矛盾比走向倾向倾角走向倾向倾角方位仰角方位仰角方位仰角1 4 3° 2 3 3° 62° 55° 3 2 5° …     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.