在地市气象局域网上构建信息服务系统

随着气象服务领域不断拓展，服务内容不断深入，以书面、电话等对客户进行气象服务的方式已经在信息技术高速发展的今天，显得捉襟见肘。计算机网络技术在气象系统的广泛应用，为气象服务的现代化建设提供了坚实的基础。Internet技术的发明与发展是信息技术领域的一大革命，同时给人们展示了一个崭新的世界，引导人们步入信息社会。我们利用Internet技术，可以将用户需求的各种气象服务产品放到网上，用户就可以很便捷地随时查寻他需要的气象信息。采用气象信息网服务可以将气象服务产品内容做得丰富多彩，页面生动活泼，服务方式不受地域…     

小型专业气象服务网站的INTERNET发布方案及技术要点

对小型气象服务网站的INTERNET发布，考虑到性价比因素，提出一种“租用ASP(JSP)空间 宽带专线 文件对象系统”结构的解决方案。该方案可以满足县一级和地区一级的专业气象服务网站建设的需要。     

伊犁重大气象灾害预报服务体系建设简介

1建设项目概述《伊犁重大气象灾害预报服务体系》建设项目主要包括:地面和高空气象资料实时查询系统;历史资料及天气图查询系统;Micaps二次开发业务系统;城市概率预报系统;地县预报服务网络系统;重大气象灾害预报决策服务系统;重大气象灾害情报收集服务系统。2系统总体功能《伊犁重大气象灾害预报服务体系》的建设,优化和完善了现有预报、服务手段,将重大气象灾害预报服务体系包含的各分系统进行整合,建立伊犁重大气象灾害预报服务业务平台,提高现有预报、服务业务系统的总体功能,进一步发挥气象现代化建设在预报服务领域的综合效益。3各分…     

把构建应急气象服务体系纳入重要议事日程

“安全气象”是中国气象事业发展的三大新理念之一，其核心内容是为军事、生态、能源、粮食、水资源、人民生命财产安全等提供全方位气象服务。应急气象服务体系是“安全气象”的重要组成部分，作为地（市）县两级气象部门，也要立足本地，构建与本地天气气候相适应的应急气象服务体系，将其纳入重要议事日程。     

现代气象服务体系若干问题研究

在分析有关国家建立现代气象服务体系做法的基础上,结合我国气象服务工作实际,提出了现代气象服务体系的基本概念和我国建立现代气象服务体系的必要性和紧迫性,并对现代气象服务体系的运行机制、组织结构、技术支撑和如何建立现代气象服务体系进行了探讨和研究。     

构建现代决策气象服务系统

1引言气象服务是气象工作的重要内容之一,而决策气象服务又是气象服务工作的核心内容。逐步建设包括国家、省、市、县四级的灾害性天气预警、人工增雨防雹、农业气象服务、地质灾害预警等内容在内的决策气象服务系统。因此,为了提升各级政府及相关部门防灾减灾能力,促进社会和经济的持续发展,提高政府对公益性机构的投入效益,建立和发展与时俱进的现代决策气象服务系统已经成为公共气象服务发展的必然走向。2现代决策气象服务系统的构建决策气象服务既然是为政府机关及职能部门提供气象服务,必须重视服务对象的需求,形成新型的服务体系。2.1…     

电视天气预报制作系统

电视气象服务是气象服务的重要窗口之一。电视天气预报制作系统将计算机技术，电视技术和气象预报产品有机地结合起来融为一体，该文介绍了国家气象中心电视天气预报制作系统的系统设计思想，系统结构、系统分析，计算机动画技术和音／视频技术，节目内容及取得的效益，同时提出了我国气象部门国家，省，地三级电视气象服务系统的发展方向。     

基于GIS的公路交通气象监测与预报预警服务系统

综合运用各种气象信息资源，依托地理信息系统为基本运行平台，有效融合气象信息资源及地理空间信息，对影响交通安全和正常运行的气象条件进行相关分析，以内蒙古的国道、高速为基本点、以路段为基本服务单元，采用面向对象的空间数据模型Geodatabase，建立应用系统运行的相关支撑数据库，并将利用微软COM技术研制的功能模块嵌入于运行平台，实现对整个应用系统的控制和管理，从而建立内蒙古主要公路交通气象监测与预报预警服务系统。     

内蒙古气象档案馆科技服务浅析

气象科技档案服务是气象事业的重要组成部分,它是依托基本气象业务,充分发挥气象服务效益的重要途径,是促进气象事业全面协调和可持续发展的重要保障。随着国家社会经济的发展,气象科技档案服务领域不断拓宽、手段也不断创新。建设现代气象科技档案服务体系,最根本的就是提高气象档案管理业务水平、科技实力和综合服务能力,巩固和加强气象科技档案工作在国家经济社会发展中的作用。随着我区气象科技档案馆档案网页的开发．以及信息查询系统的应用。科技档案管理和服务水平将上一个新的台阶。     

内蒙古自治区气象服务中心智慧气象服务体系建设

为了适应气象信息化发展环境,在5G技术发展的契机下,构建智慧气象服务交流互动机制,加快构建开放、多元、有序的智慧气象服务体系建设,提升气象服务智慧化水平尤为重要。文章主要介绍了通过制作适应不同媒体渠道以及服务端的气象数据可视化产品,建立天气预报预警产品精准智能推送系统,保障各类产品在要求时效内及时发布,继而实现气象服务与人民生产生活、经济社会各领域深度融合。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on