皖江城市带植被NPP时空变化及其气候响应

针对现有植被净初级生产力研究对城市圈、城市带尺度缺乏关注的问题,基于MODIS遥感数据、地面气象资料等,利用改进的CASA模型,结合回归分析、相关分析等方法探究了2000—2013年皖江城市带植被NPP的时空变化及其对气候因子的响应,为区域生态环境质量评价提供参考。结果表明:近14年来,皖江城市带植被NPP总体呈增加趋势;不同土地利用类型NPP差异显著,林地草地耕地建设用地未利用土地水体;年NPP均值呈现由南部向西北部减少的空间分布特征;植被NPP年际变化率较小,介于±10gC·m-2·a-1范围内;温度是影响研究区植被NPP时空变化的主要气候因子。     

土地利用变化对植被净初级生产力影响研究

针对土地利用变化对植被净初级生产力(NPP)影响尚不明确的问题，该文利用MODIS、MERRA-2和Globeland 30地表覆盖等数据，基于CASA模型估算京津冀地区2000-2020年NPP,从土地利用类型面积和景观格局两方面共同探讨土地利用变化对区域NPP变化的影响。结果表明：耕地面积减小，但NPP增加，森林、草地面积增加，NPP相应增长，2000—2010年、2010—2020年植被土地利用类型面积变化对NPP变化的贡献率分别为18%、34%;景观异质性、破碎程度和连通性变化对NPP变化的影响呈增强趋势；2000—2010年，景观破碎化程度、聚集度、连通性以及森林和草地面积变化对NPP变化影响较强；2010—2020年，景观异质性以及森林和草地面积变化对NPP变化影响起主导作用。成果可为优化京津冀地区土地利用结构、提升区域固碳能力提供数据支撑。     

土地利用转型过程及其对区域生态质量的影响分析——以巢湖市为例

以生态显著的巢湖流域中的巢湖市作为研究对象,基于巢湖市近10年内的2006、2013、2016年的高分辨率遥感影像数据,采用土地利用分类方法进行像元分类,基于土地利用转移矩阵对土地利用转型空间及时间尺度进行定量和定性的分析评价,并采用生态变化响应模型系统定性研究了2006—2016年间巢湖市区域土地利用转型变化过程以及对区域生态环境质量的响应变化规律。     

汶川县震后5年生态环境质量恢复评价

对汶川县震后5年生态恢复状况进行评价,以多源遥感数据为主,其他调查统计数据为辅,构建了基于压力—状态—响应模型的生态环境质量评价指标体系,采用综合指数法对汶川县2007年、2008年和2013年生态环境质量进行评价,得到震前、震后以及5年后的生态环境质量评价分级图,并对震后5年汶川县生态恢复状况进行分析。结果表明,2007年汶川县有79.4%的区域生态环境质量良好,2008年5月12日地震对生态环境造成极大破坏,尤其是靠近震源地区,生态环境质量下降更为严重。通过震后5年恢复,到2013年汶川县生态环境质量恢复比较显著,有55.84%的区域环境质量有明显改善,特别是生态环境质量较差地区改善幅度较大,但仍未达到2007年区域生态环境质量水平。最后为今后该区域生态环境恢复重建提出相应的建议。     

大气负荷对区域地壳形变和重力变化的影响分析

在高精度大地测量观测数据处理和相关地球物理解释中,大气负荷由于影响较大,需要考虑。利用全球大气模型和区域气象站气压数据,采用移去恢复方法和球谐分析方法,计算了三峡地区大气负荷对地壳形变和重力变化的影响。提供了一种利用局部气压数据改善该区域大气负荷影响变化计算效果的合理算法,提高局部气压数据和全球模型数据利用的合理性和准确性。研究发现,大气负荷对垂直形变的影响在空间分布上中长波占优,在三峡地区的年变化幅度大于20 mm,对地面重力变化影响的年变化幅度一般不超过10 μGal,对水平形变影响较小。     

GNSS垂向位移反演中国大陆地区陆地水储量变化

为了研究中国大陆地区的陆地水储量变化，利用陆态网182个GNSS站点垂向坐标时间序列反演了中国大陆地区2011—2021年的陆地水储量变化，并结合GRACE时变重力场数据、GLDAS水文模型和GPM降雨数据对中国大陆地区不同流域的陆地水储量反演结果进行对比分析。结果表明：(1)中国西南地区陆地水储量变化振幅最为显著，华南地区次之，西北内陆地区最不明显；(2)GNSS的结果与GRACE和GLDAS总体上具有较高的一致性，但在不同地区存在差异。其中，华南地区多种数据集一致性较高，华北地区则相对差异较大，可能是受该地区地下水减少的影响。结果表明GNSS可以作为监测区域陆地水储量变化的有效手段。     

遥感技术和地理信息系统在神府-东胜地区环境综合评价中的应用

简要介绍了遥感和地理信息系统在神府—东胜地区环境综合评价中的应用方法。针对这一地区的环境特点,建立了以遥感信息为基础的环境综合评价体系。该体系包括环境压力负荷、环境问题和环境潜力等3个方面的10个因子,运用层次分析法结合专家知识,实现了全部因子的权重排序。以GIS为技术支撑,对各专题进行了时空变化分析,建立环境质量综合评价模型。详细客观地评价了该区的环境质量情况.     

利用日光诱导叶绿素荧光数据分析2007年—2018年北半球植被物候特征空间格局及其变化趋势

植被物候是指植被长期适应生活环境的周期性变化，形成与此相适应的生产发育节律。研究植被物候有助于更好地理解气候变化。目前利用植被遥感指数进行物候监测依然存在许多问题，而日光诱导叶绿素荧光（SIF）与总初级生产力（GPP）具有强耦合关系，在植被物候研究中具有很大潜力。本文利用双逻辑斯蒂函数模型，基于3种SIF数据（GOME-2,GOSIF和CSIF）计算了北半球地区2007年—2018年的物候特征，并与两种GPP数据和5种植被指数（VIs）数据进行对比验证。接下来利用GOME-2 SIF数据分析了北半球地区的物候分布特征，并利用Sen斜率因子检测北半球地区的物候变化趋势，最后计算了3个主要的气候因子对植被物候变化的影响。结果表明：（1）基于SIF数据计算的SOS与EOS比基于VIs数据的计算结果要更加接近于基于GPP数据的计算结果。（2）基于GOME-2 SIF数据计算的北半球地区植被2007年—2018年平均生长季始期（SOS）主要（>90%）集中在100—170 d，平均生长季末期（EOS）则主要集中在220—270 d。高海拔地区和高纬度地区相对于其他地区，SOS较晚，而EOS...     

基于灰色聚类分析方法的生态环境质量综合评价模型

本文解释了生态环境质量评价的概念与现状,说明了灰色聚类分析的原理和一般过程,阐述了生态环境质量综合评价的基本步骤。以中国贵州省遵义县为研究区域,采用该县2003年的资源环境、人口社会经济及灾害数据,针对区域主要生态问题,选取评价指标体系,利用灰色系统理论的灰色聚类分析法建立了生态环境质量综合评价模型。评价结果显示东部生态环境质量较好,而西部较差。这与实际情况相吻合,说明该评价模型具有科学合理性与客观准确性。该评价方法也可用于其他区域的生态环境质量评价。     

赣州市人地关系的耦合响应研究

人类改造自然的速度和强度在不断提高，对区域生态环境的可持续发展构成了重大威胁。基于Modis卫星影像数据，利用遥感生态指数探究了赣州市2001—2015年生态环境质量时空变化特征及其对人类活动的响应，并利用趋势分析法研究了像元尺度上赣州市生态环境质量和人类活动强度的空间变化趋势。结果表明：(1)2001—2015年间，赣州市的生态环境质量呈波动上升趋势，且在所有的区县中，章贡区的RSEI最低，多年平均值为0.518;(2)人类活动强度和耦合协调度在市中心发达地区呈下降趋势，在市中心周围呈上升趋势；(3)人类活动强度与生态环境质量之间表现出负相关关系，人类活动的持续增强，使得耦合协调度呈现先增后减的趋势，表明人类活动强度的提高不会一直对区域环境产生积极影响。     

中国西北地区NDVI变化及其与温度和降水的关系

稀疏的植被覆盖是干旱和半干旱地区最主要的环境特征,因此长期定量的植被分布和变化观测能够分析干旱和半干旱地区的环境变化。在以干旱和半干旱地区为主要的中国西北地区存在着森林减少、土地侵蚀、盐碱化和沙漠扩张等严重的环境问题,生态环境十分脆弱。通过NOAA/AVHRR建立近20年来中国西北地区NDVI变化序列,利用差分法、斜率变化和主成分分析3种方法分析植被变化。3种方法显示出基本一致的结果,即大部分地区植被状况恶化,局部地区有所好转。通过分析植被变化与温度、降水变化的关系,发现NDVI与降水存在明显的正相关关系,而与温度变化的关系并不明显,表明降水是影响西北地区植被变化最主要的自然因素。     

Study of normalized difference vegetation index variation and its correlation with climate factors in the three-river-source region

Using NOAA/AVHRR 10-day composite NDVI data and 10-day meteorological data, including air temperature, precipitation, vapor pressure, wind velocity and sunshine duration, at 19 weather stations in the three-river-source region in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau in China from 1982 to 2000, the variations of NDVI and climate factors were analyzed for the purpose of studying the correlation between climate change and vegetation growth as represented by NDVI in this region. Results showed that the NDVI values in this region gradually grew from the west to the east, and the distribution was consistent with that of moisture status. The growing season came earlier due to climate warming, yet because of the reduction of precipitation, maximal NDVI during 1982–2000 did not show a significant change. NDVI related positively to air temperature, vapor pressure and precipitation, but negatively related to sunshine duration and wind velocity. Furthermore, the response of NDVI to climate change showed time lags for different climate factors. Water condition and temperature were found to be the most important factors effecting the variation of NDVI during the growing season in both the semi-arid and the semi-humid areas. In addition, NDVI had a better correlation with vapor pressure than with precipitation. The ratio of precipitation to evapotranspiration, representing water gain and loss, can be regarded as a comprehensive index to analyze NDVI and climate change, especially in areas where the water condition plays a dominant role.     

GIS- and Machine Learning—Based Modeling of the Potential Distribution of Broadleaved Deciduous Forest in the Chinese Loess Plateau

The Chinese Loess Plateau has experienced drastic human-induced ecological degradation in the last century. The Chinese government has initiated a longterm project to restore the ecology and thus the environment. This effort requires information about the ecological potential, especially about the potential distribution of forests. This study first presented a complete procedure for spatially modeling the potential distribution of broadleaved deciduous forests (BDF) in the western part of the Chinese Loess Plateau. The procedure efficiently integrated the spatially distributed environmental variables using a machine learning approach (i.e., GARP) that extracted rules and patterns from the massive datasets. The GARP-produced composite map revealed that BDF can potentially be distributed continuously in almost all of the areas where annual precipitation is above 450 mm and BDF has discontinuous or sporadic distribution in areas where annual precipitation is below 450 mm. The discontinuously distributed BDF occurs in two different physiographic settings. The first setting is the higher-elevation mountains within the area between 450 and 400 mm isohyets, where effective soil moisture is considerably higher than low-elevation valleys due to reduced evaporation and increased precipitation. The second setting is the north-facing slopes of rocky terrain within the area north to the 450 mm isohyet, where evaporation is significantly reduced. We believe that the modeled result can effectively facilitate forestation planning for this area. In addition, the results may function as a base against which to estimate the historic changes in land cover and land use, to assess the ecological potential for carbon sequestration, and to evaluate the climatic significance of land-air interactions.     

中国陆地生态系统脆弱带遥感模型

本研究通过对我国陆地生态系统8个典型样地的植被指数取样实验和图像计算结果发现，这8个样地植被指数随着水、热因子的季节变化，在时间和空间上具有一定的“绿波推移”和“景观更替”规律。在中国东部湿润的季风区（样地1－3），随着纬度的增高，其月平均植被指数与月平均气温有较大的相关。发现降水相对丰沛的地带，热量和光照条件的变化成为植被生长和变化的自然限制因子；而在中国北方森林－森林草原－典型昌原－荒漠草原－荒漠地带上，随着从东部（湿润地区）到西部（干旱地区）干湿条件的更替，月平均植被指数与降水多寡有较大的正相关关系。在8个样地上都呈现出共同的规律，即定向风的分布与植被指数的分布在时间和空间上具有逆相分布的“套合关系”。尤其在时间上有相逆套合关系，这正是中国北方沙尘暴和沙漠化加剧的自然原因。本研究定量地给出了我国陆地不同经纬度带生态系统脆弱季节和累积时间的分布。     

Lake variations in response to climate change in the Tibetan Plateau in the past 40 years

The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau plays an important role in global climate and environmental change and holds the largest lake area in China, with a total surface area of 36,900 km². The expansion and shrinkage of these lakes are critical to the water cycle and ecological and environmental systems across the plateau. In this paper, surface areas of major lakes within the plateau were extracted based on a topographic map from 1970, and Landsat MSS, TM and ETM+ satellite images from the 1970s to 2008. Then, a multivariate correlation analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between the changes in lake surface areas and the changes in climatic variables including temperature, precipitation, evaporation, and sunshine duration. Initial results suggest that the variations in lake surface areas within the plateau are closely related to the warming, humidified climate transition in recent years such as the rise of air temperature and the increase in precipitation. In particular, the rising temperature accelerates melting of glaciers and perennial snow cover and triggers permafrost degradation, and leads to the expansion of most lakes across the plateau. In addition, different distributions and types of permafrost may cause different lake variations in the southern Tibetan Plateau.     

干旱区绿洲城市生态变化遥感评价--以武威市凉州区为例

利用主成分分析法耦合4个生态评价指标(绿度、湿度、干度和热度)构建遥感生态指数(RSEI),对干旱区绿洲城市武威市凉州区2000年~2016年的生态环境质量进行评价。结果表明:基于主成分分析的遥感生态指数能客观定量揭示区域生态变化,RSEI均值由从0.447提高到0.458,整体提高了2.46%;武威市凉州区生态环境质量整体稍有改善但变化不大,生态环境质量等级由中等向两极化发展,东北荒漠区大面积开垦耕地使得生态环境有所改善,中部地区城市扩展和新区建设使生态环境质量下降,西南部山区受人为扰动少,生态状况基本不变。     

Spatio-temporal variation of vegetation coverage and its response to climate change in North China plain in the last 33 years

Global climate change has led to significant vegetation changes in the past half century. North China Plain, the most important grain production base of china, is undergoing a process of prominent warming and drying. The vegetation coverage, which is used to monitor vegetation change, can respond to climate change (temperature and precipitation). In this study, GIMMS (Global Inventory Modelling and Mapping Studies)-NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) data, MODIS (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) – NDVI data and climate data, during 1981–2013, were used to investigate the spatial distribution and changes of vegetation. The relationship between climate and vegetation on different spatial (agriculture, forest and grassland) and temporal (yearly, decadal and monthly) scales were also analyzed in North China Plain. (1) It was found that temperature exhibiting a slight increase trend (0.20 °C/10a, P < 0.01). This may be due to the disappearance of 0 °C isotherm, the rise of spring temperature. At the same time, precipitation showed a significant reduction trend (−1.75 mm/10a, P > 0.05). The climate mutation period was during 1991–1994. (2) Vegetation coverage slight increase was observed in the 55% of total study area, with a change rate of 0.00039/10a. Human activities may not only accelerate the changes of the vegetation coverage, but also c effect to the rate of these changes. (3) Overall, the correlation between the vegetation coverage and climatic factor is higher in monthly scale than yearly scale. The correlation analysis between vegetation coverage and climate changes showed that annual vegetation coverage was better correlatend with precipitation in grassland biome; but it showed a better correlated with temperature i the agriculture biome and forest biome. In addition, the vegetation coverage had sensitive time-effect respond to precipitation. (4) The vegetation coverage showed the same increasing trend before and after the climatic variations, but the rate of increase slowed down. From the vegetation coverage point of view, the grassland ecological zone had an obvious response to the climatic variations, but the agricultural ecological zones showed a significant response from the vegetation coverage change rate point of view. The effect of human activity in degradation region was higher than that in improvement area. But after the climate abruptly changing, the effect of human activity in improvement area was higher than that in degradation region, and the influence of human activity will continue in the future.     

Spatial and temporal assessment of drought in the Northern highlands of Ethiopia

With the development of global changes, researchers from all over the world increasingly pay attention to drought detection, and severe droughts that may have resulted from climate change. In this paper, spatial and temporal variability of drought is evaluated based on precipitation data and remotely sensed images. The standard precipitation index (SPI) and vegetation condition index (VCI) are used to evaluate the spatial and temporal characteristics of meteorological and vegetative drought in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Based on the drought critical values of SPI and VCI defining drought, the spatial and temporal extent of droughts in the study area is established. We processed 396 decadal images in order to produce the multi-temporal VCI drought maps. The results of the SPI and VCI analysis reveal that the eastern and southern zones of the study region suffered a recurrent cycle of drought over the last decade. Results further show that there is a time lag between the period of the peak VCI and precipitation values obtained from the meteorological stations across the study area. A significant agreement was observed between VCI values with the current plus last two-months of precipitation. The study demonstrates the utility of the vegetation condition index in semi-arid and arid regions.     

基于遥感生态指数的神府矿区生态环境评价

采用遥感技术对矿区生态环境进行监测与评价,对矿区生态环境的保护和可持续发展具有重要意义。本文首先提出了一种遥感生态指数（RSEI）改进方案,除了采用原模型的绿度指标、湿度指标、热度指标及干度指标4个生态指标外,引入植被净初级生产力（NPP）指标,并对矿区生态环境进行各单生态指标评价分析,然后采用改进后的遥感生态指数,对神府矿区2000—2016年的生态环境变化进行综合评价。评价结果表明,2000—2016年,神府矿区的遥感生态指数呈整体升高趋势,RSEI增幅约为0.1/10 a,大部分区域植被生产力逐渐增强,生态环境得到恢复,生态环境质量逐渐提升。     

三江源草地覆盖度时空变化及对气候的响应

草地退化一直是三江源主要生态问题之一,严重制约着三江源地区生态安全和经济发展。遥感技术可实现对草地资源大面积监测,因此可以及时掌握三江源地区草地动态变化情况,为三江源地区生态保护提供依据。本文基于Google Earth Engine遥感大数据云计算平台,以2007~2018年MODIS NDVI为数据源,采用像元二分模型对三江源地区草地覆盖度进行估算,分析草地覆盖度时空变化以及与覆盖度气候因子的相关关系。结果表明,2007~2018年三江源草地覆盖度总体呈增加趋势,草地退化得到好转,覆盖度空间分布差异显著,表现出东南高、西北低的特点。三江源地区草地覆盖度与降水相关性不明显,对温度因子的响应更为敏感。