云浮市新兴县太平镇山塘村滑坡成因机制及稳定性分析

云浮市新兴县太平镇山塘村滑坡为粤西山区典型的残坡积层滑坡,总结该滑坡的发育特征并分析评价其稳定性,对于粤西山区同类滑坡具有借鉴意义。本文从滑坡空间形态、滑坡物质组成及结构特征、滑坡变形特征、滑坡成因机制分析等多个方面揭示了山塘村滑坡的基本特征,并采用抗滑稳定性计算模式对其稳定性进行计算。     

基于DEM和遥感影像的区域黄土滑坡体识别方法研究

应用定量地貌学的原理和方法,对天水市南北两山已有黄土滑坡进行了自动识别研究。首先,引入地形可视性辅助遥感影像目视解译,以选择滑坡和非滑坡样本;其次,综合滑坡的地形特征和遥感特征,通过采取SEaTH算法遴选出能有效区分滑坡与非滑坡的特征差异指标建立滑坡有效识别指标体系;最后,基于滑坡有效识别指标特征集进行面向对象分割,通过建立多层感知器的滑坡自动识别模型对分割后的对象进行识别,并作精度评价。结果表明:1)针对该研究区的已有黄土滑坡,粗糙度、高程变异、切割度、起伏度、坡度、可视性6种地形指标具有识别价值;2)该模型对滑坡的识别精度达71.03%,非滑坡的识别精度达92.02%,较好地识别出了该区域的滑坡范围。     

基于地表树木生长特征的滑坡演化研究——以四川省理县二古溪滑坡为例

处于变形中的滑坡体上生长的树木,生长过程中会受到滑坡活动的影响,最为典型的表现即树干弯曲生长,形成"马刀树"。马刀树是滑坡缓慢滑动的历史证据。从滑坡地表马刀树的枝干生长弯曲特征出发,构建基于地表树木生长特征的滑坡形成演化分析方法:以一段历史时期内树木倾倒、弯曲生长的特征所对应的滑坡变形过程,根据坡面不同部位树木的弯曲特征对滑坡进行研究。并将这一方法应用于四川省理县二古溪滑坡的研究中,得到二古溪滑坡不同部位土体滑动情况以及现今变形状态,重建滑坡活动历史,计算得到上一次明显滑动的时间。     

基于航空影像和LiDAR数据的海地地震滑坡识别研究

快速、准确地判别滑坡灾害范围对灾情评估与救灾指挥至关重要。将高分辨率航空影像和机载LiDAR数据相结合,能充分利用滑坡体的光谱特征、几何形态与空间结构特征,提高滑坡识别的准确度。该文以海地地震诱发的滑坡识别为例,介绍了面向对象的滑坡识别思路及方法;针对海地滑坡灾害特点,选择了相应的灾害特征,并经反复试验设定了特征参数阈值;针对面向对象分类过程中特征组合与选择这一瓶颈问题,以河流沉积物和滑坡判别为例,通过特征组合试验与对比分析,发现基于NDVI与坡度特征组合的分类结果明显优于单一特征及其它组合模式的分类结果。与最大似然分类法相比,该方法的分类结果更为准确、精度更高。     

昌马断裂带地震滑坡的展布特征

根据大量的野外地质调查和测量资料分析，讨论了地震滑坡沿昌马断裂带走向和倾向的展布特征。研究认为昌马断裂带地震滑坡主要发生在山坡坡度３０°－５０°的部位和山坡地形高差１００－３００ｍ的部位；地震滑坡规模、数量的分布特征与断裂活动强度的分布变化有密切的关系，这是地震滑坡与降水滑坡、人为滑坡和融冻滑坡的最大区别；最后讨论了地震滑坡最大水平滑距的规律，对地震滑坡灾害预测有很现实的意义。     

贵阳市观山湖区石头田滑坡地质特征及形成机制

石头田滑坡为中型浅层推移式土质滑坡,采用地质测绘、钻探等工作手段,详细查明滑坡地质特征、滑坡基本特征,分析滑坡影响因素及形成机制,为滑坡治理提供依据,确保受威胁群众生命财产安全。     

“5.12”汶川地震诱发典型滑坡的类型和特征

在对汶川地震诱发的典型滑坡进行详细野外调查的基础上,根据滑坡的运动特点和运动方式的不同,将滑坡分为4种基本类型:滑动型滑坡、滑动-流动型滑坡、坠落-滑动型滑坡及坠落-弹射-滑动型滑坡,其中滑动型滑坡又按照滑动特点、物质组成特性以及滑体宏观破碎程度的不同,分为整体滑动型滑坡、碎裂滑动型滑坡和碎屑滑动型滑坡,并通过不同类型的典型滑坡实例对每一类滑坡的基本特征,特别是运动特征及运动过程进行了深入细致的分析.这不仅有助于更全面深入地认识地震滑坡的类型和特征,而且也为今后减轻和预防地震滑坡灾害提供了基础.     

广东省滑坡活动的时间分布规律研究

系统分析了近20年来广东省的滑坡活动特征。结果表明,广东省滑坡活动的时间分布规律主要受降水变化和人类工程活动的制约;滑坡活动呈现与暴雨过程及工程建设活动相关的同发性和滞后性、日内活动的夜发性、继承老滑坡活动的重复性、突发性和隐蔽性等特征。从区域性滑坡活动的时间分布规律看,具有明显的不稳定周期性和随机性,降雨作用是影响滑坡活动年际时间分布规律的主要因素;从滑坡年内活动的时间分布特征看,具有明显的季节性,集中在每年6-9月的雨季发生;从日内发生的具体时间看,以傍晚及夜间发生居多。研究滑坡活动的时间分布规律,对滑坡预警预报工作有重要的科学意义。     

河北省滦平县第一中学新校区南侧山体滑坡的治理方案研究

针对滦平县第一中学新校区建设工程南侧的滑坡灾害对学校产生的安全威胁,本文对滑坡灾害特征和诱发因素进行了研究,进而提出了治理措施.结果表明:滑坡变形特征较为明显,前部滑坡区的崩滑、张拉裂缝发育,后部变形区的张拉裂缝发育处于基本稳定状态;根据滑坡的危害对象,对滑坡的治理采用"预应力锚索抗滑桩+格构梁坡脚支挡、锚杆加固岩层坡...     

位移监测在滑坡时空运动研究中的应用

滑坡时空运动特征是滑坡地质体在内因和外因共同作用下，自一种状态向另一种状态转化的地质过程。滑坡位移监测是研究滑坡变形影响因素、动态规律及预测预报的主要途径，特别是滑坡深部位移监测，又为研究滑坡体的时空运动过程提供了重要信息。本文结合几个滑坡的深部位移监测实践，综合分析位移监测信息，研究滑坡体的时空运动特征及发展趋势，为滑坡时空运动系统研究及稳定性预测提供依据。     

A framework to enhance semantic flexibility for analysis of distributed phenomena

While some geographic phenomena hold uniform properties, such as land‐use zones, many geographic phenomena are distributed such that their properties vary across an extended area. While such distributed phenomena are best represented as continuous surfaces, individual objects (or features) often emerge among clusters of high or low values in a field. For example, areas of relatively high elevation may be viewed as hills, while flat low‐lying areas are perceived as plains in a terrain. A comprehensive spatial analysis of distributed phenomena should examine both the spatial variance of its attribute surfaces and the characteristics of individual objects embedded in the field. An immediate research challenge to meet such spatial analysis needs is that these emerging features often have vague boundaries that vary according to the use and the user. The nature, and even existence, of these objects depend upon the range of values, or thresholds, used to define them. We propose a representation framework that takes a dual raster‐vector approach to capture both field‐ and object‐like characteristics of distributed phenomena and maintain multiple representations of embedded features delineated by boundaries that are likely to be relevant for the expected uses of the data. We demonstrate how boundaries influence the analysis and understanding of spatiotemporal characteristics of distributed phenomena. Using precipitation as a proof of concept, we show how the proposed framework enhances semantic flexibility in spatiotemporal query and analysis of distributed phenomena in geographic information systems.     

支持动态地理现象理解的运动要素地图表现

空间运动现象是动态地理现象的一种重要表现形式,该文从运动状态与历史过程的静态表现、运动过程生命期的顺序动态表现及目标运动过程的动态特征表现等方面,论述了运动系统中运动对象运动特征的地图表现问题。对于目标运动过程动态特征的地图表现,提出了运动实时动态特征中的方向关系、距离关系及拓扑关系表现问题与方法,并以船舶导航为对象给出了相应的实例。     

A spatial data model design for feature-based geographical information systems

Abstract

In state-of-the-art GIS, geographical features are represented as geometric objects with associated topological relations and classification attributes. Semantic relations and intrinsic interrelations of the features themselves are generally neglected. In this paper, a feature-based model that enhances the representation of geographical features is described. Features, as the fundamental depiction of geographical phenomena, encompass both real world entities and digital representation. A feature-based object incorporates both topological relations among geometric elements and non-topological (semantic) relations among features. The development of an object-oriented prototype feature-based GIS that supports relations between feature attributes and feature classes is described. Object-oriented concepts such as class inheritance and polymorphism facilitate the development of feature-based GTS.     

Subsurface fluid flow in the deep‐water Kwanza Basin,offshore Angola

Integrated analysis of high‐quality three‐dimensional (3D) seismic, seabed geochemistry, and satellite‐based surface slick data from the deep‐water Kwanza Basin documents the widespread occurrence of past and present fluid flow associated with dewatering processes and hydrocarbon migration. Seismic scale fluid flow phenomena are defined by seep‐related seafloor features including pockmarks, mud or asphalt volcanoes, gas hydrate pingoes, as well as shallow subsurface features such as palaeo‐pockmarks, direct hydrocarbon indicators (DHIs), pipes and bottom‐simulating reflections (BSRs). BSR‐derived shallow geothermal gradients show elevated temperatures attributed to fluid advection along inclined stratigraphic carrier beds around salt structures in addition to elevated shallow thermal anomalies above highly conductive salt bodies. Seabed evidences of migrated thermogenic hydrocarbons and surface slicks are used to differentiate thermogenic hydrocarbon migration from fluid flow processes such as dewatering and biogenic gas migration. The analysis constrains the fluid plumbing system defined by the three‐dimensional distribution of stratigraphic carriers and seal bypass systems through time. Detailed integration and iterative interpretation have confirmed the presence of mature source rock and effective migration pathways with significant implications for petroleum prospectivity in the post‐salt interval. Integration of seismic, seabed geochemistry and satellite data represents a robust method to document and interpret fluid flow phenomena along continental margins, and highlights the importance of integrated fluid flow studies with regard to petroleum exploration, submarine geohazards, marine ecosystems and climate change.     

淮河流域洪涝变化动力系统研究

非线性现象是现代科学最重要的研究课题之一，地理现象无不存在着非线性，目前，地理学对非线性现象的研究多从分形角度开展，对其本质－混沌的研究较少，在先前关于淮河流域洪涝变化序列及其非线性特征研究的基础上，运用混沌理论和微分议程理论，对淮河流域洪涝变化混沌动力系统进行了初步研究，重建了一个3维2次非线性模型，研究表明，淮河流域洪涝变化混沌动力系统具有较Lorenz等典型混沌系统更复杂的形式。     

从高维特征空间中获取元胞自动机的非线性转换规则

元胞自动机 (CA) 具有强大的空间模拟能力,能够模拟和预测复杂的地理现象演变过程。CA 的核心是如何定义转换规则,但目前CA转换规则获取往往是基于线性方法来进行,例如采用多准则判断 (MCE) 技术。这些方法较难反映地理现象所涉及的非线性等复杂特征。为此提出了利用新近发展的核学习机来获取地理元胞自动机非线性转换规则的新方法。该方法是通过核函数产生隐含的高维特征空间,把复杂的非线性问题转化成简单的线性问题,为解决复杂非线性问题提供了一种非常有效的途径。利用所提出的方法自动获取地理元胞自动机的转换规则,不仅大大减少了建模所需的时间,也较好地反映地理现象复杂的特性,从而改善了CA模拟的效果。     

Space Photographs as A Geographic Teaching Aid

Abstract

Instructors have continually sought new methods and teaching aids to improve lectures and course content. This is especially true today as relevance and innovation become by-words in course evaluations. The recent availability of color space photography provides the instructor with a valuable new method of illustrating geographic phenomena. This photography complements the usual combinations of visual aids in three ways: (1) Scale; (2) Context; and (3) Realism. After textbook diagrams have focused the student's attention on separate geographic features, photographs taken from space place these phenomena in the fuzzy context of reality. By using the two concepts together the student can obtain a better perspective of the interrelationship of geographic factors in the real world.     

地理空间中的空间关系表达和推理

针对地理空间中的应用,归纳了在空间关系的表达与推理中不同于人工智能领域研究的一些特点:在人工智能领域,更注重建立形式化的推理系统;而在地理信息科学中,则需更关注地理空间的特点以及地物的地理语义。该文基于地理空间和地理现象的本质且顾及地理空间认知,总结了地理空间中空间关系表达和推理的特点,具体包括空间的有限性、地球的球面特征、地物的地理语义、地物形状的复杂性、面状地物、特殊的空间关系、空间关系的层次性与尺度相应原则、不确定性、三维与时态特性九方面;进而介绍了地理空间关系表达的两个应用,即地理信息检索和基于对象的图像分析。该文的探讨可为地理信息科学中的相关研究提供方向性指导。     

Periglacial geomorphology of the Appalachian highlands and interior highlands south of the glacial border — A review

Many features reported in the Appalachian region have been assigned a paleoperiglacial origin based on field relationships and their similarities with analogs active in present day actuoperiglacial environments. These forms include, but are not limited to, sorted and nonsorted varieties of patterned ground, grèzes litées, block fields, block slopes, and block streams, cryoplanation terraces, and hillslope and river terrace landscapes. Although very small-scale features (generally less than 1 m in plan or section dimension) and some larger forms on steep hillslopes are known to be at least sporadically active today, the large-scale features discussed here are interpreted as either inactive or truly fossil periglacial phenomena. Thus they hav implications for paleoclimatic reconstruction and significance as indicators of relative landscape stability since the time(s) of their development. This paper briefly reviews the historical dimension of early researchs' work, present selected examples of recent results, and gives authors' conclusions.