贵州关岭"6.28"特大滑坡特征和成因

贵州关岭2010-06-28特大滑坡(简称"6.28"特大滑坡)造成99人死亡,其形成受到当地气候条件、地质条件和地貌等因素影响,发生机制和滑动具有一定的独特性.通过对滑坡的形成条件、发育特点和成因分析,揭示了此次滑坡的形成特征.研究表明:降雨是此次滑坡的诱发因素;滑坡具有分块滑动的特点,即坡积层和基岩先后发生滑坡;滑坡堆积体具有明显的"二元结构"特征,即滑坡堆积体前缘以及中下部为碎石土堆积,而上部为碎块石堆积,与一般滑坡堆积不同,是坡积层与基岩先后发生分块滑动的典型证据.研究成果对认识和研究此类滑坡具有重要的科学意义,也可为今后指导防灾和减灾提供参考.     

四川地区地震崩塌滑坡的基本特征及危险性分区

四川地区地震崩塌及滑坡非常发育，时常造成严重灾害，本文在现场调查资料及已有研究的基础上，对四川地区地震崩塌，滑坡的分布规律，类型，特征及其灾害性进行了更深入的分析，并就其特征进行了分区。     

降雨型浅层滑坡的变形预测模型

滑坡是边坡被某些诱发因素激发失稳产生滑动的一种地质现象。它是地质灾害的主要类型,尤其以降雨滑坡数量最多,其中浅层滑坡分布最广。通过对降雨型浅层滑坡的变形进行分析,建立了基于功能原理的滑坡一维运动方程,并结合太沙基固结原理,研究滑坡运动过程中孔隙水压力的消散,揭示了滑坡从运动-停止的动力演化过程,构建了降雨型浅层滑坡的位移预测模型,并以都江堰塔子坪滑坡为例进行分析,通过mathmatic给出了滑坡运动的速率、位移与降雨量的量化关系式。     

“4·20”芦山7.0级地震次生山地灾害活动特征与趋势

2013-04-20芦山县发生7.0级地震,震源深度13 km.截至4月29日地震共造成196人遇难,21人失踪,13484人受伤,200余万人受灾.地震发生后,我们立即开展了地震次生山地灾害的遥感解译、实地调查及危险性评估工作.作者定义了地震次生山地灾害,分析了次生山地灾害的活动特征、形成机制与模式以及发展趋势,并与汶川地震次生山地灾害进行了对比.初步查明芦山地震诱发了1460余处崩塌和滑坡,大量落石和4处堰塞湖.次生山地灾害具有规模小、群发性和高位破坏的特征.崩塌和落石成群发育于坚硬岩石形成的陡坡上,主要发育区段有:芦山县的宝盛乡金鸡峡、双石镇大岩峡以及省道S210线K317路段和灵关镇以北小关子段,对沿河公路及救援生命通道影响严重.滑坡数量较少,以中小规模为主,主要发生于砂岩、页岩和松散堆积层中,仅发现一处大型滑坡并转化为碎屑流.堰塞湖主要由崩塌、滑坡形成,均为低危险性小型堰塞湖.芦山地震次生灾害的主控因素为构造、岩性、结构面和地形,崩塌破坏主要表现为顺层滑动破坏型、切层倾倒破坏型和结构面控制破坏型3种模式.芦山地震诱发崩塌、滑坡的数量、分布范围和规模比汶川地震小得多,其数量仅为汶川地震的5.53％,造成的地表破坏面积(3.06 km2)仅为0.57％.芦山地震区两次地震扰动的叠加效应,大大降低坡体的稳定性,震后崩塌、滑坡和泥石流的活动性增加,增幅有限,活跃期也相对较短,但震区山地灾害的隐伏性和隐蔽性强,给隐患排查带来困难.     

鬼招手滑坡的特征及失稳机制

鬼招手滑坡位于“5·12”汶川地震极重灾区彭州市内,是地震4a后暴雨诱发的高速滑坡.剖析了主滑体和堆积区Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ的特征;分析了影响该边坡稳定性并诱发滑坡的6大因素,包括地层岩性、河流及泥石流冲刷掏蚀坡脚、暴雨及雨水下渗、断裂及“5.12”汶川地震、地貌、人类工程活动,其中持续暴雨是滑坡主要诱发因素;计算了主滑体抛射初速度为40.41 m/s,运动距离为137m,定义了主滑体的破坏模式为滑移-抛射模式;总结了滑坡的破坏过程,分为坡体累积破坏、坡体启动、坡体运动、坡体堆积稳定4个阶段;对比分析了暴雨和地震诱发的高速滑坡的不同之处,对于地震灾区的防灾减灾工作具有一定参考价值.     

浅论降雨型滑坡的水文地质条件类型

降雨入渗及渗流是导致降雨型滑坡的主要因素,文章对降雨条件下的入渗、变形特征的不同滑坡进行了分析,在此基础上,以降雨入渗形式和降雨运移形式着重对降雨型滑坡的水文地质条件进行了总结分类,同时还简单分析了各种类型的降雨型滑坡的滑动机理。     

不同成因类型堰塞湖的应急处置措施比较

在对堰塞湖所造成的危害和成因类型分析的基础上,将堰塞湖分为:滑坡型堰塞湖、崩塌型堰塞湖和泥石流型堰塞湖,并对这三种类型堰塞湖所具有的特征和采取的应急处置措施进行了比较.对于不同成因类型、不同特征的堰塞湖,都要在尽可能降低堰塞湖危害的前提下,充分考虑各种因素、因地制宜的选取应急处置方式.     

四川康定“11·22”地震地表破裂及房屋震害特征

2014-11-22,位于青藏高原东部的四川省康定县发生了Ms 6.3级地震,为一次左旋走滑事件,发震构造为鲜水河断裂带南东段的色拉哈断裂。对地震灾区进行的地表破裂特征调查和房屋震害调查表明:1.地震没有形成明显的地表破裂,地表破裂主要表现为张性地裂缝、喷砂冒水、小型滑坡、道路边坡失稳及滚石等;2.烈度图长轴方向与鲜水河断裂走向一致;3.房屋震害具有农牧区房屋破坏普遍,城镇房屋破坏较轻的分布特点;4.2014-11-25的Ms 5.8级强余震,加深了灾区破坏程度。     

昭通头寨沟特大型灾害性滑坡研究

昭通头寨沟滑坡具有启程剧动、行程高速、来势凶猛、破坏严重和灾害面广的特点。该滑坡是一个剧动式高速特大型岩质滑坡。本文分析了滑坡的成因和滑动的机制,根据滑坡运动后的残留痕迹和堆积地貌特征,认为头寨沟滑坡的运动方式和路径独具特点。通过对滑后斜坡稳定性的评价,说明滑坡部分残体仍有活动迹象,据此提出了滑坡的防治措施。     

有关汶川地震及次生山地灾害研究的一些科学问题

汶川8.0级地震的发生远远超出地学界以前关于横断山区地震及次生灾害发生规律的认识,说明地学界以前对横断山区的新构造运动特点,地震区域分布规律、发生原因,地震次生滑坡泥石流灾害的强度、危害和特大地震在横断山区地貌演化的作用等重大科学问题的认识存在不足或偏差之处.在思考此次地震发生特点的基础上,结合在西南山区的多年工作经验,提出了汶川大地震后亟待开展的第四纪以来横断山区古地震重建、古滑坡分布、水库诱发地震、特大地震在横断山区山地地貌演化的作用等方面的科学研究问题.     

王峪口水库库岸滑坡特征及形成机制

王峪口水库库岸滑坡地层主要为一套上新统砾石层、夹砂层、粘土层．区内滑坡具有明显的分期性与群发性特点．滑坡形成的主要原因是该套地层夹有饱水软化的粘土层和易于液化的饱水砂层;地震则可能是其触发因素．     

滑坡综合预报方法研究

滑坡综合预报是基于对滑坡发育状态的形成条件类比分析和滑坡位移历时分析的综合方法,从滑坡形成条件、变形状态、诱发因素的方式和影响程度的动态分析入手,结合滑坡加速变形破坏阶段的位移历时特征,建立滑坡预报模型,实现对滑坡的预报.与其他滑坡预报方法相比,滑坡综合预报方法的综合性强,能较好的确定滑坡的发育状态,分析滑坡发生剧烈滑动的可能性,能对不同发育阶段的滑坡做出准确判别.     

Landslide susceptibility analysis with a heuristic approach in the Eastern Alps (Vorarlberg, Austria)

The aim of the study is landslide hazard assessment carried out on a working scale of 1:25 000. The study area within the Northern Calcareous Alps was geologically and geotechnically mapped in order to identify causes and mechanisms of active mass movements. The field surveys were digitised by a Geographical Information System and divided into data layers. The geological units were classified according to their geotechnical properties. All layers were converted into grids and spatially analysed together with a Digital Elevation Model. Comparing the layers with the inventory of active landslides, the prevailing factors leading to sliding movements were identified. Because of the complex tectonic setting and the small number of active landslides, a statistical method of hazard assessment was not applicable. Using the heuristic approach of an index method, the data layers of geotechnical class, bedding conditions, tectonic layouts, slope angles, slope orientations, vegetation and erosion were analysed. The susceptibility of each layer has been evaluated with help of bivariate statistics. The layers have been weighted with indices due to their importance iteratively and were combined into a landslide susceptibility map.     

Slope stability and landslides in proglacial varved clays of western Estonia

During the last decade the frequency of landslides at river valley slopes eroding into the glaciolacustrine plain in western Estonia has grown considerably. We studied in detail nine recent landslides out of 25 known and recorded sliding events in the area. All landslides occurred at the river banks in otherwise almost entirely flat areas of proglacial deposits capped with marine sands. Glaciolacustrine varved clay is the weakest soil type in the area and holds the largest landslides. Slope stability modelling shows that critical slope gradient for the clay is ≥ 10° and for the marine sand ≥ 20°. Fluvial erosion is the main process in decreasing slope stability at the outer bends of the river meanders. An extra shear stress generated by groundwater flow following the high stand of the groundwater level or rapid water level drawdown in the river channels are responsible for triggering the landslides. Consecutive occurrence of small-scale slides has a direct effect in triggering the large, retrogressive complexes of slides in the glaciolacustrine clay. A landslide hazard zonation map was composed based on digital elevation model and the data on spatial distribution of glaciolacustrine clays and marine sands, and on existing and critical slope angles of these deposits.     

Landslide Soils and Geomorphology in Bridger-Teton National Forest,Northwest Wyoming

Active landslides are evident throughout Bridger-Teton National Forest (BTNF), and northwestern Wyoming has one of the highest landslide densities in the country. Land use changes and increased demands for infrastructure challenge BTNF personnel to better understand landslide processes in order to make informed land management decisions. Despite recent population growth in the region, research on landslide phenomena is lacking. In this study, soil and geomorphic properties related to landslide occurrence were studied at 18 landslides in the BTNF. Landslides were categorized as active or inactive based on geomorphic features. Landslide soil characteristics including texture, shrink-swell potential, clay mineralogy, and horizonation were compared on active and inactive landslides. The results indicate that soil characteristics related to the degree of soil formation are different on active and inactive landslides. Soil characteristics such as plasticity, shrink-swell potential, and clay mineralogy influence slope stability and were distinctly different on active and inactive landslides, especially in C horizons. This study shows that soil characteristics and slope geomorphic properties may be useful for assessing landslide frequency. Our results support a hypothesis that landslide occurrence in the BTNF is related to weathering of soil and unconsolidated material, which affects clay mineralogy.     

Gigantic low-gradient landslides in the northern periphery of the Crimean Mountains (Ukraine)

Large-scale, low-gradient ancient landslides estimated at 5.4–18.9 km² in area and  0.2–1.2 km³ in volume have been studied in the northern hilly periphery of the Crimean Mountains (Ukraine). They originated on slopes along wide water gaps of rivers (Belbek, Kacha, Alma and Biyuk–Karasu) crossing the cuestas of the northern foothills. The slopes generally consist of slightly northward tilting Miocene (mainly Sarmatian) limestones overlying weak, clay-rich Lower Neogene–Palaeogene substratum with a significant content of smectite. Although the region is characterised by the least active contemporary morphodynamics within the Crimean Mountains, the landslides which were studied are of the same size or even larger than various types of landslides occupying active geomorphic domains of the highest mountain range in the southernmost part of the peninsula. The landslides are generally a spreading type, but the sliding mechanics were probably very complex, involving toppling, rotational slides, gravitational folding and translational block slides. All the landslides which were studied are located in the vicinity of regional faults and three of them have headscarps aligned along faults. A common feature is also a location close (within several km) to the Mesozoic suture zone which is the most important tectonic feature in the northern periphery of the Crimean Orogene. This suture was formerly classified as aseismic; however, evidence of strong, low-frequency palaeoearthquakes was collected during the last decade within both the Mesozoic suture and the low-lying northern part of the Crimean Peninsula. Radiocarbon dating of deposits associated with the landslides has revealed at least two phases of increased landslide-activity during the Late Glacial chronozone and Holocene epoch. The main landslide phase presumably took place at some time between the Late Glacial and Atlantic chronozones. Minor reactivation of landslide toes occurred during the Subatlantic chronozone and some of them have been active up to recent times. The first major landslide phase was possibly triggered by an earthquake, whereas late Holocene activity can be attributed both to seismic and hydroclimatic factors.     

长江三峡库区梯田稳定性分析与对策*──以鄂西秭归县为例

三峡库区历史上就是滑坡、崩塌作用强烈的地带,在调查分析秭归县滑坡、崩塌对梯田稳定性的影响的基础上,探讨了四种不稳定梯田培坎的特征、性质和现状,提出了利用优势植物固土护坎等相应的对策。     

Predicting landslides for risk analysis — Spatial models tested by a cross-validation technique

A landslide-hazard map is intended to show the location of future slope instability. Most spatial models of the hazard lack reliability tests of the procedures and predictions for estimating the probabilities of future landslides, thus precluding use of the maps for probabilistic risk analysis. To correct this deficiency we propose a systematic procedure comprising two analytical steps: “relative-hazard mapping” and “empirical probability estimation”. A mathematical model first generates a prediction map by dividing an area into “prediction” classes according to the relative likelihood of occurrence of future landslides, conditional by local geomorphic and topographic characteristics. The second stage estimates empirically the probability of landslide occurrence in each prediction class, by applying a cross-validation technique. Cross-validation, a “blind test” here using non-overlapping spatial or temporal subsets of mapped landslides, evaluates accuracy of the prediction and from the resulting statistics estimates occurrence probabilities of future landslides. This quantitative approach, exemplified by several experiments in an area near Lisbon, Portugal, can accommodate any subsequent analysis of landslide risk.     

广东省滑坡活动的时间分布规律研究

系统分析了近20年来广东省的滑坡活动特征。结果表明,广东省滑坡活动的时间分布规律主要受降水变化和人类工程活动的制约;滑坡活动呈现与暴雨过程及工程建设活动相关的同发性和滞后性、日内活动的夜发性、继承老滑坡活动的重复性、突发性和隐蔽性等特征。从区域性滑坡活动的时间分布规律看,具有明显的不稳定周期性和随机性,降雨作用是影响滑坡活动年际时间分布规律的主要因素;从滑坡年内活动的时间分布特征看,具有明显的季节性,集中在每年6-9月的雨季发生;从日内发生的具体时间看,以傍晚及夜间发生居多。研究滑坡活动的时间分布规律,对滑坡预警预报工作有重要的科学意义。     

地形对黄土高原滑坡的影响

高分辨率地形与影像数据的缺乏已成为研究地表现象、特征与过程的重要瓶颈。低成本无人机设备和摄影测量技术的发展,打开了地学领域获取高分辨率数据的大门,大大提高了地质灾害野外调查与灾害编目的精度与效率。本文通过无人机野外调查和遥感室内目视解译,构建了一个包含307个黄土滑坡属性的数据库。在此基础上,通过数字地形分析和数理统计等方法,总结归纳了黄土滑坡样本数据的分布规律,探讨了地形对黄土滑坡分布的影响,阐述了地形相对高差对最长滑动距离、滑坡周长、滑坡面积的影响,提出了基于传统经验公式拟合的滑坡规模快速预测公式。结果表明：① 滑坡规模—频率分布具有明显的规律性,不同最大长度、最大宽度和周长的黄土滑坡数量分布均呈现正偏态分布,而不同面积的滑坡数量分布则服从幂函数分布;② 地形对黄土滑坡发育控制作用明显,不同地形高差、平均坡度、坡形的斜坡单元滑坡发育数量差异较大;③ 地形相对高差与滑坡的最长滑距、周长和面积的拟合曲线很好地符合幂律分布规律,但不同地形区的拟合效果有所差异,黄土丘陵区拟合效果最好,黄土高原全区次之,黄土台塬区最差;④ 本文建立的黄土滑坡规模快速预测模型,为黄土滑坡灾害调查提供了经验公式支撑。