结合机载和地面LiDAR数据的建筑物重建技术

机载LiDAR数据虽然能够快速地获取建筑的顶面信息,但是不能够有效地获取建筑物的侧面信息。地面三维激光扫描仪能够有效地获取建筑物的立面信息,但获取建筑的顶面信息较困难。针对机载和地面LiDAR数据在精细建模中存在的问题,采用机载地面LiDAR数据相结合的方式对建筑物进行精细的建模,实验结果表明,采用该法能够实现建筑物的精细建模。     

基于机载LiDAR数据的DEM快速获取及应用

作为直接获取对象表面点3维坐标的现代对地观测技术,激光雷达技术能够快速获取高精度地面高程模型。基于LiDAR系统所获取的点云数据,通过过滤处理将区域纯地形特征信息与地物信息相分离,最终生成高精度的DEM,并在此基础上对同步获取的数码影像进行正射纠正,为进一步的信息提取、定量分析及实体建模奠定基础。     

地面LiDAR技术与移动最小二乘法在三维建模中的应用

地面LiDAR不仅能够快速获得建筑物表面精确三维坐标点云信息,并且利用自身所携带的相机同时采集建筑物的影像信息,这使得地面LiDAR在城市三维建模与古建筑精细模型制作中得到广泛应用。然而地面Li-DAR采集的点云数据巨大,离散点之间没有关系,这给建模带来了困难。本文通过将地面LiDAR数据进行预处理得到建筑物点云数据,再通过移动最小二乘法来拟合建筑面构建建筑物模型,实验证明移动最小二乘法拟合得到的建筑物模型光滑准确,能够将建筑物的细节信息表达出来。     

LiDAR点云中快速提取建筑物的方法研究

研究了从LiDAR点云数据中快速提取建筑物的方法路线。首先通过滤波去噪从点云数据中获取数字表面模型DSM,再通过地面点数据分类获取数字地面模型DTM,将DSM与DTM相减得出对应实体主要为建筑物和植被等地物的规则化nDSM。再利用激光扫描线方向X变量值与高度函数值Z的导数值来确定LiDAR点云是否为建筑物类型,基于此理论对建筑物提取参数进行设置,从而快速提取出建筑物信息。通过实验数据论证并进行成果分析,结果表明本文方法具有较高的效率和准确率。     

LiDAR系统测量成果精度检测

LiDAR技术可直接获取三维地表地形数据,具有传统摄影测量方法和地面常规测量技术无法比拟的优越性,已成为获取高时空分辨率地球空间信息的一种全新技术手段,引起了国内外学者的极大关注。LiDAR技术在地形测绘、环境监测、三维城市建模等诸多领域具有广阔的发展前景和应用需求。文中采用试验数据,检测并评价Li-DAR系统生成的DEM、DOM精度,探讨其在基础测绘中的应用可能性,具有现实意义。     

机载LiDAR系统及其在水利中的应用

机载LiDAR系统是一种主动式的对地观测系统,主要由中心控制单元、POS系统、激光扫描测距系统和数码相机组成。可以精确、快速地获取地面3维数据以及与其匹配的影像数据,从而生成高精度的4D产品。文中论述了LiDAR工作原理,介绍了机载LiDAR系统的组成,LiDAR数据的处理流程。最后,探讨了机载LiDAR系统在水利行业中的应用。     

地面LiDAR点云数据先局部后整体配准方法

针对地面LiDAR获取的庞大点云数据,提出无人工标志的地面LiDAR点云先局部后整体的配准方法。分割出待配准的两测站重叠区域小块点云,采用基于KD-Tree遍历最近邻域点集的ICP算法计算三维坐标转换参数,实现地面LiDAR点云数据的快速配准。     

无人机机载LiDAR技术在抽水蓄能电站库区岩溶识别中的应用

西南岩溶山区,植被茂密,地形陡峻,传统地面岩溶调查手段效率低且危险性高。本文采用机载LiDAR技术,获取四川某抽水蓄能电站库区激光点云和光学影像数据,结合室内解译和野外复核,开展区域岩溶识别工作。查明了库区内岩溶发育分布情况,根据岩溶形态划分为岩溶漏斗、岩溶洼地及落水洞3类。基于已有资料和LiDAR数据成果提取库区高程、坡度、坡向、构造、岩性及汇水区因子,并分析了岩溶发育的分布规律。结果表明,无人机机载LiDAR技术可精准快速识别抽水蓄能电站库区岩溶分布特征,为水电站前期勘察设计提供了新的技术手段。     

机载多光谱LiDAR的随机森林地物分类

机载多光谱LiDAR技术利用激光进行探测和测距，不仅可以快速获取地面物体的三维坐标，还可以获得多个波段的地物光谱信息，可广泛用于地形测绘、土地覆盖分类、环境建模、森林资源调查等。本文提出了多光谱LiDAR的随机森林地物分类方法。该方法通过对LiDAR强度数据和高程数据提取分类特征，完成多光谱LiDAR的随机森林地物分类；并分析随机森林的特征贡献度特性，采用后向特征选择方法实现分类特征选择。通过对加拿大Optech Titan多光谱LiDAR数据的试验表明：随机森林方法可以获得较好的地物分类精度，而且可以适当地去除部分冗余和相关的特征，从而有效提高分类精度。     

基于边缘检测算法的LiDAR数据建筑物提取

LiDAR技术可以快速获取地形表面高精度3维信息。基于LiDAR数据提取建筑物目标是这一技术的重要应用之一。探讨了一种基于LiDAR点云数据生成不同比例尺的DSM深度影像,然后利用边缘检测算子提取建筑物边缘的方法。实验证明,该方法不需要其他辅助数据,可以从LiDAR点云数据中提取建筑物边缘,并滤除了许多干扰信息。这种方法为基于LiDAR数据提取建筑物目标提供了新的思路。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

Toward seamless indoor-outdoor applications: Developing stakeholder-oriented location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBS),an emerging new business based on smartphone and mobile networks,are becoming more and more popular.Most of these LBSs,however,only offer non-seamless indoor/outdoor applications and simple applications without giving stakeholders the chance to play an active role.Our specific aim is to solve these issues.This paper presents concepts to solve these issues by expanding the Open Location Services Interface Standard (OpenLS) to allow seamless indoor/outdoor positioning and to extend the content of the services to include information recommended by stakeholders.     

地理数据库的关系模型及其实现

本文从以图论观点分析地理实体入手,系统阐述了地理数据库关系模型的设计法和过程。作者于1984年4～9月间在微型机上设计建立了关系型地理数据库的实方验系统(RGDB)。该系统采用了本文提出的关系模型,采用了可动态扩库的子库组合结构,这种结构具有灵活性和提高空间利用率的优点。RGDB含有多种功能的数据操作命令,除了具有一般检索功能外,还能进行“开窗”选取和十分“自由”的映象选取。本文对RGDB系统的主要性能和实现途径作了扼要介绍。     

GIS空间数据的采集误差及其分析

本文详细阐述了GIS数据采集过程中的误差来源，重点分析了通过地图、遥感和摄影测量等方式采集数据所产生的误差及其特性，分析了其对GIS数据的影响与消减方法。