杭州湾钱塘江两岸全新世以来的古植被及古气候研究

根据杭州市三个钻孔的孢粉资料对杭州市地区全新世以来的植被和古气候演变进行讨论。这三个钻孔分别位于钱塘江两岸的三盈村(HZ1)、新街三星(HZ2)和下沙镇市场(HZ3),笔者对其进行了孢粉样分析和地层年代学研究。研究结果表明,该区自晚更新世晚期以来的植被演化可以划分为4个阶段:第一阶段为针叶林,气候温凉较湿,海平面低于现今海平面;第二阶段为针叶林或针阔叶混交林,气候温和较湿,海平面接近现今海平面;第三阶段为针阔叶混交林,枫香、榆花粉明显增多,气候温暖较湿,出现高海面;第四阶段为针叶林,气候暖和较湿,海平面接近现今位置。其中第一阶段为末次冰期,第二、三、四阶段为全新世。根据第三阶段的孢粉组合特征、岩性特征以及微体化石可知,全新世中期的气候比较适宜,气候温暖湿润。     

长江三角洲东缘地区全新世孢粉与古环境研究

通过对长江三角洲东缘地区南汇鹤鸣孔、东海1井、高桥G2孔3口钻井全新世地层的孢粉研究,划分出了5个孢粉组合带和3个亚带,恢复了本地区植被演替、气候波动的5个阶段：第1阶段为针阔叶混交林一草地,反映气候温凉略湿（前北方期）;第2阶段为含常绿阔叶树的针阔叶混交林,反映气候温和略干（北方期）;第3阶段为以常绿栎类、栲属、杨梅等为主的常绿阔叶林,反映气候热暖潮湿（大西洋期）;第4阶段是以栎、松、禾本科为主的针阔叶混交林,反映气候温暖略干（亚北方期）;第5阶段是以落叶栎类、常绿栎类、松为主的落叶阔叶、常绿阔叶、针叶混交林一草地,反映气候温暖湿润（亚大西洋期）。这种气候波动与世界性气候变化相一致,为本地区的地层年代划分和对比提供了可靠的证据,为全新世古植被、古气候、古环境的重建提供了重要的孢粉学资料。     

安徽巢湖湖泊沉积物孢粉-炭屑组合记录的全新世以来植被与气候演变

利用湖泊钻孔的孢粉及炭屑分析资料,探讨了安徽巢湖湖泊沉积物孢粉-炭屑组合记录的全新世以来植被与气候演变。孢粉-炭屑记录表明：本区9870-6040 cal.{a BP},植被是以壳斗科的落叶、常绿属种为主的落叶阔叶、常绿阔叶混交林,气候呈现温和略干的特点;6040-4860 cal.{a BP},植被是以落叶栎类、栗属、青冈属和栲/石栎属为主的落叶阔叶、常绿阔叶混交林,气候由前一阶段的温和略干变为温暖湿润,进入全新世最适宜气候期;4860-2170 cal.{a BP},植被是以落叶栎类占绝对优势的落叶阔叶、常绿阔叶混交林,气温逐渐降低、湿度下降,气候温和干燥,环境整体向着干旱趋势转化,2170 cal.{a BP}左右出现一次明显的干旱事件;2170-1040 cal.{a BP},森林退缩,落叶阔叶、常绿阔叶混交林迅速被破坏,演替成以禾本科为主的草地,气候处于转型时期,总体上温和湿润;1040-200 cal.{a BP},木本植物仅零星分布,可能存在针叶阔叶混交林植被,植被类型逐渐演替成以禾本科、蒿属和蓼属等为主的草丛,其中包括较多的农作物,气候温凉稍湿;200 cal.{a BP}以来,湖区周围零星分布有阔叶乔木,松林在远处可能有分布,植被仍是以禾本科、蒿属和蓼属等为主的草丛,气候相对温暖湿润,但也有若干变凉干的波动,湖泊富营养化水平逐渐增加,人类活动已经对环境变化产生了较大的影响。     

Vegetation and climate changes during the Eemian interglacial in Central and Eastern Europe: comparative analysis of pollen data

Velichko, A. A., Novenko, E. Y., Pisareva, V. V., Zelikson, E. M., Boettger, T. & Junge, F. W. 2005 (May): Vegetation and climate changes during the Eemian interglacial in Central and Eastern Europe: comparative analysis of pollen data. Boreas , Vol. 34, pp. 207–219. Oslo. ISSN 0300–9483.
The article discusses pollen data from Central and Eastern Europe and provides insight into the climate and vegetation dynamics throughout the Eemian interglacial (including preceding and succeeding transitional phases). Three sections with high resolution pollen records are presented. Comparison of the data indicates that the range of climatic and environmental changes increased from west to east, whereas the main phases of vegetation development appear to have been similar throughout the latitudinal belt. At the interglacial optimum, the vegetation in both Central and Eastern Europe was essentially homogeneous. An abrupt change marks the Saalian/Eemian boundary (transition from OIS 6 to OIS 5e), where environmental fluctuations were similar to those detected at the transition from the Weichselian to the Holocene (Allerød and Dryas 3). Transition from the Eemian to the Weichselian was gradual in the western part of the transect, with forest persisting. In the east, fluctuations of climate and vegetation were more dramatic; forest deteriorated and was replaced by cold open landscapes.     

吉林柳河哈尼湖13.1～4.5cal.kaB.P.古气候演化的高分辨率孢粉记录

利用哈尼湖钻孔剖面深837～304cm高分辨率的123个孢粉数据和序列中的8个14C测年数据重建中国东北地区13.1～4.5cal.kaB.P.的植被与气候历史:13.1～11.9cal.kaB.P.植被变化明显,整个时段气温较低,后期有回暖趋势,在12.8～12.1cal.kaB.P.的快速变干可能是新仙女木事件在本区的体现;11.9～10.0cal.kaB.P.孢粉显示为以云杉、冷杉等针叶树为主,气候湿冷;10.0～8.2cal.kaB.P.针叶林逐步演替为落叶阔叶林,为升温阶段;8.2～4.5cal.kaB.P.落叶阔叶林进一步发展,气候温暖湿润。同时孢粉序列也反映出,东北地区在气候变暖后发生了一系列的冷暖干湿波动,大致可与我国北方和南方其他地区的气候事件对应。经频谱分析表明,本区在研究期间存在1100a,700a,500a及300a的气候变化的准周期。     

10 000 aB.P.关中蓝田的植被和气候

在阐述陕西关中蓝田县城附近地质环境的基础上,利用孢粉图式分析了该区植被的演替,进而分析了该区10 000 aB.P.的古气候演化特征。从陕西蓝田东城水库剖面17个样品分析发现孢粉和藻类十分丰富,根据孢粉组合特征划分3个组合带,分别代表全新世早、中、晚3个时期的孢粉带。Ⅰ带为蒿属优势带;Ⅱ带乔木花粉激增,早期发育温带阔叶落叶林或针阔叶混交林,晚期是以温带阔叶树或与松混合的疏林草原或森林草原;Ⅲ带是以松、蒿为主的森林草原或疏林草原。结果表明：早全新世气候寒冷而干燥,发育以蒿为主的大片草原;中全新世气候温暖湿润,发育疏林草原和森林草原;晚全新世渐变为干冷,发育以松、蒿为主的森林草原。     

上海东部地区全新世孢粉组合及古植被和古气候

通过对上海东部地区南汇鹤鸣Hm孔、东海Dh1井、高桥G2孔3口钻井全新世地层的孢粉研究,划分出5个孢粉组合带和3个亚带,恢复了本地区古植被演替和古气候波动的5个阶段：第1阶段为针阔叶混交林-草地,反映气候温凉略湿（前北方期）;第2阶段为含常绿阔叶树的针阔叶混交林,反映气候温和略干（北方期）;第3阶段为以常绿栎类、栲属、杨梅等为主的常绿阔叶林,反映气候热暖潮湿（大西洋期）;第4阶段是以栎、松、禾本科为主的针阔叶混交林,反映气候温暖略干（亚北方期）;第5阶段是以落叶栎类、常绿栎类、松为主的落叶阔叶、常绿阔叶、针叶混交林-草地,反映气候温暖湿润（亚大西洋期）。这为本地区的地层年代划分和对比提供了可靠的证据,为全新世古植被、古气候及古环境的重建提供了重要的孢粉学资料。     

更新世末期西辽河上游地区古代环境研究

西辽河地区史前和历史时期文化发达,分别发育了小河西文化－兴隆洼文化－赵宝沟文化－红山文化－小河沿文化－夏家店下层文化－夏家店上层文化,这些文化的兴衰同环境的演变密不可分,旱作农业的起源有可能在西辽河地区。西辽河地区古代环境、与人类文明发生以及演变关系一直是研究的热点,本研究将采自赤峰地区红山水库厚度为155cm的自然剖面进行了测年、孢粉和粒度分析,得到晚更新世末期西辽河地区古植被以及古环境资料。粒度分析说明沉积环境可能为河漫滩。孢粉分析结果显示： 晚更新世末期进入全新世前,西辽河地区较现代温暖湿润,植被是草原植被,主要的植物是蒿属以及菊科的其他植物,河漫滩中生长有香蒲属植物,不远的山地分布有疏林,针叶树主要是松、云杉和铁杉,而阔叶树主要是桦木科、胡桃属、栎属和榆属。自下而上,将剖面分为4个孢粉组合带(Zone 1～4)。Zone 1(15280～14680cal. aB.P.)和 Zone 2(14680～14090cal.aB.P.),针叶树主要是云杉和铁杉,而阔叶树主要是桦木科和胡桃属植物; Zone 2,盘星藻大量增加; Zone 3(14090～13890cal.aB.P.),除了云杉和铁杉,松属也是主要的针叶树种类,此时香蒲的数量急剧增加; Zone 4分为2个亚带,即 Zone 4­1(13890～13670cal. aB.P.)和 Zone 4­2(13670～13110cal. aB.P.),Zone 4主要的针叶树为松－云杉,此时的阔叶树也变为落叶栎－榆属。在Zone 4­2,伴随着C/A值的增大,铁杉花粉消失。铁杉花粉消失在约13610cal. aB.P.,可能是由气候的干旱引起。相对温暖湿润的气候环境为农业的发生提供了丰富的野生资源,而后期环境趋于干旱,这可能是促使农业发生的一个因素。     

Upper Quaternary vegetation dynamics and palaeoclimatology of the La Chonta bog area (Cordillera de Talamanca,Costa Rica)

Two pollen records from La Chonta bog (2310 m altitude) and one pollen record of a soil profile (2430 m altitude) at a short distance from the bog permit the reconstruction of the vegetational history and climatic sequence of probably the last ca. 80 000 yr of the Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica. The three pollen records can be correlated on the basis of three radiocarbon-dated horizons (> 39 900 yr BP, 34 850 yr BP and 1390 yr BP) and palynostratigraphy. Pollen concentration data provide indirect time control between radiocarbon-dated horizons of the La Chonta 2 core. During the Early Glacial successive fluctuations of the upper forest line occurred between ca. 2300 m and 2800 m altitude and the bog is alternately situated close to the subalpine rainforest belt and in the uppermontane rainforest belt. During the Pleniglacial (ca. 50 000-13 000 yr BP) the forest line fell to ca. 2000 m altitude and paramo vegetation surrounded the La Chonta site. During the Late Glacial the forest line shifted rapidly in ca. 270 yr to 2700–2800 m altitude and the lake became surrounded by Quercus-dominated upper montane rainforest during a period of ca. 1655 yr. A distinct climate cooling (by 2–2.5°C) followed during ca. 580 yr and the upper forest line dropped to ca. 2400 m altitude. This temperature rebound is probably equivalent to the Younger Dryas event. In the depression extensive Alnus carr and swamp vegetation developed. Finally, during the Holocene, the forest line shifted to 3300–3500 m elevation and the lower montane rainforest reached close to ca. 2300 m altitude. In the later part of the Holocene subparamo scrub with Hypericum, Puya, Compositae, Escallonia and Ericaceae largely replaced Alnus carr and the regional and local vegetation closely resembles the presentday composition. During the Last Glacial to Holocene transition a shift of the upper forest line of ca. 1400 m is inferred, corresponding to a glacial temperature depression at 2300 m altitude of ca. 8°C.     

A 12,000-year history of vegetation and climate for Cape Cod,Massachusetts

Pollen and charcoal analysis of radiocarbon-dated sediment cores from Duck Pond in the Cape Cod National Seashore provide a continuous 12,000-yr vegetation and climate history of outer Cape Cod. A Picea-Hudsonia parkland and then a Picea-Pinus banksiana-Alnus crispa boreal forest association grew near the site between 12,000 and 10,000 yr B.P. This vegetation was replaced by a northern conifer forest of Pinus strobus-P. banksiana, and, subsequently, by a more mesophytic forest (Pinus strobus, Tsuga, Quercus, Fagus, Acer, Ulmus, Fraxinus, Ostrya) as the climate became warmer and wetter by 9500 yr B.P. By 9000 yr B.P. a Pinus rigida-Quercus association dominated the landscape. High charcoal frequencies from this and subsequent levels suggest that the pine barrens association developed during a warmer and drier climate that lasted from 9000 to about 5000 yr B.P. Increased percentages of Pinus strobus pollen indicate a return to moister and cooler conditions by about 3500 yr B.P. A doubled sedimentation rate, increased charcoal, and increased herb pollen suggest land disturbance near the pond before European settlement. These results suggest a rapid warming in the northeast in the early Holocene and support a hypothesis of a rapid sea level rise at that time. Comparison of the pollen results from Duck Pond with those from Rogers Lake, Connecticut, illustrates the importance of edaphic factors in determining the disturbance frequency and vegetation history of an area.     

Charcoal analysis for paleoenvironmental interpretation: A chemical assay

Pollen and charcoal analysis of radiocarbon-dated sediment cores from Duck Pond in the Cape Cod National Seashore provide a continuous 12,000-yr vegetation and climate history of outer Cape Cod. A Picea-Hudsonia parkland and then a Picea-Pinus banksiana-Alnus crispa boreal forest association grew near the site between 12,000 and 10,000 yr B.P. This vegetation was replaced by a northern conifer forest of Pinus strobus-P. banksiana, and, subsequently, by a more mesophytic forest (Pinus strobus, Tsuga, Quercus, Fagus, Acer, Ulmus, Fraxinus, Ostrya) as the climate became warmer and wetter by 9500 yr B.P. By 9000 yr B.P. a Pinus rigida-Quercus association dominated the landscape. High charcoal frequencies from this and subsequent levels suggest that the pine barrens association developed during a warmer and drier climate that lasted from 9000 to about 5000 yr B.P. Increased percentages of Pinus strobus pollen indicate a return to moister and cooler conditions by about 3500 yr B.P. A doubled sedimentation rate, increased charcoal, and increased herb pollen suggest land disturbance near the pond before European settlement. These results suggest a rapid warming in the northeast in the early Holocene and support a hypothesis of a rapid sea level rise at that time. Comparison of the pollen results from Duck Pond with those from Rogers Lake, Connecticut, illustrates the importance of edaphic factors in determining the disturbance frequency and vegetation history of an area.     

北京天竺晚上新世以来植被演替与气候变迁

研究了北京天竺TZ01钻孔岩心孢粉样品239块，孢粉组合反映了北京天竺晚上新世以来(约3.580 Ma BP)植被演替和气候变迁大致经历了10个发展阶段：(1) 3.580～3.050 Ma BP：以针叶林植被为主，气候寒冷偏湿；(2) 3.050～2.555 Ma BP：植被为落叶阔叶和常绿阔叶混交林-草原类型，该阶段开始升温，但气候较为温暖湿润；(3)2.555～2.300 Ma BP：植被为温凉偏干的疏林草原，湿度开始下降；(4) 2.300～1770 Ma BP：植被类型仍为疏林草原，该阶段温度上升，但幅度并不大，湿度基本不变，气候温凉干爽；(5) 1.770～1.070 Ma BP：植被类型为针阔混交林-草原，气候温暖湿润；(6) 1.070～0.922 Ma BP：植被演替为较暖湿略干的针阔混交林-草原；(7)0.922～0.800 Ma BP：植被为较寒冷干燥的疏林草原，温度降低，降水减少；(8) 0.800～0.650 Ma BP：植被为温暖偏干的以松为主的疏林草原，温度有所上升，但湿度变化较小；(9)0.650～0.160 Ma BP：植被为温凉湿润的针阔叶混交林-草原；(10) 0.160 Ma BP至今：植被以针阔叶混交林-草原为主，前期气候冷湿，后期较为温暖湿润。     

A 35,000 Year Vegetation and Climate History from Potato Lake, Mogollon Rim, Arizona

A new record from Potato Lake, central Arizona, details vegetation and climate changes since the mid-Wisconsin for the southern Colorado Plateau. Recovery of a longer record, discrimination of pine pollen to species groups, and identification of macrofossil remains extend Whiteside's (1965) original study. During the mid-Wisconsin (ca. 35,000-21,000 yr B.P.) a mixed forest of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and other conifers grew at the site, suggesting a minimum elevational vegetation depression of ca. 460 m. Summer temperatures were as much as 5°C cooler than today. During the late Wisconsin (ca. 21,000-10,400 yr B.P.), even-cooler temperatures (7°C colder than today; ca. 800 m depression) allowed Engelmann spruce alone to predominate. Warming by ca. 10,400 yr B.P. led to the establishment of the modern ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forest. Thus, the mid-Wisconsin was not warm enough to support ponderosa pine forests in regions where the species predominates today. Climatic estimates presented here are consistent with other lines of evidence suggesting a cool and/or wet mid-Wisconsin, and a cold and/or wet late-Wisconsin climate for much of the Southwest. Potato Lake was almost completely dry during the mid-Holocene, but lake levels increased to near modern conditions by ca. 3000 yr B.P.     

Chilean and Southeast Pacific paleoclimate variations during the last glacial cycle: directly correlated pollen and δO records from ODP Site 1234

Joint pollen and oxygen isotope data from Ocean Drilling Program Site 1234 in the southeast Pacific provide the first, continuous record of temperate South American vegetation and climate from the last 140 ka. Located at 36°S, 65 km offshore of Concepcion, Chile, Site 1234 monitors the climatic transition zone between northern semi-arid, summer dry-winter wet climate and southern year-round, rainy, cool temperate climate. Dominance of onshore winds suggests that pollen preserved here reflects transport to the ocean via rivers that drain the region and integrate conditions from the coastal mountains to the Andean foothills. Down-hole changes in diagnostic pollen assemblages from xeric lowland deciduous forest (characterized by grasses, herbs, ferns, and trees such as deciduous beech, Nothofagus obliqua), mesic Valdivian Evergreen Forest (including conifers such as the endangered Prumnopitys andina), and Subantarctic Evergreen Rainforest (comprised primarily of southern beech, N. dombeyi) reveal large rapid shifts that likely reflect latitudinal movements in atmospheric circulation and storm tracks associated with the southern westerly winds. During glacial intervals (MIS 2-4, and 6), rainforests and parkland dominated by Nothofagus moved northward into the region. At the MIS 6/5e transition, coeval with the rapid shift to lower isotopic values, rainforest vegetation was rapidly replaced by xeric plant communities associated with Mediterranean-type climate. An increased prominence of halophytic vegetation suggests that MIS 5e was more arid and possibly warmer than MIS 1. Although rainforest pollen rises again at the end of MIS 5e, lowland deciduous forest pollen persists through MIS 5d and 5c, into MIS 5b. Substantial millennial-scale variations occur in both interglacial and glacial regimes, attesting to the sensitivity of the southern westerly belt to climate change. Comparison of the cool, mesic N. dombeyi rainforest assemblage from Site 1234 with δ¹⁸O in the Byrd Ice core shows that on time scales longer than 10 ka, cool-moist conditions in central Chile were coherent with and occurred in phase with Antarctic cooling. This is also likely at millennial scales, although rainforest pollen lags Antarctic cooling with exponential response times of about 1000 years, which plausibly reflects the ecological response time to regional climate change.     

The Eemian interglacial and its termination

The development and termination of the Eemian interglacial is important because it may serve as a model showing how the present warm period might end in the event of no anthropogenic impact. The most important methods for studying the Eemian are outlined and critically evaluated. In spite of interpretation and dating problems, the various proxy data seem consistent enough to allow the conclusion that some 120,000 years ago the warm Eemian climate deteriorated rapidly and drastically. The forest vegetation in West Europe was replaced by a tundra type vegetation, and within 5000 or 10,OOO years the volume of continental ice grew to at least double the present volume, corresponding to a sea level 65 m, perhaps 90 m, below that of today. There is considerable disagreement between sea level estimates deduced from geological evidence and from benthic foraminifera oxygen isotope records.     

Reconstruction of floral changes during deposition of the Miocene Embalut coal from Kutai Basin,Mahakam Delta,East Kalimantan,Indonesia by use of aromatic hydrocarbon composition and stable carbon isotope ratios of organic matter

The distribution of aromatic hydrocarbons and stable carbon isotope ratios of organic matter in a series of nine Miocene Embalut coal samples obtained from nine coal seams of Kutai Basin, East Kalimantan, Indonesia were studied. The rank of the Embalut coals ranged from lignites to low rank sub-bituminous coals (0.36–0.50% Rr), based on measurements of huminite reflectance. The aromatic hydrocarbon fractions of all coal samples were dominated by cadalene in the lower boiling point range and picene derivatives in the higher boiling point range of the gas chromatograms. Cadalene can be attributed to the contribution of Dipterocarpaceae and various hydrated picenes to the contribution of additional angiosperms to the coal forming vegetation. The picenes originate from alpha- and beta-amyrin. However, in some coal samples minor amounts of simonellite and retene were also detected which argues for an additional contribution of gymnosperms (conifers) to coal forming vegetation preferentially in the Middle Miocene and at the beginning of the Late Miocene. The results of stable carbon isotope ratios (δ¹³C) in most of the coal samples are consistent with their origin from angiosperms (δ¹³C between ?27.0‰ and ?28.0‰). During the Miocene the climate of Mahakam Delta was not uniformly moist and cooler than the present day climate. This would have been favourable for the growth of conifers, especially in the montane forests. The contribution of conifers to the Embalut coals might be a result of the cool Middle/Late Miocene climate during peat accumulation in the Kutai Basin.     

Late-glacial and Holocene vegetation and climatic history of the Cass Basin, central South Island, New Zealand

Lithology, pollen, macrofossils, and stable carbon isotopes from an intermontane basin bog site in southern New Zealand provide a detailed late-glacial and early Holocene vegetation and climate record. Glacial retreat occurred before 17,000 cal yr B.P., and tundra-like grassland–shrubland occupied the basin shortly after. Between 16,500 and 14,600 cal yr B.P., a minor regional expansion of forest patches occurred in response to warming, but the basin remained in shrubland. Forest retreated between 14,600 and 13,600 cal yr B.P., at about the time of the Antarctic Cold Reversal. At 13,600 cal yr B.P., a steady progression from shrubland to tall podocarp forest began as the climate ameliorated. Tall, temperate podocarp trees replaced stress-tolerant shrubs and trees between 12,800 and 11,300 cal yr B.P., indicating sustained warming during the Younger Dryas Chronozone (YDC). Stable isotopes suggest increasing atmospheric humidity from 11,800 to 9300 cal yr B.P. Mild (annual temperatures at least 1°C higher than present), and moist conditions prevailed from 11,000 to 10,350 cal yr B.P. Cooler, more variable conditions followed, and podocarp forest was completely replaced by montane Nothofagus forest at around 7500 cal yr B.P. with the onset of the modern climate regime. The Cass Basin late-glacial climate record closely matches the Antarctic ice core records and is in approximate antiphase with the North Atlantic.     

现代黄河三角洲北岸1.9Ma以来孢粉组合及古环境变化

通过对现代黄河三角洲地区YRD-1101钻孔的沉积地层研究和孢粉分析,认为该地区1.9 Ma以来孢粉组合代表的植被面貌自下而上表现为:针叶阔叶混交林—灌丛草甸→落叶针叶—阔叶混交林→落叶阔叶林→常绿阔叶落叶林→针叶阔叶混交林→落叶阔叶混交林→针叶落叶混交林及灌丛草甸→落叶阔叶混交林及林下灌丛。YRD-1101钻孔沉积特征变化显著,孢粉组合波动频繁。第四纪期间存在3次大的气候拐点,分别发生在0.75 Ma,0.125 Ma和9.1 ka,气候整体表现为温度逐渐上升、湿度逐渐升高的特点。特别是晚更新世以来气候趋于温暖湿润,MIS2陆相沉积阶段气候短暂转为凉爽干燥,海平面下降,植被以耐干旱草地灌丛植被扩张为特点;全新世阶段气温升高、湿度增加,海平面上升,植被以木本植物再次扩张、蕨类和藻类增加为特点。这一趋势与我国第四纪海侵地层分布及范围一致。     

西藏札达盆地古格剖面孢粉记录及其反映的古环境信息

通过对西藏札达盆地上新世古格剖面的孢粉分析,上新世古格组地层沉积物记录了4.40～2.74 Ma时期该地区的植被与环境演化过程。4.40～3.75 Ma时期,气候温凉而干旱,呈现出暖温带针阔叶混交疏林植被景观;3.75～3.47 Ma时期,属于山地暖温带针阔叶混交林,气候由温凉干旱向温暖湿润过渡;3.47～3.20 Ma时期,植被发育,属于针阔叶混交林,气候以温暖湿润为主;3.20～2.96 Ma时期,植被以山地暖温带针阔叶混交林与山地寒温带针叶林交替变化为特征,气候开始向干冷方向发展;2.96～2.74 Ma时期,属山地寒温带暗针叶林特征,气候持续干冷。     

Vegetation, Climate, and Sea Level in the Past 55,000 Years, Hanjiang Delta, Southeastern China

Pollen in Quaternary deposits from the subtropical Hanjiang Delta records three major phases in the local vegetation and climate history during the last 55,000 yr: (1) a prevalent cool-to-temperate and humid climate at ca. 24,000 ¹⁴C yr B.P. is indicated by abundant pollen of temperate trees including conifers; (2) between 20,000 and 15,000 ¹⁴C yr B.P., a cold, dry environment was associated with low sea level during the last glaciation, leading to subaerial exposure, weathering, and interruption of sedimentation, as well as departure from the region of Dacrydium and Sonneratia; (3) a short-term expansion of grassland at ca. 10,300 ¹⁴C yr B.P. reduced the predominant Lauraceae-Fagaceae evergreen forest, possibly corresponding to the Younger Dryas cooling. The combined data indicate a maximum sea-level rise in the mid-Holocene (7500–4000 ¹⁴C yr B.P.) and a marine influence in the late Pleistocene at 45,000–20,000 ¹⁴C yr B.P. The Holocene warming, however, did not bring back moisture-sensitive taxa, indicating high seasonal aridity probably caused by renewed monsoon conditions.