天津蓟县中元古界雾迷山组微指状叠层石及其对1250 Ma±叠层石衰减事件的响应

天津蓟县中元古界雾迷山组是一套厚度超过3 000 m的叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列,在该序列中潮下相叠层石生物层、凝块石生物丘与潮坪相泥晶白云岩、泻湖相白云质泥页岩一起构成若干个环潮坪型米级旋回--“雾迷山旋回层”。在雾迷山组下部发育微指状叠层石,并被古生物学家定义为“Pseudogymnosolen mopanyuensis-Scuphus-Yangzhuang columnaris”组合,即假裸枝叠层石科叠层石,沉积学家将其解释为元古代文石（灰华）海底沉淀物所构成的叠层石,代表从太古代海底结壳状文石沉淀物叠层石到新元古代碎屑结构相、富泥碳酸盐叠层石过渡时期的特殊产物。因此,雾迷山组巨厚的叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列,记录了元古代文石灰华海底沉淀物所构成的特殊的叠层石大规模消亡的层位,为研究前寒武纪以叠层石为代表的微生物碳酸盐岩所经历的漫长而复杂的地质历史演变提供了宝贵的材料。     

天津蓟县中元古界雾迷山组微指状叠层石及其对1250 Ma±叠层石衰减事件的响应

天津蓟县中元古界雾迷山组是一套厚度超过3000,m的叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列,在该序列中潮下相叠层石生物层、凝块石生物丘与潮坪相泥晶白云岩、潟湖相白云质泥页岩一起构成若干个环潮坪型米级旋回——"雾迷山旋回层"。在雾迷山组下部发育微指状叠层石,并被古生物学家定义为"Pseudogymnosolen mo-panyuensis-Scuphus-Yangzhuang columnaris"组合,即假裸枝叠层石科叠层石,沉积学家将其解释为元古代文石(灰华)海底沉淀物所构成的叠层石,代表从太古代海底结壳状文石沉淀物组成的叠层石到新元古代碎屑结构相的泥晶碳酸盐岩叠层石过渡时期的特殊产物。因此,雾迷山组巨厚的叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列,记录了元古代文石(灰华)海底沉淀物所构成的特殊的叠层石大规模消亡的层位,为研究前寒武纪以叠层石为代表的微生物碳酸盐岩所经历的漫长而复杂的地质历史演变提供了宝贵的材料。     

中元古界非叠层石灰岩中的MISS:以北京延庆千沟剖面高于庄组第三段为例

前寒武纪碳酸盐岩多以叠层石碳酸盐岩序列为特征。燕山地区中元古界高于庄组,其中的第三段(张家裕亚组)则为一个以灰岩为主、贫乏叠层石的碳酸盐岩沉积序列,该序列被定义为前寒武纪非叠层石碳酸盐岩序列。该非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列,尤其以燕山西部的延庆千沟剖面最为典型。根据沉积相序列及其所反映的旋回性,可以将该剖面的高于庄组第三段划分为3个三级层序。在这些三级层序的海侵体系域和早期高水位体系域中,中薄层隐晶质泥晶灰岩(均一石灰岩)和灰黑色薄层泥灰岩组成若干潮下型米级旋回;而在隐晶质泥晶灰岩层面上,普遍发育各种奇形怪状的沉积构造。这些沉积构造包括穹窿状构造、规则网状和杂乱的帐篷脊、变余波痕等,构成一个潮下相灰岩层面上的特别的微生物形成的沉积构造(Microbial Induced Sedimentary Structure,MISS)组合。因此,延庆千沟剖面的高于庄组第三段,特别的岩石类型和沉积构造成为前寒武纪碳酸盐岩沉积中非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列的典型代表,尤其是那些奇形怪状的MISS所代表的沉积学特点表明:在前寒武纪,即使在叠层石生长的黄金时段,也发育非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列。因此,这些现象将特别有助于对前寒武纪非叠层石生态系所造成的另一类席底生境的深入理解,也有助于复杂多变的碳酸盐岩世界。     

Sedimentary Features and Implications for the Precambrian Non-stromatolitic Carbonate Succession: A Case Study of the Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation at the Qiangou Section in Yanqing County of Beijing

In the long Precambrian period, stromatolitic carbonate successions were very common. However, the non-stromatolitic carbonate succession that is marked by subtidal deposits shows a sharp contrast to the stromatolitic carbonate succession. Both the non-stromatolitic and the stromatolitic carbonate successions are important clues for the further understanding of the evolving carbonate world of the Precambrian. The Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation at the Qiangou section in northwestern suburb of Beijing is a set of more than 1000 m-thick carbonate strata that can be divided into four members （or subformations）, in which a non-stromatolitic carbonate succession marked by the scarcity of stromatolites makes up the third member of the formation. This non-stromatolitic carbonate succession can further be subdivided into three third-order sequences that are marked by the regular succession of sedimentary facies. In third-order sequences, a lot of subtidal carbonate meter-scale cycles made up of medium-bedded leiolite limestones and thin-bedded marls constitute their transgressive system tracts （TSTs） and the early high-stand system tracts （EHSTs）, a lot of meter- scale cycles made up by thin-bedded limestones and marls constitute their condensed sections （CSs）, and thick-bedded to massive dolomitic limestones or lime dolomites make up the late high-stand system tracts （LHSTs）. The particularly non-stromatolitic carbonate succession making up the third member of the Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation at the Qiangou section might be the representative of the non-stromatolitic carbonate succession of the Precambrian because of its special lithological features and particular sedimentary structures, and its general sedimentary features are helpful and meaningful for the further understanding of the evolution rules of the sophisticate and evolving carbonate world of the Precambrian. The time scale of the Gaoyuzhuang Formation is deduced as that from 1600 Ma to 1400 Ma; thus, the non-stromatolitic     

北京延庆千沟中元古代高于庄组第三段:一个典型的前寒武纪非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列

在前寒武纪碳酸盐岩中,最为普遍的是叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列,而以潮下相沉积为主的非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列与前者形成了较大的差异;因此,与叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列一样,非叠层石序列成为了解前寒武纪复杂多变的碳酸盐世界的重要线索。燕山地区中元古代高于庄组为一套厚度千余米的碳酸盐沉积序列,包括四大部分:第一段（或称为官地亚组）为发育在海侵砂岩上的叠层石白云岩地层;第二段（或称为桑树鞍亚组）为发育少量叠层石的含锰白云岩地层;第三段又称为张家峪亚组,为一套以发育灰岩为主的非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列;第四段以叠层石岩礁和叠层石礁白云岩为特征。延庆千沟剖面的高于庄组第三段的非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列,贫乏叠层石是其基本特点,包含3个三级层序,在三级层序的海侵体系域和早期高水位体系域中,层面上发育席底构造的中层均一石灰岩（隐藻泥晶灰岩）和灰黑色薄层泥灰岩组成若干潮下型米级旋回,晚期高水位体系域则以厚层块状纹理石灰质白云岩和白云质灰岩为特征;三级层序的凝缩段单元则以薄层泥灰岩和泥页岩构成的L-M型米级旋回为特征。因此,每一个三级层序均以一个有序的沉积相序列为特征。高于庄组的分布时限大致为200 Ma（1 600～1 400 Ma）,考虑到下伏的大红峪组和高于庄组之间的地层间断时限大致为50 Ma至100 Ma,所以推断高于庄组的堆积作用时限为100 Ma（1 500～1 400 Ma）左右,其中高于庄组第一段与第二段的分界线正好处于该组的中部而可以推断该界线的大致为1 450 Ma左右;因此,高于庄组第三段非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列的发育表明,在1 450 Ma左右可能发生过一次可以与前寒武纪其他已经被识别出的三次叠层石衰减事件（2 000 Ma、1 000 Ma和675 Ma）相比拟的又一次叠层石衰减事件。延庆千沟剖面高于庄组第三段的非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列,可以大致与北美地区的起始时限为1 450 Ma左右、Belt超群中的Helena组非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列相对比,表明了1 450 Ma左右的叠层石衰减事件具有全球性,从而赋予高于庄组第三段非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列重要的沉积学意义。延庆千沟剖面高于庄组第三段非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列,特别的岩石类型和沉积构造,成为前寒武纪碳酸盐岩沉积中非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列的典型代表,由其所代表的沉积学特点将有助于深入理解漫长的前寒武纪碳酸盐沉积作用的变化规律而具有重要意义。     

叠层石中的海绿石化和黄铁矿化:以天津蓟县中元古界铁岭组为例*

作为微生物碳酸盐岩的主要类型之一,叠层石是微生物席的主要建造物已成为共识。天津蓟县中元古界铁岭组二段叠层石生物礁灰岩发育,其中的细粒叠层石被前人解释为微生物席捕获碳酸盐泥的微生物建造物,使得其既不同于现代叠层石,也不同于显生宙尤其是寒武纪的叠层石。更为特殊的是,这些叠层石中的海绿石和黄铁矿代表着2种特殊的矿化作用,其中研究区普遍产出的黄铁矿,作为硫酸盐还原细菌的产物,是了解古代微生物的窗口;而发育在高能浅海的海绿石,产出环境不同于现代海绿石,不能作为慢速沉积环境的指示矿物,亦不具有沉积间断的地质意义。2种矿化作用表明铁岭组叠层石是由沉淀作用而非捕获碳酸盐泥形成,这为了解中元古代叠层石的形成和特征提供了一些有益的线索。     

Implications of the Precambrian Non-stromatolitic Carbonate Succession Making up the Third Member of Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation in Yanshan Area of North China

A particular non-stromatolitic carbonate succession making up the third member of the Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang (高于庄) Formation might demonstrate that a stromatolite decline of the Mesoproterozoic occurring at ca. 1 450 Ma besides other three events of the Proterozoic,respectively,occurred at ca. 2 000 Ma,ca. 1 000 Ma,and ca. 675 Ma. The forming duration of this non-stromatolitic carbonate succession can be generally correlative to that of a similar depositional succession in North America,i.e. a non-stromatolitic carbonate succession made up by the Helena Formation of the Belt Supergroup,which suggests that the stromatolite decline occurring at ca. 1 450 Ma may be a global event. This information endows the non-stromatolitic carbonate succession making up the third member of the Gaoyuzhuang Formation in the Yanshan (燕山) area with important significance for the further understanding of Precambrian sedimentology. The Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation in Yanshan area is a set of more than 1 000 m thick carbonate strata that can be divided into four members (or subformations). The first member (or the Guandi (官地) subformation) is marked by a set of stromatolitic dolomites overlying a set of transgressive sandstones; the second member (or the Sangshu'an (桑树鞍) subformation) is a set of manganese dolomites with a few stromatolites; the third member (or the Zhangjiayu (张家峪) subformation) is chiefly made up of leiolite and laminite limestones and is characterized by the development of molar-tooth structures in leiolite limestone; the fourth member (or the Huanxiusi (环秀寺) subformation) is composed of a set of dolomites of stromatolitic reefs or lithoherms. Sequence-stratigraphic divisions at two sections,i.e. the Jixian (蓟县) Section in Tianjin (天津) and the Qiangou (千沟) Section of Yanqing (延庆) County in Beijing (北京),demonstrate that a particularly non-stromatolitic succession making up the third member of the Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation is developed in the Yanshan area of North China,in which lots of grotesque matground structures (wrinkle structures and palimpsest ripples) are developed in beds of leiolite limestone at the Qiangou Section and lots of molar-tooth structures are developed in beds of leiolite limestone at the Jixian Section. The time scale of the Gaoyuzhuang Formation is deduced as 200 Ma (from 1 600 Ma to 1 400 Ma). The duration of an obvious hiatus between the Gaoyuzhuang Formation and the underlying Dahongyu (大红峪) Formation is deduced as 50 Ma to 100 Ma,thus the forming duration of the GaoyuzhuangFormation is thought as 100 Ma (1 500 Ma to 1 400 Ma). Furthermore,the age of the subface of the third member of the Gaoyuzhuang Formation that is just in the mid position of the Gaoyuzhuang Formation can be deduced as about 1 450 Ma,which is the basis to infer a stromatolite decline of the Mesoproterozoic occurring at ca. 1 450 Ma. Importantly,several features of both the molar-tooth structure and the stromatolite,such as the particular forming environment,the important facies-indicative meaning,and the episodic distribution in the earth history,might express the evolutionary periodicity of the surface environment of the earth and can provide meaningful clues for the understanding of the Precambrian world,although their origin and forming mechanism is highly contentious. Therefore,like other three stromatolitic declines,respectively,occurring at ca. 675 Ma,ca. 1 000 Ma,and ca. 2 000 Ma,the identification of the stromatolite decline occurring at ca. 1 450 Ma during the Golden Age of stromatolites (2 800 Ma to 1 000 Ma) has important meaning for the further understanding of the evolving carbonate world of the Precambrian.     

燕山地区中元古代高于庄组非叠层石碳酸盐岩序列的沉积特征及其重要意义

在燕山地区中元古代高于庄组一套厚度千余米的碳酸盐沉积序列中,第三段组成一个特别的非叠层石碳酸盐岩序列。两个剖面(天津蓟县剖面和北京延庆千沟剖面）的详尽观察与研究结果表明：高于庄组第三段的非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列以灰岩序列为特征,厚度为300 m至600 m不等,在蓟县剖面发育有存在成因争论的臼齿状构造,在延庆千沟剖面发育奇形怪状的席底构造。该非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列表明,在前寒武纪除了3次叠层石衰减事件(分别发生在2 000 Ma、1 000 Ma和675 Ma）外,在1 450 Ma左右还可能发生过一次叠层石衰减事件。再者,高于庄组第三段构成的非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列,可以大致与北美地区的Belt超群中的Helena组非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列相对比,从而表明了1 450 Ma左右的叠层石衰减事件因具有全球性而有重要意义。在漫长的前寒武纪,臼齿状构造常常集中发育在叠层石衰减事件之后,因此,尽管这两种沉积构造的成因还不完全清楚却成为了解前寒武纪世界的重要线索。1 450 Ma左右的叠层石衰减事件,正好处于叠层石发育的黄金时段(2 800 Ma至1 000 Ma）,对该次事件的识别,有助于正确认识漫长而复杂多变的前寒武纪碳酸盐世界。     

中元古代晚期浅海高能沉积环境中的海绿石:以天津蓟县剖面铁岭组为例

海绿石是一种富钾、富铁的含水层状铝硅酸盐矿物,在沉积学领域常被作为一种普遍的指相矿物。多年研究的结果表明,现代海绿石主要形成在慢速、弱还原的较深水环境中,而且还可以作为"凝缩段"的识别标志之一。天津蓟县剖面中元古界铁岭组第二段灰岩中的海绿石,产在高能叠层石岩礁之中,主要以胶体形式富集在叠层石和均一石的边界上,代表较为典型的原地海绿石;较高的氧化钾含量(大于8%)而显示出高成熟海绿石的特点。很明显,铁岭组二段灰岩中的原地高成熟海绿石,不但不能作为"凝缩段"的识别标志,而且也不是长时间地层间断的产物。由于形成在正常高能浅海环境,而且处于中元古代末期,与现代沉积中的海绿石存在较大的差异,可能代表了中元古代末期的正常浅海还处于含氧量不够充分的弱还原状态,最终使铁岭组灰岩中的海绿石成为前寒武纪海绿石产出的一个典型代表,也间接的表明了在漫长的地质历史演变过程中海绿石产出的多样性特点。     

青海省湟中区东岔沟克素尔组叠层石分类及地层对比

叠层石被广泛认为是地球上的一些最古老的生命痕迹,是研究地球早期生命的重要窗口。作为前寒武纪地层中的唯一常见化石,可以作为地层对比的标志,特别是中、新元古代盆地间的地层对比。青海省中祁连地层分区东岔沟村花石山群克素尔组以白云质碳酸盐岩组合为主,赋存大量叠层石。依据曹瑞骥和袁训来总结的分类方法,在研究区识别出9种不同的叠层石属,分别为：Baicalia、Chihsienella、Anabaria、Tielingella、Conicodomenia、Tungussia、Colonnella、Stratifera和Cryptozoon。研究区叠层石组合与中元古界上部蓟县系铁岭组叠层石组合具有明显的可比性,与国内其他地区的中元古代晚期—新元古代早期叠层石组合也有很强的相似性,据此推测花石山群克素尔组的年代大致为中元古代晚期。青海叠层石的报道将为我国和世界范围内中、新元古代叠层石的分布提供新产地的数据,常见叠层石属、种的垂直分布延限也有新的化石证据,对提升地层对比的精度具有重要意义。     

中元古代叠层石—非叠层石碳酸盐岩层序地层序列及其沉积特征——以北京延庆千沟剖面高于庄组为例

北京延庆千沟剖面中元古代高于庄组为一套发育在海侵砂岩上的叠层石—非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列,厚度千余米,包括4段:第一段(或称为官地亚组)主要为海侵砂岩地层;第二段(或称为桑树鞍亚组)为发育少量叠层石的含锰白云岩和灰质白云岩地层;第三段又称为张家峪垭组,为一套以均一石灰岩为主的地层序列,发育席底构造且贫乏叠层石;第四段(环秀寺亚组)以叠层石礁白云岩为特征。与蓟县剖面相比较,该剖面的高于庄组具有以下特点:(1)第一段厚度百余米的海侵砂岩地层不但表明了与下伏大红峪组之间存在较为明显的区域不整合面,而且与蓟县剖面厚数百米的叠层石白云岩地层形成明显的区别;(2)在第三段的非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列中,未发现臼齿状构造,但发育丰富而典型的席底构造,而且以均一石灰岩为特征;(3)第四段的厚度为500余m,由罕见的叠层石礁序列所组成。这些特征表明,千沟剖面的高于庄组组成了一个复杂而有序的叠层石—非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列,成为依据沉积相序列进行前寒武纪三级层序划分和二级层序合理归并的典型实例。更为重要的是,第四段中的叠层石生物礁和第三段的均一石灰岩序列的存在,反映了一些值得进一步研究的问题:如前寒武纪叠层石生物礁的沉积模式,非叠层石灰岩序列是否代表了一次叠层石衰减事件等等。     

天津蓟县中元古界雾迷山组复合海平面变化旋回层序的初步研究

天津蓟县中元古界雾迷山组为一套厚３０００ 余米的碳酸盐岩地层,叠层石生物层和凝块石生物丘特别发育。它们与潮坪相泥晶白云岩和泥质白云岩构成具对称相序组构的环潮坪型碳酸盐米级旋回层序。米级旋回层序之顶覆以厚度不等的澲湖相白云质泥页岩。常常３ ～５ 个米级旋回层序呈有序叠加构成五级准层序组,少数米级旋回层序还可识别出５ 个七级韵律层而呈现出１∶５ 的叠加关系。因此,七级韵律层、米级旋回层和五级准层序组分别与岁差旋回、短偏心率旋回、长偏心率旋回间存在有成因联系。根据米级旋回层序在长周期层序中的有序垂直叠加形式,在雾迷山组中可识别出２６ 个三级层序,进一步归为６ 个二级层序。     

Basic Lithofacies-Succession Model for the Wumishan Cyclothems: Their Markov Chain Analysis and Regularly Vertical Stacking Patterns in the Third-Order Sequences

The Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation in the Jixian section of Tianjin is a succession of 3300-m-thick carbonate strata formed in a period of about 100 Ma (1310±20 Ma-1207±10 Ma). In this succession of strata, the carbonate metre-scale cyclic sequences belonging to peritidal type with an approximately symmetrical lithofacies-succession are best developed. The wide development of 1:4 stacking patterns shows that these metre-scale cyclic sequences are genetically related to the short-eccentricity cycles, which are called the Wumishan cyclothems that could truly represent sedimentary cycles. Generally, massive and thick-bedded calcareous dolomites and dolomitic limestones of stromatolite biostromes and thrombolite bioherms constitute the central part of the Wumishan cyclothems. The lower and upper parts consist of tidal flat dolostones, sandy-muddy dolostone and the top part is composed of lagoonal facies dolomitic shales with a paleosol cap. Therefore, an approximately symmetrical lithofacies-successio     

贺兰山中元古代三个叠层石组合及其地层意义

贺兰山原划归蓟县系王全口群中、下部的碳酸盐岩中新建立了两个叠层石组合 ,即下部以 Colonnella sp.、Gaoyuzhuangia sp.、Conophyton garganicum、C.cf.cylindricum等锥叠层石和块茎状柱叠层石为代表的闵家沟组合 ,其属种和总体面貌与长城系高于庄叠层石组合较为相似 ;中部以 L ochmecolumella和 Pseudogymnosolen等微小类型叠层石为代表的冰沟叠层石组合 ,其特征与蓟县系雾迷山叠层石组合完全一致。同时通过对王全口组叠层石分子的全面分析 ,判定王全口叠层石组合的时代应是蓟县纪中、晚期 ,其底界不低于雾迷山组底部。据此 ,重新厘定了贺兰山地区中元古代地层划分。     

Fischer Plots of Wumishan Cyclothems,Precambrian Records of Third-OrderSea-Level Changes

INTRODUCTIONThe Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation in Jixian,Tianjin is a succession of 3 300 m thick carbonate strata (Fig.1) where stromatolite biostromes and thrombolite bioherms arebest developed. The formation period of Wumishan Formation,about 100 Ma ((310120) Ma, (l 2071 10) Ma. Wang et al.,1995), is categorized as the Ectasian period of the Mesoproterozoic. Varieties of stromatolites in Wumishan Formation,such as Pseudogymnosolen mopanyuense, Scyphus parous,Conophoton conse…     

天津蓟县中元古界高于庄组中臼齿状构造的层序地层位置及其成因的初步研究

天津蓟县剖面的中元古界高于庄组为一套厚度约为1 600m的碳酸盐岩地层，包括四个段：第一段以潮坪相叠层石白云岩为主；第二段主要为含锰白云岩；第三段发育较多的纹理化石灰岩和泥晶灰岩；第四段则以叠层石岩礁（叠层石生物丘和生物层）的发育为特点。根据岩相到岩相序列可在该套碳酸盐岩地层中识别出L-M型、潮下型、环潮坪型米级旋回层序。根据米级旋回层序的有序垂直叠加形式所反映出的沉积相序列可以把高于庄组划分为13个三级层序（SQ₁至SQ₁₃），并进一步归为4个二级层序。在以灰岩为主的高于庄组第三段中，其中的第三个三级层序（SQ₁₁）中部的灰岩层中发育臼齿状构造。这种臼齿状构造以特别的形态、富含有机质、易硅化等特点可能表明了前寒武纪碳酸盐岩沉积作用的一些基本特征：第一、在浅水环境中发育叠层石而在较深水环境（中缓坡）中发育臼齿状构造，臼齿状构造就象叠层石一样是一种极为特别的与生物沉积作用相关的沉积构造；第二、在发育叠层石的潮坪环境中有利于发生白云石化作用，发育臼齿状构造的地层则以灰岩为主，这从一个侧面反映了前寒武纪白云岩似乎又不是原生白云岩。实际上，这些特征本身即代表了一些前寒武纪沉积学问题，随着研究的深入对这些问题将会得出更加接近自然事实的答案。     

中元古代罕见的实体宏观藻类化石——来自天津蓟县中元古界高于庄组第三段非叠层石碳酸盐沉积序列中的新材料

天津蓟县剖面的中元古界高于庄组可以划分为4个段,其中第三段组成一个特别的非叠层石碳酸盐岩序列。在该非叠层石碳酸盐岩序列上部的隐晶质泥晶灰岩中,发育着还存在成因争议的臼齿状构造,与其伴生的是多种类型的实体宏观藻类化石。根据宏观形态特征,可以将这些宏观藻类化石暂时归为球状丘尔藻、椭球状寿县藻、带状塔乌藻和豆荚状荚藻、卵圆状卵圆藻、舌状舌藻等多种类型,以前二种居多,组成一个球状丘尔藻—椭球状寿县藻组合。这些宏观藻类化石,曾经被认为是臼齿状构造的一种而称为"球状臼齿状构造",或被简单地当作燧石结核、钙质结核等等。但是,由于其具有规则的宏观形态,其中的球形或次球形化石在常规岩石薄片下还显示出可能的原始多细胞组织分化和可能的细胞显微结构,与充填臼齿状构造的方解石微亮晶形成明显的区别,所以不应该将其定义为臼齿状构造,更不能解释为钙质结核和燧石结核,其以罕见的实体化石不同于多年来所描述的、以碳质压型化石的形式产出的宏观藻类化石。其规则多样的宏观形态所表明的多种化石类型,以及那些球状或次球状实体宏观藻类化石显示出可能的多细胞组织及相似的细胞显微结构,表明具明显的原始多细胞真核生物特征,这为探索前寒武纪真核生物的起源与演化提供了宝贵的实际材料。     

Palaeobiology of Mesoproterozoic Salkhan Limestone, Semri Group, Rohtas, Bihar, India: Systematics and significance

Mesoproterozoic (∼ 1600 Ma old) Salkhan Limestone (Semri Group) of the Vindhyan Supergroup, exposed in Rohtas district of Bihar, India, preserves an abundant and varied ancient microbial assemblage. These microfossils are recorded in three distinctly occurring cherts viz., bedded chert, stromatolitic chert and cherty stromatolites. 27 morphoforms belonging to 14 genera and 21 species have been recognized. Six unnamed forms are also described. The microbial assemblage, almost exclusively composed of the remnants of cyanobacteria, is dominated by entophysalidacean members and short trichomes and can be termed as ‘typical Mesoproterozoic microbiotas’. The assemblage includes characteristic mat-forming scytonematacean and entophysalidacean cyanobacteria.Eoentophysalis is the dominant organism in the assemblage. Ellipsoidal akinetes of nostocalean cyanobacteria(Archaeollipsoides) and spherical unicells also occur; both are distinct from mat forming assemblage, allochthonous and possibly planktic. Co-occurrence of the microbiotas and precipitates is related to the depositional environment of the Mesoproterozoic tidal flats with high carbonate saturation.     

天津蓟县雾迷山组高频旋回沉积特征

天津蓟县剖面的中元古界雾迷山组是一套厚达3 300 m的碳酸盐岩地层,其中广泛发育具有近似对称相序组构的雾迷山旋回层,属于特殊的环潮坪型碳酸盐米级旋回层序。在对旋回层内部岩石成因单元的类型及组合分析的基础上,建立了雾迷山旋回层的基本模式和沉积环境模式,并对成因单元的岩石磁化率特征及其对高频旋回的反映进行了探索。认为雾迷山旋回层为沉积环境的水深由较浅—较深—较浅—暴露条件下的沉积,可能代表真正的沉积旋回;其成因单元之间具有明显的有序叠置形态,表明它有可能是与米兰柯维奇旋回具有成因关联的高频率海平面变化所控制的自旋回沉积作用的产物。     

A Paleoproterozoic drowned carbonate platform on the southeastern margin of the Wyoming Craton: a record of the Kenorland breakup

The Nash Fork Formation in the upper part of the early Paleoproterozoic Snowy Pass Supergroup, Medicine Bow Mountains of Wyoming, was deposited on a mature passive margin along the southern flank of the Wyoming Craton and straddles the end of the ca. 2.2–2.1 Ga carbon isotope excursion. Two drowning events marked by black shales subdivide the carbonate platform into three parts. The lower Nash Fork Formation consists of outer shelf to supratidal deposits represented by massive and stromatolitic dolomites, heterolithic siliciclastics-carbonates, large silicified domal digitate stromatolites, nodular dolomites and stromatolitic dolomites. Molds after evaporite crystals are pervasive in the heterolithic siliciclastics-carbonates. Large silicified domal digitate stromatolites formed biostromes and bioherms following flooding events. The middle Nash Fork Formation comprises two intervals of black shale separated by inner shelf heterolithic siliciclastics-nodular carbonates. Black shales are organic- and pyrite-rich, contain turbidites and developed in response to drowning of the platform. Overlying massive dolomite of the upper Nash Fork Formation was deposited in an unprotected intertidal setting and displays an upward-shallowing trend terminated by a prominent karstic surface in the middle of the unit. The Nash Fork Formation is open-marine with no evidence for restricted circulation on the carbonate platform. The two drowning events on the carbonate platform are likely related to dissection of the mature passive margin associated with the breakup of Kenorland. The younger drowning event is associated with the end of the carbon isotope excursion. The main building elements of the lower and middle Nash Fork carbonate platform are dolomitic mudstones and stromatolites. Macroscopic seafloor precipitates are volumetrically negligible with the exception of tufa deposits and domes in the massive and stromatolitic dolomites and, possibly, digitate stromatolites within domal digitate stromatolites. The upper Nash Fork Formation comprises dolomitic mudstones, relatively rare stromatolites and inorganic precipitates that are more common than in the underlying carbonates. Styles of carbonate deposition on this early Paleoproterozoic platform differ from those documented on late Archean carbonate platforms; there are fewer macroscopic seafloor precipitates and more dolomitic mudstones. This pattern is considered to be related to a rise of the atmospheric oxygen level that led to a decrease in bicarbonate saturation in the ocean.