CRUSTAL STRUCTURE FROM YUNXIAN-NINGLANG WIDE-ANGLE SEISMIC REFLECTION AND REFRACTION PROFILE IN NORTHWESTERN YUNNAN,CHINA

The Red River Fault in western Yunnan is one of the longest strike-slip faults in China and has a high seismic potential. To investigate its complicated structure, a near-NS directed 300km long wide-angle reflection/refraction seismic profile was laid out from Yunxian to Ninglang, across the Red River Fault. The 2-D velocity structure model along the profile was obtained through 1-D and 2-D analysis and fitting the observed data with combination of first-arrival traveltime tomography and forward modeling. The results indicate:In the crust, the average P-wave velocity is 6.2~6.3km/s and basically shows a positive gradient structure, but there are some low velocity anomalies at different area in upper and lower crust. Regarding the crust boundary, a relative large lateral variation exists in the depth of Moho, which goes deeper from south to north, ranging from 45km to as deep as 54km; compared to other typical continental crust, the study area demonstrates a striking thickening. It should be mentioned that the crustal thickening is mainly observed in the lower crust, while the upper and middle crust possess nearly constant thickness. We observed strong seismic velocity contrast across the Red River Fault, which emphasizes the role of the fault as an important tectonic boundary between Yangtze paraplatform and Sanjiang geosynclinal system. Along the profile, the Moho depth has no remarkable variation when crossing the Red River Fault. Combining with other study results on nearby area, it proves that there is notable heterogeneity between different parts of the Red River Fault.     

Crustal structure of Gondwana- and Yangtze-typed blocks: An example by wide-angle seismic profile from Menglian to Malong in western Yunnan

Ancient Tethyan vestige extends from Alps, Kaebaiqn Mountain and eastward through Turkey, IranAfghanistan, and the middle and north of Tibetan Plateau, then turns to western Yunnan and Sichuan, andfinally ends at Zhongnan Peninsula. The PaleoTethyan is supposed as one eastward opened Oceanand superposed by tectonic deformation in the latestage of the late Mesozoic to Paleocene of Cenozoicand covered by Mesozoic and Cenozoic deposits. The Sanjiang region in southwestern China is in the…     

Seismological study on the crustal structure of Tengchong volcanic-geothermal area

Introduction The Tengchong volcanic-geothermal area is located on the northeast edge of the collision zone between Indian and Eurasian plates, and belongs to Eurasian volcanic zone (the MediterraneanHimalayanSoutheast Asia volcanic zone). In Tengchong area, the Quaternary volcanic, geothermal and seismic activities are all intensive. These phenomena have been drawing the attention of many geoscientists in the world. Their studies are concerned with geology, geophysics, geochemistry, and cr…     

云南思茅—中甸地震剖面的地壳结构

云南思茅—中甸宽角反射/折射地震剖面切割松潘—甘孜、扬子和华南三个构造单元的部分区域. 我们利用初至波和壳内反射波走时层析成像获得地壳纵波速度结构. 在获得新的地壳速度结构模型基础上，利用地震散射成像思想和低叠加次数的叠前深度偏移方法重建了研究区的地壳、上地幔反射结构. 综合分析研究区地壳P波速度模型和壳内地震反射剖面发现：沿测线从北至南地壳厚度从约50 km减薄至35 km左右，地壳厚度的减薄量主要体现在下地壳，剖面北段下地壳厚度约为30 km，剖面南段下地壳厚度仅为15 km左右；上地幔顶部局部位置P波速度值偏低，一般为76～78 km/s，反映出云南地区是典型的构造活动区的特点.剖面沿线地壳内地震反射发育，其中莫霍强反射出现在景云桥下方；在景云桥弧形断裂带8～10 km深处出现宽约50 km的强反射带.     

The crust-mantle transition and the Moho beneath the Vogtland/West Bohemian region in the light of different seismic methods

The structure of the crust and the crust-mantle boundary in the Vogtland/West Bohemian region have been a target of several seismic measurements for the last 25 years, beginning with the steep-angle reflection seismic studies (DEKORP-4/KTB, MVE-90, 9HR), the refraction and wide-angle experiments (GRANU’95, CELEBRATION 2000, SUDETES 2003), and followed by passive seismic studies (receiver functions, teleseismic tomography). The steep-angle reflection studies imaged a highly reflective lower crust (4 to 6 km thick) with the Moho interpreted in a depth between 30 and 32 km and a thinner crust beneath the Eger Rift. The refraction and wide-angle reflection seismic studies (CELEBRATION 2000) revealed strong wide-angle reflections in a depth of 26–28 km interpreted as the top of the lower crust. Long coda of these reflections indicates strong reflectivity in the lower crustal layer, a phenomenon frequently observed in the Caledonian and Variscan areas. The receiver function studies detected one strong conversion from the base of the crust interpreted as the Moho discontinuity at a depth between 27 and 37 km (average at about 31 km). The discrepancies in the Moho depth determination could be partly attributed to different background of the methods and their resolution, but could not fully explain them. So that new receivers function modelling was provided. It revealed that, instead of a first-order Moho discontinuity, the observations can be explained with a lower crustal layer or a crust-mantle transition zone with a maximum thickness of 5 km. The consequent synthetic ray-tracing modelling resulted in the model with the top of the lower crust at 28 km, where highly reflective lower crustal layer can obscure the Moho reflection at a depth of 32–33 km.     

East-west crustal structure and “down-bowing” Moho under the northern Tibet revealed by wide-angle seismic profile

We recognized 6 sets of reflecting P- and S-wave events from Moho and other interfaces within the crust, respectively, with the wide-angle seismic data acquired from 510 km-long Selincuo-Ya’anduo profile in the northern Tibet, fitted the observed events with forward modeling, and interpreted crustal structure of P- and S-wave velocities and Poisson’s ratio under the profile. The results demonstrate that the crustal structure between Yarlungzangbo and Bangong-Nujiang sutures changes abruptly, and the crust is the thickest at the middle part of the profile with thickness of 80 km or more. The “down-bowing” Moho is the striking feature for the crustal variation along the west-east direction. The Moho uplifts with steps, and the uplifting rate westward is greater than that eastward. The heterogeneity of P- and S-wave velocities exists both vertically and horizontally, and one lower velocity layer (LVL) exists with the depth range of 27–34 km and the thickness range of 5–7 km. For the upper crust, Poisson’s ratio is the lowest at the middle part of the profile; for the lower crust, the Poisson’s ratio at the east segment is lower than that at west segment, which means that the crustal rigidity for the upper crust is different from the lower crust, and the lower crust under the east segment of the profile is more ductile. We infer that the substance in the lower crust endured eastward flow along with the collision between Eurasian and Indian plates, and the “down-bowing” Moho is attributable to the multi-phase E-W tectonic processes.     

青藏高原东北缘—鄂尔多斯地块地壳上地幔S波速度结构

1999～2000年从青海玛沁到陕西榆林，横跨青藏高原东北缘和鄂尔多斯布设了一条由47台宽频带数字地震仪组成的长约1000km的流动地震台阵观测剖面.利用记录到的远震体波波形资料和接收函数方法获得了剖面下0～100km深度的地壳和上地幔S波速度结构.结果表明，沿观测剖面地壳结构显示了明显的分块特征; 地壳厚度自东向西由40km增加到64km左右；在海原地震带下方和西秦岭断裂以西到日月山断裂之间的区域Moho间断面结构复杂；在1920年海原震区及其西侧，上地壳存在明显的低速层，在该地区的绝大部分地震分布在该低速层东边界偏向高速区一侧；祁连山东缘Moho面有约4km的深度间断，壳内向西逐渐减薄的低速层内有大量微震发生，沿祁连山的逆冲加走滑的构造运动在深度上已经穿透了Moho面；在玛沁断裂和日月山断裂之间，上地壳存在厚度很大的低速层，同时该区域下地壳也明显加厚.研究结果表明，青藏高原东北缘与鄂尔多斯地块之间的过渡带地壳变形强烈，地壳结构较为破碎，这与该地区地震频发相一致.     

华北克拉通北缘(怀来-苏尼特右旗)地壳结构

2009年,中国地质科学院地质研究所与美国俄克拉荷马大学合作实施了一条长453 km的深地震反射、宽角反射与折射、三分量反射地震联合探测剖面. 剖面南起怀来盆地,向北依次穿过燕山造山带西缘、内蒙地轴、白乃庙弧带、温都尔庙杂岩带,到达索伦缝合带. 其中,宽角反射与折射剖面采用8个0.5~1.5 t炸药震源激发,使用300套Texan单分量数字检波器接收,获得了高质量的地震资料. 通过资料分析和处理,识别出沉积层及结晶基底的折射波（Pg）、来自上地壳底界面的反射波（Pcp）,中地壳底界面的反射波（Plp）,莫霍界面的反射波（Pmp）及上地幔顶部的折射波（Pn）等5个震相. 分别采用Hole有限差分层析成像和Rayinvr算法对华北克拉通北缘及中亚造山带南部进行了上地壳P波速度结构成像和全地壳二维射线追踪反演成像. 结果显示：（1）中亚造山带地壳厚度~40 km,变化平缓,低于全球平均造山带地壳平均厚度,可能为造山后区域伸展的结果. 阴山-燕山带附近莫霍明显加深,推测其为燕山期造山过程形成的山根,但该山根很可能在后期被改造. （2）测线中部地壳上部速度较高,对应地表大面积花岗岩出露,而下地壳速度较低,速度梯度低,呈通道状,推测其可能曾为古亚洲洋向南俯冲消亡的主动陆缘,并在碰撞后演变为伸展环境下岩浆侵入的通道. （3）华北克拉通北缘与中亚造山带显示出不同速度变化特征,前者变化相对缓而后者则变化剧烈,二者的分界出现在赤峰-白云鄂博断裂附近.     

利用接收函数方法研究喜马拉雅东构造结地区地壳结构

本文使用位于喜马拉雅东构造结地区布置的24个宽频带地震台站记录的远震波形数据,利用P波接收函数的方法研究了台站下方的Moho面深度、泊松比和地壳速度结构.结果表明,东构造结内Moho面深度呈现出自南西向北东方向逐渐变深的趋势,地壳厚度在54~60 km范围内,其中东久一米林走滑断裂带附近Moho面最浅,东构造结周围拉萨地块的Moho面深度在60 km以上.东构造结西部东久一米林走滑断裂带附近地壳泊松比较高.嘉黎断裂带南北两侧的泊松比差别较大,说明该断裂带两侧地壳结构存在显著差异.东构造结周边拉萨地块地壳内普遍存在低速层,分布在20~40 km深度范围内,厚度约为5~15 km.     

Crustal structure beneath the Songpan—Garze orogenic belt

The Benzilan-Tangke deepseismic sounding profile in the western Sichuan region passes through the Song-pan-Garze orogenic belt with trend of NNE.Based on the travel times and the related amplitudes of phases in the record sections,the 2-D P-wave crustal structure was ascertained in this paper.The velocity structure has quite strong lateral variation along the profile.The crust is divided into 5layers,where the first,second and third layer belong to the upper crust,the forth and fifth layer belong to the lower crust.The low velocity anomaly zone gener-ally exists in the central part of the upper crust on the profile,and it integrates into the overlying low velocity basement in the area to the north of Ma‘erkang.The crustal structure in the section can be divided into 4parts:in the south of Garze-litang fault,between Garze-Litang fault and Xianshuihe fault,between Xianshuihe fault and Longriba fault and in the north of Longriba fault,which are basically coincided with the regional tectonics division.The crustal thickness decreases from southwest to northeast along the profile,that is ,from62km in the region of the Jinshajiang River to 52km in the region of the Yellow River.The Moho discontinuity does not obviously change across the Xianshuihe fault basesd on the PmP phase analysis.The crustal average velocity along the profile is lower,about 6.30 km/s.The Benzilan-Tangke profile reveals that the crust in the study area is orogenic.The Xianshuihe fault belt is located in the central part of the profile,and the velocity is positive anomaly on the upper crust,and negative anomaly on the lower crust and upper mantle.It is considered as a deep tectonhic setting in favor of strong earthquake‘s accumulation and occurrence.     

Crustal wide-angle reflection imaging along Lianxian-Gangkou profile in Guangdong province,China

A 400 km-long wide-angle seismic experiment along Lianxian-Gangkou profile in South China was carried out to study contact relationship between southeast continental margin of Yangtze block and northwest continental margin of Cathaysia block. We reconstructed crustal wide-angle reflection structure by the depth-domain pre-stack migration and the crustal velocity model constructed from the traveltime fitting. The wide-angle reflection section shows different reflection (from crystalline basement and Moho) pattern beneath the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks, and suggests the Wuchuan-Sihui fault is the boundary between them. A cluster of well-developed reflections on Moho and in its underlying topmost mantle probably comes from alternative thin layers, which may be seismic signature of strong interaction between crust and mantle in the tectonic environment of lithosphere extension.     

Crustal structure beneath the Songpan——Garze orogenic belt

AbstractThe Benzilan-Tangke deep seismic sounding profile in the western Sichuan region passes through the Song-pan-Garze orogenic belt with trend of NNE.Based on the travel times and the related amplitudes of phases in therecord sections,the 2-D P-wave crustal structure was ascertained in this paper. The velocity structure has quitestrong lateral variation along the profile.The crust is divided into 5 layers,where the first,second and third layerbelong to the upper crust,the forth and fifth layer belong to the lower crust.The low velocity anomaly zone gener-ally exists in the central part of the upper crust on the profile,and it integrates into the overlying low velocitybasement in the area to the north of Ma’erkang.The crustal structure in the section can be divided into 4 parts:inthe south of Garze-Litang fault,between Garze-Litang fault and Xiashuihe fault,between Xianshuihe fault andLongriba fault and in the north of Longriba fault,which are basically coincided with the regional tectonics division     

Topography of the Moho and Conrad discontinuities in the Kyushu district,Southwest Japan

The first P-arrival time data from local earthquakes are inverted for two-dimensional variation of the depths to the Conrad and Moho discontinuities in the Kyushu district, southwest Japan. At the same time, earthquake hypocenters and station corrections are determined from the data. The depths to the discontinuities are estimated by minimizing the travel time residuals of first P-arrival phases for 608 earthquakes observed at 57 seismic stations. In the land area of Kyushu, the Conrad and Moho discontinuities are located within the depth ranges of 16–18 and 34–40 km, respectively. The Conrad discontinuity is not as largely undulated as the Moho discontinuity. The depth to the Moho is deep along the east coast of Kyushu, and the deepest Moho is closely related to markedly low velocity of P wave. We regard the deepest Moho as reflecting the Kyushu–Palau ridge subducting beneath the Kyushu district, together with the Philippine Sea slab. In western Kyushu, the shallow Moho is spreading in the north–northeast–south–southwest direction in the Okinawa trough region. Based on the presence of low-velocity anomaly in three-dimensional velocity structure and seismogenic stress field of shallow crustal earthquakes, the shallow Moho is interpreted as being due to lower crustal erosion associated with a small-scale mantle upwelling in the Okinawa trough region. The velocity discontinuity undulation basically has insignificant effect on hypocenter determination of the local earthquakes, but the Moho topography makes changes in focal depths of some upper mantle earthquakes. The depth variation of the Moho discontinuity has a good correlation with the Bouguer gravity anomaly map; i.e., the shallow Moho of western Kyushu and the deep Moho of eastern Kyushu closely correlate with the positive and negative Bouguer gravity anomalies, respectively.     

香港地区海陆地震联测及深部地壳结构研究

为了探明南海北部海陆过渡带的深部地壳结构,我们在香港外海域进行了一次海陆地震联洲的实验,利用固定地震台网远距离接收海上气枪信号,接收距离远达200多km,并利用此次实验的测线1剖面模拟得到了海陆过渡带的深部地壳速度结构.速度结构模型表明:研究区海陆过渡带的地壳结构非均匀性较明显,由陆至海沉积层有一个突然增厚的特点;莫霍面深度约为26～29 km,上地壳P波速度约为5.5～6.4 km/s,下地壳P波速度为6.5～6.9 km/s.在担杆列岛往海方向有一个低速破碎带,其上地壳P波速度为5.2～6.1 km/s,下地壳P波速度为6.2～6.4 km/s,结合野外地质调查的结果,推测它可能为滨海断裂带.在担杆列岛往陆方向香港和深圳之间的研究区域,莫霍面有较大起伏,可能与此处发育的海丰断裂有关.     

S-wave crustal and upper mantle’s velocity structure in the eastern Tibetan Plateau — Deep environment of lower crustal flow

A teleseismic profile consisting of 26 stations was deployed along 30°N latitude in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. By use of the inversion of P-wave receiver function, the S-wave velocity structures at depth from surface to 80 km beneath the profile have been determined. The inversion results reveal that there is significant lateral variation of the crustal structure between the tectonic blocks on the profile. From Linzhi north of the eastern Himalayan Syntaxis, the crust is gradually thickened in NE direction; the crustal thickness reaches to the maximum value (∼72 km) at the Bangong-Nujiang suture, and then decreased to 65 km in the Qiangtang block, to 57–64 km in the Bayan Har block, and to 40–45 km in the Sichuan Basin. The eastern segment of the teleseismic profile (to the east of Batang) coincides geographically with the Zhubalong-Zizhong deep seismic sounding profile carried out in 2000, and the S-wave velocity structure determined from receiver functions is consistent with the P-wave velocity structure obtained by deep seismic sounding in respect of the depths of Moho and major crustal interfaces. In the Qiangtang and the Bayan Har blocks, the lower velocity layer is widespread in the lower crust (at depth of 30–60 km) along the profile, while there is a normal velocity distribution in lower crust in the Sichuan Basin. On an average, the crustal velocity ratio (Poisson ratio) in tectonic blocks on the profile is 1.73 (σ = 0.247) in the Lhasa block, 1.78 (σ = 0.269) in the Banggong-Nujiang suture, 1.80 (σ = 0.275) in the Qiangtang block, 1.86 (σ = 0.294) in the Bayan Har blocks, and 1.77 (σ = 0.265) in the Yangtze block, respectively. The Qiangtang and the Bayan Har blocks are characterized by lower S-wave velocity anomaly in lower crust, complicated Moho transition, and higher crustal Poisson ratio, indicating that there is a hot and weak medium in lower crust. These are considered as the deep environment of lower crustal flow in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Flowage of the ductile material in lower crust may be attributable to the variation of the gravitational potential energy in upper crust from higher on the plateau to lower off plateau. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants No. 40334041 and 40774037) and the International Cooperation Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant No. 2003DF000011)     

六盘山断裂带及其邻区地壳结构

新生代期间,中国大陆西部受印度一欧亚板块碰撞和青藏高原隆升影响,以地壳缩短、增厚、陆内造山和强烈地震活动等为主要特征.在青藏高原东北边缘,高原物质侧向移动被鄂尔多斯地块所阻,在六盘山地区发育了一系列左旋斜冲断裂.断裂带周缘构造变形强烈,地震活动频繁,是研究青藏高原横向扩展控制大陆内部弥散变形的理想场所.本文对穿越青藏高原东北缘一六盘山断裂带一鄂尔多斯地块的宽角反射与折射地震资料使用层析成像和射线反演算法进行成像,获得了研究区地壳速度结构模型,其结果反映出六盘山断裂带两侧地壳结构、构造特征差异显著:1)上地壳层析成像结果显示鄂尔多斯盆地一侧地壳上部速度较低,等值线呈近水平状,具有典型的沉积盆地特征,而青藏高原东北缘一侧上地壳速度相对较高,横向变化剧烈,呈褶皱状,二者的分界为海原一六盘山逆冲走滑断裂;2)全地壳射线反演结果显示鄂尔多斯地块地壳速度梯度大,下地壳底部速度高由铁镁质物质组成,具有典型稳定古老克拉通的特征,青藏高原东北缘地壳速度总体较低,主要由长英质及长英-铁镁质过渡物质组成,具有典型造山带的特征,而六盘山断裂带下方地壳速度结构复杂,层面呈拱形,部分层出现速度逆转,为两个构造单元的接触过渡带;3)青藏高原东北缘一侧地壳厚度~50 km,鄂尔多斯地块地壳厚度~42 km,六盘山断裂带下方莫霍面发生叠置,揭示出青藏高原东北缘、鄂尔多斯地壳在六盘山下汇聚,较薄且刚性的鄂尔多斯地壳挤入较厚且塑性的青藏高原东北缘地壳中的构造模式.     

太行山东缘汤阴地堑地壳结构和活动断裂探测

采用深、浅地震反射和钻孔地质剖面相结合的探测方法,对太行山东缘汤阴地堑的地壳结构和隐伏活动断裂进行了研究.结果表明,该区地壳厚度约36~42 km,莫霍面从华北平原区向太行山下倾伏.汤阴地堑是一个受汤东断裂控制的半地堑构造,其基底面形态与莫霍面展布呈"镜像"关系.汤东断裂是1条继承性的隐伏活动断裂,该断裂向上错断了埋深约20 m的中更新世晚期地层,向下延伸至上地壳底部.综合分析深地震反射和已有深地震宽角反射/折射剖面结果,发现深地震反射剖面上的中-下地壳强反射层和壳幔过渡带反射,与深地震宽角反射/折射剖面上出现的中-下地壳正负速度梯度变化层有着较好的对应关系,这表明本区中-下地壳和壳幔过渡带可能为一系列速度递变层或高低速物质的互变层,埋深约15~16 km的强反射带为上地壳与中-下地壳的转换带,壳幔过渡带的底界为地壳与地幔的分界.研究结果为深入理解该区的深部动力学过程、分析研究深浅构造关系、评价断裂的活动性提供了依据.     

Crustal wide-angle reflection imaging along Lianxian-Gangkou profile in Guangdong province,China

A 400 km-long wide-angle seismic experiment along Lianxian-Gangkou profile in South China was carried out to study contact relationship between southeast continental margin of Yangtze block and northwest continental margin of Cathaysia block. We reconstructed crustal wide-angle reflection structure by the depth-domain pre-stack migration and the crustal velocity model constructed from the traveltime fitting. The wide-angle reflection section shows different reflection (from crystalline basement and Moho) pa...     

Crustal structure of northeastern Tibetan plateau and Ordos block: Waveform interpretation of the Maqen-Jingbian seismic refraction profile

The Maqen-Jingbian wide-angle seismic reflection and refraction experiment was carried out in 1998, which aims at determining detailed structure in the crust and top of the upper mantle and understanding structural relation between the northeastern Tibetan plateau and the Ordos block. The 1-D crustal models inferred by waveform inversion show strong variations in crustal structure, which can be classified into four different types: ① an Ordos platform with the Proterozoic crust and two high-velocity layers in the northeast section, ② a transitional crust between the northeastern Tibetan plateau and the Ordos block across the Haiyuan earthquake zone, ③ the Qilian orogenic zone in the central part, and 4 the Qinling orogenic zone in the southwestern section. The Moho depth increases from ~42 km to ~62 km from the NE part to the SW part of the profile. The crystalline crust consists of the upper crust and lower crust in northeastern Tibetan plateau. There is an obviously low P-wave velocity layer dipping northeastward, which is 12–13 km thick, at the bottom of the upper crust in Qinling orogenic zone and Haiyuan earthquake zone. The lower crust is characterized by alternating high and low P-wave velocity layers. Beneath Ordos block, i.e., the NE part of the profile, the crust shows quite a smooth increase in P-wave velocity down to the Moho at a depth of about 42 km.     

Structure of the Lower Crust Revealed by One- and Two-dimensional Modeling of Wide-angle Reflections — West Bengal Basin, India

--The crustal structure in the West Bengal basin, India has been investigated by means of wide-angle reflection data recorded along (i) Bishnupur-Palashi-Kandi, 227-km long profile in the north-south direction and (ii) Taki-Arambagh, 120-km long profile in the east-west direction. The data were acquired using multichannel digital seismic instruments with close station spacing. The crustal model, initially derived by 1-D forward modeling of the wide-angle reflection data, has been iteratively refined by 2-D ray tracing and modeling of travel-time observations and the corresponding synthetic seismograms computation. The structural contour map of the Moho prepared from the present data set, indicates the crustal thickness of about 37 km in the western margin of the basin, thinning to about 28 km in the east with an upwarp in the Moho boundary. The upwarp in the Moho and the inferred structural features may be indicative of crustal rifting. The well-known gravity anomaly in the West Bengal basin, 'Calcutta gravity high,' appears to have resulted from the Moho upwarp in combination with the huge thickness of sediments deposited east of the steep flexure of the crystalline basement representing the 'Hinze zone.'