关于处处没有导数的连续函数求分数阶导数的例子

范德瓦尔登给出了一个著名的处处没有导数的连续函数的例子，本文求出了这个函数的分数阶导数。     

太阳光压模型中的偏导数

用矢量微分推导出光压摄动加速度对卫星位置矢量的偏导数公式，并用数值微分方法检验了公式的正确性。     

太阳光压模型中的偏导数

用矢量微分推导出光压摄动加速度对卫星位置矢量的偏导数公式，并用数值微分方法检验了公式的正确性。     

两等级网不使用导数的联合非线性最小二乘估计

针对不同等级测量控制网的联合平差，介绍一种不使用导数的解析方法，该方法一方面克服了传统平差中由于起算数据误差对低级网的精度影响，而使加密的精度逐次降低的缺点；另一方面，完全避免了导数的计算，大大减少了计算工作量。     

使用正交多项式核的密度导数估计

研究出一种正交多项式核函数，具有有限支撑而在全实轴连续。用它构造的密度导数估计保持连续性和较好的收敛速度，且多项式次数不随求导次数改变     

使用正交多项式核的密度导数估计

研究出一种正交多项式核函数，具有限支撑而在全实轴连续。用它构造的密度导数估计保持连续性和较好的收敛速度，且多项式次数不随求导次数改变。     

总强度磁异常各阶垂向导数换算新方法

磁异常垂直导数换算在磁性目标解释推断过程中具有重要意义。分析了总强度磁异常各阶垂向导数频率转换因子的滤波特性,指出常规傅立叶变换法在求解总强度磁异常各阶垂向导数时,观测数据中高频噪声会显著放大,甚至会淹没掉真实信息。从理论上证明了总强度磁异常沿垂直方向的积分和各阶导数均为调和函数,在此基础上,提出联合采用空间域和频率域运算求解其沿垂直方向的各阶导数。该方法的基本思路是：利用频率域转换关系,计算平面上总强度磁异常沿垂直方向的积分值;选择三点二阶中心差分或双三次样条曲线函数法计算总强度磁异常垂向积分值沿水平方向的二阶导数;最后将二阶水平导数代入拉普拉斯方程求解出总强度磁异常的垂向一阶导数;以总强度磁异常及其垂向一阶导数沿水平方向的二阶导数为基础,结合拉普拉斯方程,可进一步求解出总强度磁异常任意阶垂向导数。同时,为了研究提出方法的有效性,采用球体磁场模型进行验证,并首次推导了地磁场方向和磁化强度方向不一致时,球体总强度磁异常沿垂直方向的一阶和二阶导数表达式。经研究表明：提出的方法换算得到的垂向导数结果精度明显优于常规傅立叶变换法换算结果,且具有较强的抗噪能力,尤其是在计算高阶导数时效果更加明显。     

地球引力加速度及其偏导数的计算

本文详细推导了地球引力加速度及其偏导数的计算公式,给出了一组用来计算正规化球谐函数的递推关系。这组递推关系优于一般文献上所给出的用来计算非正规化球谐函数的递推关系,它避免了由于不同阶、级非正规化球谐函数数值相差过大而引起的计算精度的损失。在卫星精密轨道确定中已经证明这种算法是非常有效的。     

基于相位导数的GBSAR影像自适应滤波算法研究

GBSAR影像由于受到自身和周围环境的影响,在影像中易产生噪声,如不及时滤除噪声,将对后续的处理造成很大的影响,以往的滤波算法大部分是基于影像的幅度信息,没有将相位信息考虑在内,没达到真正滤波的效果。本文提出一种基于相位导数的算法对GBSAR影像进行滤波处理,并将结果与Lee函数滤波结果进行对比,结果表明基于相位导数的算法在GBSAR影像中具有良好的去噪效果,对GBSAR影像的后续处理提供了一种新的方法。     

GPS广播星历参数拟合的雅可比矩阵数值导数计算方法

利用国际地球动力学服务组织(IGS)精密星历的卫星坐标数据,根据最小二乘平差原理拟合出GPS广播星历的15个参数。在求解过程中采用数值导数方法计算参数的雅可比矩阵,通过计算验证了该算法在参数拟合中的正确性;对数值导数计算中增量的选取做了适当的分析,得出了一些有益的结论。     

计算Legendre函数导数的非奇异方法

引力场关于经度和纬度方向的梯度在两极附近会产生奇异性现象,这将会给诸如重力场和静态洋流探索(GOCE,Gravity field and stesdy-state Oceam Circulation Explorer)数据处理等引力场的研究工作带来诸多不便和困难。这里首先分析了该奇异性产生的原因,即目前采用的球坐标系自身在两极处是奇异的;然后利用Legendre函数的性质推导了一组不含任何奇异性的计算引力场梯度的计算公式;最后与常用的迭代方法进行了实例计算比较,结果表明所导出的公式不仅计算精度大大提高,而且计算用时也不会增加。     

高光谱数据与水稻指数及叶绿素密度的相关分析

分析了北京大屯科技站不稻叶面积指数（ＬＡ）、叶绿素密度（ＣＨ．Ｄ）与高光谱分辨率遥感数据在整个生育期内的变化过程。利用微分技术处理不稻群体反射光谱以减少土壤等低频背景光谱噪音的影响。通过单相关分析和逐步回归方法研究不稻ＬＡＩ、ＣＨ．Ｄ分别与光谱反射率、反射率的一阶微分光谱的相关关系,并建立预测回归方程。结果表明,微分技术能够改善数据与ＬＡＩ、ＣＨ．Ｄ的相关性,ＣＨ．Ｄ与光谱数据的相关明显优于同ＬＡ     

高光谱数据与水稻叶面积指数及叶绿素密度的相关分析

分析了北京大屯科技站水稻叶面积指数 (LAI)、叶绿素密度 (CH .D)与高光谱分辨率遥感数据在整个生育期内的变化过程。利用微分技术处理水稻群体反射光谱以减少土壤等低频背景光谱噪音的影响。通过单相关分析和逐步回归方法研究水稻LAI、CH .D分别与光谱反射率、反射率的一阶微分光谱的相关关系 ,并建立预测回归方程。结果表明 ,微分技术能够改善光谱数据与LAI、CH .D的相关性 ,CH .D与光谱数据的相关明显优于同LAI的。     

The Effect of DEM Raster Resolution on First Order, Second Order and Compound Terrain Derivatives

It is well known that the grid cell size of a raster digital elevation model has significant effects on derived terrain variables such as slope, aspect, plan and profile curvature or the wetness index. In this paper the quality of DEMs derived from the interpolation of photogrammetrically derived elevation points in Alberta, Canada, is tested. DEMs with grid cell sizes ranging from 100 to 5 m were interpolated from 100 m regularly spaced elevation points and numerous surface‐specific point elevations using the ANUDEM interpolation method. In order to identify the grid resolution that matches the information content of the source data, three approaches were applied: density analysis of point elevations, an analysis of cumulative frequency distributions using the Kolmogorov‐Smirnov test and the root mean square slope measure. Results reveal that the optimum grid cell size is between 5 and 20 m, depending on terrain com‐plexity and terrain derivative. Terrain variables based on 100 m regularly sampled elevation points are compared to an independent high‐resolution DEM used as a benchmark. Subsequent correlation analysis reveals that only elevation and local slope have a strong positive relationship while all other terrain derivatives are not represented realistically when derived from a coarse DEM. Calculations of root mean square errors and relative root mean square errors further quantify the quality of terrain derivatives.     

Development of the second-order derivatives of the Earth’s potential in the local north-oriented reference frame in orthogonal series of modified spherical harmonics

The second-order derivatives of the Earth’s potential in the local north-oriented reference frame are expanded in series of modified spherical harmonics. Linear relations are derived between the spectral coefficients of these series and the spectrum of the geopotential. On the basis of these relations, recurrence procedures are developed for evaluating the geopotential coefficients from the spectrum of each derivative and, inversely, for simulating the latter from a known geopotential model. Very simple structure of the derived expressions for the derivatives is convenient for estimating the geopotential coefficients by the least-squares procedure, at a certain step of processing satellite gradiometry data. Due to the orthogonality of the new series, the quadrature formula approach can be also applied, which allows avoidance of aliasing errors caused by the series truncation. The spectral coefficients of the derivatives are evaluated on the basis of the derived relations from the geopotential models EGM96 and EIGEN-CG01C at a mean orbital sphere of the GOCE satellite. Various characteristics of the spectra are studied corresponding to the EGM96 model. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Effect of Contour Intervals and Grid Cell Size on the Accuracy of DEMs and Slope Derivatives

Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) are indispensable tools in many environmental and natural resource applications. DEMs are frequently derived from contour lines. The accuracy of such DEMs depends on different factors. This research investigates the effect of sampling density used to derive contours, vertical interval between contours (spacing), grid cell size of the DEM (resolution), terrain complexity, and spatial filtering on the accuracy of the DEM and the slope derivative. The study indicated different alternatives to achieve an acceptable accuracy depending on the contour interval, the DEM resolution and the complexity of the terrain. The effect of these factors on the accuracy of the DEM and the slope derivative was quantified using models that determine the level of accuracy (RMSE). The implementation of the models will guide users to select the best combination to improve the results in areas with similar topography. For areas with variable terrain complexity, the suggestion is to generate DEMs and slope at a suitable resolution for each terrain separately and then to merge the results to produce one final layer for the whole area. This will provide accurate estimates of elevation and slope, and subsequently improve the analyses that rely on these digital derivatives.