Undiscovered porphyry copper resources in the Urals—A probabilistic mineral resource assessment

A probabilistic mineral resource assessment of metal resources in undiscovered porphyry copper deposits of the Ural Mountains in Russia and Kazakhstan was done using a quantitative form of mineral resource assessment. Permissive tracts were delineated on the basis of mapped and inferred subsurface distributions of igneous rocks assigned to tectonic zones that include magmatic arcs where the occurrence of porphyry copper deposits within 1 km of the Earth's surface are possible. These permissive tracts outline four north-south trending volcano-plutonic belts in major structural zones of the Urals. From west to east, these include permissive lithologies for porphyry copper deposits associated with Paleozoic subduction-related island-arc complexes preserved in the Tagil and Magnitogorsk arcs, Paleozoic island-arc fragments and associated tonalite-granodiorite intrusions in the East Uralian zone, and Carboniferous continental-margin arcs developed on the Kazakh craton in the Transuralian zone. The tracts range from about 50,000 to 130,000 km² in area. The Urals host 8 known porphyry copper deposits with total identified resources of about 6.4 million metric tons of copper, at least 20 additional porphyry copper prospect areas, and numerous copper-bearing skarns and copper occurrences.Probabilistic estimates predict a mean of 22 undiscovered porphyry copper deposits within the four permissive tracts delineated in the Urals. Combining estimates with established grade and tonnage models predicts a mean of 82 million metric tons of undiscovered copper. Application of an economic filter suggests that about half of that amount could be economically recoverable based on assumed depth distributions, availability of infrastructure, recovery rates, current metals prices, and investment environment.     

西藏冈底斯多金属成矿带斑岩铜矿定位预测与资源潜力评价

自1999年开展地质大调查以来,冈底斯成矿带斑岩铜矿研究取得了重大进展.本文在全面收集冈底斯成矿带地质、矿产和物化探资料基础上,建立了本区GIS平台上的资源预测评价系统.采用数理统计分析,确定了冈底斯成矿带斑岩铜矿定位预测的定量化标志35个,认为对斑岩铜矿预测影响比较重要的地质变量(因素权重>0.2)为花岗岩体(不限时代)、Cu、Mo、W、Au、Ag、Bi化探异常、Cu-Mo、Cu-Mo-Au、Cu-Au-Ag组合化探异常、矿床规模、重力场中低负异常场等.在此基础上,开展了工作区斑岩铜矿的定位预测,圈定了斑岩铜矿成矿远景区33处,计算结果与实际矿产分布和地质理论分析相吻合.采用面金属量法对冈底斯成矿带斑岩铜矿的资源潜力进行了估算,结果表明,冈底斯地区仍具有良好的斑岩铜矿找矿远景,1 000 m以浅的潜在铜资源量可达1亿吨以上.其中,驱龙-甲马-拉抗俄、松多雄、白容-冲江、松多握、吉如、达布、汤不拉、龙卡朗、崩不弄金矿、洞嘎、雄村、麦热-仁钦则、蒙哑啊东北、吹败子、岗达、沙让-亚贵拉、青龙-龙马拉、冲木达、洛麦南、拉屋找矿潜力较大.     

秘鲁Don Javier斑岩型铜钼矿床矿化蚀变特征及矿床三维勘查模型

Don Javier铜矿床位于秘鲁南部著名的古近纪铜钼矿床成矿带的北端,是该成矿带新发现的一个斑岩型铜钼矿床。初步探明其铜金属量为129.18万吨,平均品位0.43%;伴生钼金属量为5.23万吨,平均品位0.017%;伴生银金属量为800.56 t,平均品位2.64 g/t。文章重点分析该矿床成矿地质特征及成矿规律,明确矿床周边的找矿方向,以期增加资源量满足后续评价开发的需求。通过研究Don Javier矿床的成矿地质条件、矿化蚀变特征及其三维空间分布规律,认为其主要矿体发育于绢英岩化英安斑岩内。另外,通过建立矿床地质、蚀变三维模型,结合前人的地表物探、化探成果,认为矿体北东侧及南东方向具有很好的找矿前景。     

Geological and geochronological constraints on the genesis of the giant Tongkuangyu Cu deposit (Palaeoproterozoic), North China Craton

ABSTRACT

The Zhongtiao Mountain region is endowed with some of the largest Cu deposits in northern China, among which the Tongkuangyu Cu deposit contains 70% of the total reserves of copper. The orebodies in this deposit are confined to metamorphosed volcanic tuff and monzogranitic porphyry which are enclosed within metasediments. Metamorphism and deformation resulted in intense modification of the deposit, leading to debates surrounding its genesis. In this study, we investigate the lithology, hydrothermal alteration, and mineralization in the deposit. Secondary ion mass spectrometer and laser ablation ICPMS zircon U–Pb dating show that the meta-monzogranitic porphyry was emplaced contemporaneous with the surrounding lithologies at 2180–2190 Ma as a sill, and that the basic volcanic rocks erupted slightly earlier at ~2220 Ma. The Re–Os geochronological data on molybdenite from the deposit constrain the timing of copper mineralization to 2122 ± 12 Ma. Together with published information from previous studies on this region, we infer that during ~2100–2200 Ma the Zhongtiao Mountain region experienced continental or back-arc rifting. We exclude a porphyry copper model for the deposit and favour sediment-hosted stratiform explanation for this deposit.     

安徽庐枞地区铁-铜矿成矿规律与找矿

构建庐枞地区燕山期Fe、Cu、Au成矿系列,根据成矿构造背景和含矿岩浆岩特点,将其划分为3个成矿亚系列:以矽卡岩型Cu、Mo、Au矿为主的亚系列,以矽卡岩型Fe及Fe、Cu矿为主的亚系列和以玢岩铁矿为主的火山--次火山岩型铁矿亚系列。该区具较大找矿远景的靶区有:①沙溪铜(金)找矿靶区;②清水塘—岳山铁、锌找矿靶区;③井边—巴家滩铜矿找矿靶区。其中,井边—巴家滩地区成矿地质条件良好,深部存在斑岩型铜矿的可能性较大,具有寻找大型斑岩型铜矿的找矿远景,应对该区进行深入研究和普查评价工作,以实现庐枞盆地内部铜矿找矿的突破。经预测,应对泥河、罗河和龙桥等大型超亿吨铁矿外围进行勘探,以达到建立20～25亿吨大型钢铁基地的目标。     

斑岩铜矿研究中若干问题探讨

文章从全球角度对斑岩铜矿的若干问题进行了评述,对斑岩铜矿的源区及岩浆岩特征、Mash带的地质意义、埃达克岩与斑岩铜矿的关系、过渡岩浆的地质意义、中国斑岩铜矿概况及斑岩铜矿的一般模式等问题进行了探讨。     

Alteration Geochemistry of Volcanic Rocks around Sarcheshmeh Porphyry Copper Deposit,Rafsanjan, Kerman,Iran: Implications for Regional Exploration

To discriminate the mineral potentiality of the trachybasalt around the Miocene Sarcheshmeh porphyry copper deposit, petrogeochemical characteristics of more than 45 samples of the volcanic rocks were studied. Sarcheshmeh is one of the world's largest Miocene porphyry copper deposits in a continental arc setting and contains about 1200 million tonnes of ores with an average grade of 1.2 percent copper, 0.03 percent molybdenum, 3.9 g/t Ag and 0.11 g/t Au. The biotized and sericitized trachybasalts around the Sarcheshmeh deposit are associated with chalcopyrite, pyrite and molybdenite and and are enriched in Cu (>3108 ppm), K₂O (>4.2%), Rb (>155 ppm) and MgO (>2.9%), but depleted in yttrium (<11 ppm), MnO (<0.06%), CaO (<0.6%), Na₂O (<0.33%), Sr (<107 ppm), and Ba (<181 ppm). The propylitized trachybasalts are enriched in CaO (>9.1%), Na₂O (>3.2%), MnO (>0.24%), Y (>18.2 ppm), and Ba (>323 ppm). The results demonstrate that the diagrams of loss on ignition ? Cu, Cu ? Y, K₂O/K₂O + Na₂O + CaO ? Cu and Y ? MnO may be used as an exploration guide for undiscovered porphyry copper mineralization in the Central Iranian volcano—plutonic copper belt.     

Regional Exploration Targeting Model for Gangdese Porphyry Copper Deposits

An exploration targeting model for Gangdese porphyry copper deposit in Tibet, China, is constructed based on (i) the age of porphyry intrusions within Gangdese magmatic arc; (ii) the regional‐scale normal E–W, N–S and N–E striking faults; and (iii) comprehensive anomalously high concentrations of Cu‐Mo‐Au‐Ag‐Pb‐Zn. These targeting elements are derived from geological map and geochemical dataset, and are integrated by weights of evidence with the aid of geographic information system (GIS). The resulting prospectivity for porphyry copper deposits delineated by posterior probability demonstrates that the target areas extend along the Yaluzangbujiang River and contain the two large deposits, Qulong and Chongjiang, located in the eastern and central part of the Gangdese belt, respectively. These results indicate that the proposed exploration targeting model is a potential tool to map regional‐scale mineral prospectivity. The target areas with high values of favorability, especially where high concentrations of Cu‐Mo‐Au‐Ag‐Pb‐Zn are present, are the potential areas for finding undiscovered porphyry copper deposits.     

中非铜钴成矿带地质特征与找矿前景分析

[研究目的]横跨刚果(金)和赞比亚边境地区的中非铜钴成矿带是世界上著名的沉积岩层控型铜钴成矿带,是全球第三大铜产地和第一大钴产地,然而其成矿规律和成矿潜力仍不明朗.[研究方法]本文通过对中非铜钴成矿带地质背景、构造演化与成矿、矿床时空分布规律、矿床模型等方面的研究,选择地层、构造、地球化学、遥感蚀变等与成矿密切相关的地...     

中非铜钴成矿带地质特征及铜钴矿床资源量分析

中非铜钴成矿带是世界最大的沉积型铜钴成矿带、全球最大钴矿、第三大铜矿发现区。因铜钴价格持续走高和中资企业持续关注的迫切性,本文对中非铜钴成矿带地质特征、铜钴矿床资源分布规律、权益资源量情况进行分析研究。同时,系统收集研究区学术研究成果、商业数据库、企业年报等数据,分析认为Lufilian弧形构造带是中非铜钴成矿带构造背景,从北向南依次为弧外部褶皱推覆带、穹窿地区、复式向斜带、加丹加高原。地层分为孔德龙古、恩古巴、罗安三个群,地层年龄自<573±5 Ma至879±16 Ma。含矿层位主要是罗安群矿床组,下分R2.1、R2.2、R2.3三个含矿层。矿床类型主要为碳酸盐质巨型角砾岩型、含矿页岩型、含矿砂岩型、含矿基底型铜矿,构成6个铜钴矿集区,具有等间距分布特征,间距为±20 km。截至2021年,研究区探获铜资源量1.91亿t,钴资源量1404万t。以当量铜资源量排序,>100万t的矿床33个,>1000万t级别的矿床7个。共有14个国家55家矿业企业参与铜钴成矿带勘探及开发。我国权益铜钴资源量分别为6467万t、648万t。大于50万t权益铜资源量的企业有洛阳钼业、紫金...     

西藏玉龙斑岩铜矿带北段成矿规律分析

西藏玉龙铜矿是世界级超大型斑岩铜矿,玉龙斑岩铜(钼)矿带是我国铜资源量最为丰富的区带之一.玉龙斑岩铜(钼)矿带位于三江印支褶皱系中部的字嘎断裂以西的燕山隆起区.成矿带内玉龙矿床的西北部地区,从玉龙(矿床)到恒星措(矿点)、再到夏日多(矿点),具有良好的铜(钼)矿找矿前景,两个明显的化探高值异常区分布在玉龙铜矿床和成矿带北段恒星措地区,两异常相连的方向线为NNE向,与区域构造线的方向一致,在三叠系中也有部分显示,反映出玉龙矿区外围和成矿带上进一步开展金矿地质找矿工作的良好前景.     

The use of the weights-of-evidence modeling technique to predictive porphyry Cu potential mapping in Ahar–Arasbaran zone,Iran

The weights-of-evidence is a data-driven method that provides a simple approach to integration of diverse geo-data set information. In this study, we will use weights-of-evidence to build a model for predicting tracts in the Ahar–Arasbaran zone of Urumieh-Dokhtar orogenic belt (northwestern Iran) that are favorable for porphyry copper deposits. Weights of evidence are a data-driven method requiring known deposits and occurrences that are used as training points in the evaluated area. This zone hosts two major porphyry Cu deposits (The Sarcheshmeh deposit contains 450 million tonnes of sulfide ore with an average grade of 1.13 % Cu and 0.03 % Mo and Sungun deposit, which has 500 million tonnes of sulfide reserves grading 0.76 % Cu and 0.01 % Mo), and a number of subeconomic porphyry copper deposits are all associated with Mid- to Late Miocene diorite/granodiorite to quartz-monzonite stocks. Five evidential layers including geology, alteration, geochemistry, geophysics, and faulting are chosen for potential mapping. Weight factors were determined based on the applied method to generate last mineral prospectivity map. The studied area reduces to less than 11.78 %, while large zones are excluded for further studies. This result represents a significant area reduction and may help to better focus on mineral exploration targeting porphyry copper deposits in the Ahar–Arasbaran zone.     

西藏克鲁-冲木达矿集区资源潜力分析及找矿方向

克鲁-冲木达矿集区位于西藏南部扎囊-桑日之间,累计估算铜金属资源量达200多万t.文章从"景"、"场"、"相"、"床"金属成矿省等级体制出发,阐述了该矿集区在印-亚陆陆碰撞"陆内汇聚-地壳分层加厚-重力均衡调整"的高原隆升过程中的成矿地质背景,指出区内存在着与碰撞挤压流体迁移汇聚有关的层控铜矿床、碰撞后伸展环境中夕卡岩铜矿床、斑岩型铜矿床3种矿床类型.利用"成矿构造聚敛场"观点分析成矿资源潜力,并指明了找矿方向.     

西藏冈底斯巨型斑岩铜矿带勘查研究最新进展

冈底斯斑岩铜矿带是近年来中国在世界三大斑岩铜矿带之一的喜马拉雅—特提斯成矿域中铜矿找矿取得重大突破的斑岩成矿带。驱龙等大—超大型斑岩铜矿床的发现与评价,标志着一个超千万吨级的斑岩铜矿勘查开发基地已经初步形成。笔者在重点介绍近年来驱龙、朱诺、冲江、吉如等斑岩铜矿最新找矿成果的基础上,对该带控岩控矿构造、含矿斑岩及其源区特征、成矿规律、成矿系列、成矿时代等主要理论研究成果进行了归纳与总结,并对其勘查和研究工作中存在的不足以及今后的努力方向提出了建议。     

Discovered and undiscovered gold endowment of Turkey: a quantitative mineral resource assessment using GIS and rank statistical analysis

An assessment of the discovered and undiscovered gold endowment of Turkey, a prolific sector in the Tethyan Metallogenic Belt, is developed from a comprehensive Geographic Information System database containing 402 gold deposits and prospects. The majority of the gold deposits and prospects are epithermal, porphyry, volcanic-associated massive sulfides, orogenic gold, and skarn systems. These five major deposit types form more than 90% of the known gold deposits and prospects. Just 87, corresponding to 21.6%, of the deposits and prospects in the data set have current calculated gold reserve and/or resources, containing a total of 54.885 Moz Au. Current gold reserves of the country are 21.447 Moz constituting 39.1% of the total gold resources, of which 17.1 Moz gold are contained in four deposits. Out of these 87 deposits and prospects, only 27 contain significant gold reserve and/or resources (defined as equal to or more than 0.32 Moz or 10 tons Au), and contain 91.8% of the total gold endowment of the country. The cumulative frequency distribution model of the gold endowment of Turkey abides by log-normal distribution. Observed and estimated 10th, 50th (median), and 90th percentiles of the data are 0.0046 Moz [0.0045 Moz estimated], 0.1030 Moz [0.0875 Moz], and 1.4969 Moz [1.6938 Moz], respectively. The 99th percentile of the data is 7.6444 Moz [18.9636 Moz]. The arithmetic mean of the known gold endowment is 0.657 Moz and the Swanson mean size is 0.492 Moz. The arithmetic mean of the 27 significant gold deposit or prospects is 1.94 Moz. Zipf’s law estimates of the undiscovered (residual) gold resources of Turkey are based on the current size of the largest, rank 1, gold deposit of Turkey, which is the Kisladag porphyry deposit that has 17.481 Moz gold endowment (including past production). Zipf’s law estimates a total of 88.261 Moz natural or total gold endowment, 57.133 Moz or 65% of which has already been found. This predicts at least 31.128 Moz residual or undiscovered gold resources to be found in Turkey, though the lack of full delineation of the rank 1 deposit, Kisladag, means that this figure is very conservative.     

河南省卢氏县八宝山铜矿床地质特征及成因

河南省卢氏县八宝山岩体属晚侏罗世中酸性浅成小岩体。结合前人研究成果,通过研究该矿区地质特征和物化探成果,结合本次普查中对成矿理论的实地钻探工程验证,研究认为八宝山矿床类型为斑岩-矽卡岩型矿床,且矿床由内向外具有明显的高中低温分带性,矿床三种分带围绕岩体呈环状分布。成矿模式为以岩体中心相为中心至外侧边缘相,依次为斑岩型-矽卡岩型-热液型三条环带模式。研究区最新提交备案成果（普查）：铁矿石量2389.10万吨,硫铁矿石量334.00万吨,铜金属量108962,提交一中型铜矿床。通过研究该矿床成因及成矿模式,为研究区资源储量提升找到工作靶区,也为寻找相同类型矿床或者附近隐伏矿床提供借鉴依据。     

俯冲、碰撞、深断裂和埃达克岩与斑岩铜矿

无论是碰撞前的B型俯冲,还是碰撞后的A型俯冲,形成斑岩铜矿都必须要有洋壳或上地幔为主的物质参与.因此斑岩铜矿的初始锶值都小于0.708,超过0.708,则意味地壳物质的增多,将形成斑岩钼矿和斑岩钨锡矿.斑岩铜矿带常常与切穿地壳的深断裂带平行共生,并产于其上盘,在该地带往往发育壳幔混合以幔为主的深源花岗质浅成-超浅成小斑岩体.含铜斑岩和埃达克岩可能均为俯冲和交代产物,因而具有相似的特征,但到俯冲末期它们分道扬镳了.文章通过对冈底斯斑岩铜(钼、金和多金属)矿带的分析,来讨论俯冲、碰撞和深断裂带与斑岩铜矿的关系.同时也通过我国中央碰撞造山带仅发育斑岩钼矿,而缺乏斑岩铜矿,从而证明上地幔物质的加入对斑岩铜(金)矿的重要意义.     

Re-Os Dating of the Pulang Porphyry Copper Deposit in Zhongdian,NW Yunnan, and Its Geological Significance

The Pulang porphyry copper deposit is located in the Zhongdian island arc belt, NW Yunnan, in the central part of the Sanjiang area, SW China, belonging to the southern segment of the Yidun island arc belt on the western margin of the Yangtze Platform. In the Yidun island arc, there occur well-known "Gacun-style" massive sulfide deposits in the northern segment and plenty of porphyry copper deposits in the southern segment, of which the Pulang porphyry copper deposit is one of the representatives. Like the Yulong porphyry copper deposit, this porphyry copper deposit is also one of the most important porphyry copper deposits in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. But it is different from other porphyry copper deposits in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (e.g. those in the Gangdise porphyry copper belt and Yulong porphyry copper belt) in that it formed in the Indosinian period, while others in the Himalayan period. Because of its particularity among the porphyry copper deposits of China, this porphyry copp     

西藏铁格隆南-多不杂矿床对冲储矿机制——地球物理勘查的证据

铁格隆南和多不杂矿床是西藏多龙整装勘查区的2个主要矿床,目前控制铜资源量1400万吨。2个矿床空间距离仅6～7 km,它们之间的构造关系和深部资源潜力仍不明确。笔者在铁格隆南和多不杂矿区实施音频大地电磁测深,识别出多条逆冲推覆断层。通过恢复原始矿体的形态,进一步确认了被荣那沟断层错失的另一半矿体,预测铁格隆南矿床铜资源量可能达到2000万吨以上。在多不杂识别出被推覆构造错失的矿体,推测多不杂铜资源量400～500万吨。本次勘查地球物理工作构建了铁格隆南-多不杂对冲断层储矿格架,提出美日切错组安山岩和逆冲推覆断层对矿体的保存具有双重作用,建议优先对铁格隆南荣那沟断层下盘物探异常实施深钻验证。     

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床铜山矿体为manto型矿体?

manto型矿化是指"沿层交代"并受地层控制,构造控矿,品位高,富含硫化物矿石。甲玛铜多金属矿床位于西藏冈底斯成矿带东段,在公益性与商业性勘查结合下,取得重大找矿突破的世界级超大型斑岩-矽卡岩型铜多金属矿床。铜山(南坑)矿体是继揭露甲玛深部斑岩矿体之后的又一找矿重大突破。铜山矿体规模达到大型,铜金属量70多万吨,钼金属量2万吨,铅+锌金属量120多万吨,伴生金金属量20多吨,伴生银金属量2 000多吨。铜山矿体距离斑岩体中心1 km,受铜山滑覆构造控制,滑覆体内部次级褶皱、裂隙发育,为热液流体运移、沉淀提供了良好的空间;赋存于林布宗组角岩、林布宗组角岩和多底沟组大理岩层间及多底沟组大理岩中,呈透镜体、脉状、囊状、豆荚状;富含硫化物,主要为黄铜矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿、斑铜矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铁矿、辉钼矿等;品位较高,铜平均品位0.99%,铅+锌平均品位2.88%。通过野外地质调查,并与世界上其他manto型矿体对比,甲玛铜山矿体属于斑岩成矿系统远端的manto型富矿体。甲玛manto型矿体的发现和确定在西藏冈底斯成矿带上尚属首例,对该成矿带其他斑岩、矽卡岩矿床寻找外围manto型富矿体具有极其重要的指导意义,其经济意义也十分巨大,目前已经建成日处理4万吨的露天采场。