陆地可控震源发展综述

在地球物理勘探中,地震信号的激发源分为爆炸震源和非爆炸震源两种.其中爆炸震源自20世纪20年代一直沿用至今,而非爆炸震源已由最初的落重式震源发展到今天的可控震源,成为较完善的机电一体化设备.本文介绍了可控震源的发展,并且根据我国地震勘探发展对电火花震源、夯击震源、电磁驱动可控震源、液压式可控震源以及精密可控主动震源进行了分析,发现适用于浅层高分辨率地震勘探的电磁驱动高频可控震源一直没有大规模的应用于野外地球勘探,吉林大学国家地球物理探测仪器工程技术研究中心对此开展了研究工作,自行设计研制出PHVS-500/1000型国内第一台电磁驱动的轻便高频可控震源.根据地震勘探仪器技术发展现状,以及当前地球物理勘探技术进步与市场的发展需求,展望了小吨位、经济型的电磁可控震源的发展方向.     

电磁驱动可控震源系统及其在工程勘察中的应用

在浅层地质工程应用中,缺乏一种可控、无损、高分辨率的探测工具,一种新型震源——电磁驱动式轻便高频可控震源．填补了空白,通过简单调制扫描频率．可控震源具有探测深度大、分辨率高,工作稳定、抗干扰、效率高等一系列优点。实际应用表明,该技术对应用采空区、溶洞探测等浅层工程勘察是可行的．探测效果良好,这拓宽了可控震源的应用领域。     

高精度组合式轻便小型可控震源的研究

由于自动控制、信号叠加等技术的不断发展,使得可控震源不断完善,成为我国地震勘探的重要手段之一.高精度组合式轻便小型可控震源是地震勘探中用于浅层地震勘探的一种高精度的激振设备,其组合安装模式适合于特殊复杂的野外环境,可以实现流动野外地震观测,能够产生高重复性,高精度的叠加信号,弥补了炸药震源在地表条件差及城市环保区无法施工的缺陷,在中浅层勘探中取得了较好的效果.发展适用于中浅层地震勘测的高精度轻便小型可控震源应用于地震野外勘探,也适应了当前技术及市场的需求.本文从工作原理、系统构成和结构特点等角度对高精度组合式轻便小型可控震源进行了初步的研究,并针对野外的数据验证其可靠性和实用性.     

地震勘探中相控阵震源的方向特性研究

电磁驱动式可控震源在城市浅层地震勘探中所面临的最突出的困难是微弱的反射信号常常淹没在很强的背景噪声之中.为了提高地震记录的信噪比,可以利用多台可控震源阵列实施相位控制形成定向地震波束以增强地震波的能量.本文讨论这种相控阵震源的波束形成机制.引入了地震波场的边际能量密度的概念,利用地震波场的时间切片技术,对模型空间各个方向上的能量强度进行了定量分析.用有限差分法对相控阵震源Chirp信号扫描的地震响应进行了数值模拟.当定向地震波束的汇聚带与观测排列的空间范围相一致时,相控阵震源合成地震记录的能量强度要显著高于单个可控震源情形的能量强度,波形振幅的均匀性要明显优于常规组合激发震源情形波形振幅的均匀性.     

苏里格气田可控震源高精度地震采集技术

鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田气层单砂体厚度薄,非均质性强,地层反射波能量和频率衰减严重,地震资料品质不稳定,资料分辨率较低．近年来当地推进生态环保工作,对以往的炸药震源作业模式存有疑虑,制约了本区的地震勘探进程．针对这些难点,本文从基于AVO分析的观测系统设计、基于低频可控震源的“两宽一高”采集技术、基于提高资料信噪比的组合接收技术等方面进行研究．运用模型正演、反射系数能量变化相对陡度、实际资料定性与定量分析,设计了可控震源施工观测系统方案．利用驱动幅度-频率曲线设计了低频信号,针对地震采集压制谐波干扰的方法进行了分析及试验．通过检波器组合试验分析,在信噪比相对低的地区采用检波器组合接收方式,能够提高地震资料的信噪比．采用可控震源高精度地震采集技术,获得了高密度、宽方位、高品质的地震资料．     

可控震源匹配扫描方法研究

常规的可控震源Chirp扫描信号的地震响应存在着相关信号旁瓣大、分辨率低的缺点;用二元伪随机编码信号作为可控震源的驱动信号,地震响应剖面中存在严重的相关噪声,降低了地震记录的信噪比.本文提出的可控震源匹配扫描方法,利用匹配伪随机序列偶调制正弦载波信号作为可控震源驱动信号进行扫描激发,得到两个匹配的原始地震记录,对两个匹配的原始地震记录分别解码后再进行叠加形成最终的综合解码地震剖面.地震数值模拟的结果表明,该方法基本不存在常规Chirp扫描情形的旁瓣效应,可有效避免m-序列编码扫描情形的相关噪声,其最后形成的综合解码地震剖面可以与脉冲震源的炮集记录相媲美.     

物探方法在寻找地下水中的应用

本文介绍了综合地球物理勘探方法寻找地下水的地质效果,根据可控源大地电磁、浅层地震两种物探资料综合分析结果,对安徽地热资源勘查区的地质特征进行判断,从而布置钻孔有利靶区。后期的钻探效果满足钻探目的。     

城市活断层探测的高分辨率浅层地震数据采集技术

在简要介绍城市浅层地震勘探干扰波特点的基础上 ,结合福州市活断层探测的浅层地震试验探测资料 ,阐述了抗干扰高分辨率浅层地震勘探的技术装备、地震数据采集的技术方法以及在强干扰背景条件下围绕抗干扰和提高地震资料信噪比与分辨率而采取的技术措施。试验结果表明 :采用可控震源和与其相匹配的地震仪器以及小道间距、小偏移距、多通道和高频检波器接收的工作方法 ,是实现抗干扰高分辨率浅层地震数据采集的有效途径     

基于三元伪随机编码的冲击夯可控震源控制系统设计

冲击夯可控震源具有移动方便、质量轻、输出力大等优点,在城市工程勘察以及中浅层地震勘探等领域具有一定的应用前景.其激励信号主要基于二元伪随机编码技术,由于旁瓣效应导致相关干扰严重、地震记录信噪比低等问题,制约了冲击夯震源的推广应用.本文针对传统控制方法的不足,开展了基于三元伪随机的冲击夯可控震源编码技术和编码匹配控制方法研究,并在此基础上设计和实现了相应的控制系统.野外实验结果表明:相比于二元伪随机编码控制方法,三元伪随机编码控制方法得到的地震子波的主旁瓣比提高了4.04 dB;震源信号穿透力强,在测线远端处能量约为30磅锤击震源的100倍,约为二元伪随机方法的4倍;单炮地震记录中干扰抑制能力强,信噪比显著提升,子波频带宽,提高了分辨率,在一定程度上提高了地震勘探效果.     

基于频谱特征的可控震源非线性扫描信号设计

可控震源相较于炸药震源具有安全性、经济性、频率和能量可控等优点.针对可控震源线性扫描不能对高频衰减进行有效补偿问题,本文提出了一种非连续独立分频扫描技术,根据单炮记录目的层频谱响应特征,优选扫描信号整体频率范围及不同非连续独立频段成分,根据地质任务要求定量确定不同非连续独立频段最佳扫描时长,达到补偿地层衰减吸收,拓宽目的层频带,提高地震勘探分辨率目的,同时此方法又弥补了传统非线性扫描方式的不足,具有地质目标导向、针对性强、成效高等特点,并且通过实例论证了此技术的有效性,同时也为野外可控震源高分辨率地震采集信号设计提供理论指导.     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.