伪随机编码震源信号的地震响应

常规的可控震源Chirp扫描信号的地震响应存在着相关信号旁瓣大、分辨率低的缺点.本文利用数值模拟技术研究可控震源伪随机编码信号地震响应的规律和特点.伪随机编码信号的地震响应剖面的旁瓣电平与常规的Chirp扫描信号情形相比有明显地降低,但是伪随机编码信号地震响应剖面的相关噪声仍然没有得到有效地压制.利用伪随机编码信号的周期性特点把一个长地震记录以信号周期为间隔进行分时叠加可以提高地震记录的信噪比和地震数据的利用率.     

脉冲编码震源的匹配冲击技术

常规Vibroseis可控震源Chirp扫描的地震响应存在明显的旁瓣效应,二元m-序列伪随机扫描的解码地震剖面中存在严重的相关噪声,而基于伪随机编码的匹配扫描方法可有效压制解码地震剖面中的相关噪声,提高了地震记录的信噪比.为了将匹配伪随机编码方法应用到冲击式震源中,提出了基于脉冲编码震源的匹配冲击技术.以匹配扫描方法为理论基础给出了匹配冲击信号的编码与解码过程,以有限元差分法对匹配冲击技术和常规线性扫描冲击技术进行了地震数值模拟.结果表明,匹配冲击的综合解码地震剖面中,不存在线性扫描冲击解码地震剖面中能量较强的相关噪声干扰,剖面具有很高的信噪比和分辨率.地震波激发采集对比实验验证了匹配冲击技术在压制相关噪声及远偏移距地震道随机噪声方面相比线性扫描冲击技术所具有的优势.     

地震勘探中相控阵震源的方向特性研究

电磁驱动式可控震源在城市浅层地震勘探中所面临的最突出的困难是微弱的反射信号常常淹没在很强的背景噪声之中.为了提高地震记录的信噪比，可以利用多台可控震源阵列实施相位控制形成定向地震波束以增强地震波的能量.本文讨论这种相控阵震源的波束形成机制.引入了地震波场的边际能量密度的概念，利用地震波场的时间切片技术，对模型空间各个方向上的能量强度进行了定量分析.用有限差分法对相控阵震源Chirp信号扫描的地震响应进行了数值模拟.当定向地震波束的汇聚带与观测排列的空间范围相一致时，相控阵震源合成地震记录的能量强度要显著高于单个可控震源情形的能量强度，波形振幅的均匀性要明显优于常规组合激发震源情形波形振幅的均匀性.     

脉冲编码可控震源信号设计

通过脉冲编码技术使震源向地下激发出可人为控制的变步长的脉冲序列,采用解码技术将这种连续多次小能量激发情形的原始地震记录转换为等价的单次大能量激发的地震记录.文中通过数值模拟技术对脉冲编码震源信号地震响应的规律和特点进行了研究.模拟结果表明,脉冲编码信号冲击间隔的增量是压制相关噪声的关键因素,调整冲击间隔的增量对相关噪声的影响要比增加冲击次数对相关噪声的影响灵敏得多,而重复的冲击间隔对压制相关噪声不起任何作用.     

基于三元伪随机编码的冲击夯可控震源控制系统设计

冲击夯可控震源具有移动方便、质量轻、输出力大等优点,在城市工程勘察以及中浅层地震勘探等领域具有一定的应用前景.其激励信号主要基于二元伪随机编码技术,由于旁瓣效应导致相关干扰严重、地震记录信噪比低等问题,制约了冲击夯震源的推广应用.本文针对传统控制方法的不足,开展了基于三元伪随机的冲击夯可控震源编码技术和编码匹配控制方法研究,并在此基础上设计和实现了相应的控制系统.野外实验结果表明:相比于二元伪随机编码控制方法,三元伪随机编码控制方法得到的地震子波的主旁瓣比提高了4.04 dB;震源信号穿透力强,在测线远端处能量约为30磅锤击震源的100倍,约为二元伪随机方法的4倍;单炮地震记录中干扰抑制能力强,信噪比显著提升,子波频带宽,提高了分辨率,在一定程度上提高了地震勘探效果.     

可控震源非线性扫描地震响应的数值模拟

讨论了几种非线性扫描信号自相关函数的旁瓣特性.对可控震源非线性扫描的地震响应进行了数值模拟.当震源扫描持续时间是检波器接收时间的一半时，相关运算把反射扫描信号压缩成脉冲信号的效果是显著的.有限度地增加震源扫描持续时间以及与之相适应的接收时间可以使反射扫描信号得到进一步的压缩，但在固定扫描与接收时间的条件下，增加采样点个数对反射扫描信号的压缩并不起作用.采用具有低频相关子波特性的非线性扫描震源信号，将有利于相关噪声的消除.模拟结果还证实了二次扫描在某些特定条件下会出现鞍点效应这样一个事实.     

北京断陷黄庄—高丽营断层伪随机可控震源地震剖面

位于北京断陷西北边界的黄庄—高丽营断层是区域新构造运动中的一条重要的隐伏断层,本研究利用伪随机可控震源及其高精度反射地震方法,调查了该断层在北京奥林匹克公园段的特征.研究工作首先从理论上分析了可控震源解码原理和抗噪声能力,然后利用三分量波动方程正演指导了黄庄—高丽营断层的野外地震观测,在城市强噪声环境下采集了高精度的地震数据,经过数据处理在该地区第一次得到地震偏移深度剖面.获得的地震偏移深度剖面清晰地显示了黄庄—高丽营断层的位置,地质解释结果为进一步明确剖面上断层两侧新生代地层的厚度提供了依据.     

浅层地震探测的可控震源信号设计

在工程与环境物探中,浅层地震探测是一种常用的高分辨率物探方法,但是这种方法使用的炸药震源和枪击震源破坏力大,对人和建筑物都有危害,因而被禁止在人口稠密的地区使用．因此,无公害的电磁驱动可控震源技术得到了发展和应用．利用扫描信号压缩技术,小能量弹性波Chirp信号可持续向地下发送,不损害地面和建筑物,对人群也没有影响,是一种较理想的城市浅层地震震源．本文介绍了电磁驱动可控震源的信号设计方法,并简要介绍了具有波束定向能力的相控震源的设计思想．     

基于频谱特征的可控震源非线性扫描信号设计

可控震源相较于炸药震源具有安全性、经济性、频率和能量可控等优点.针对可控震源线性扫描不能对高频衰减进行有效补偿问题,本文提出了一种非连续独立分频扫描技术,根据单炮记录目的层频谱响应特征,优选扫描信号整体频率范围及不同非连续独立频段成分,根据地质任务要求定量确定不同非连续独立频段最佳扫描时长,达到补偿地层衰减吸收,拓宽目的层频带,提高地震勘探分辨率目的,同时此方法又弥补了传统非线性扫描方式的不足,具有地质目标导向、针对性强、成效高等特点,并且通过实例论证了此技术的有效性,同时也为野外可控震源高分辨率地震采集信号设计提供理论指导.     

力信号反褶积方法在可控震源单炮资料提取中的应用

随着油气勘探难度的加大,对资料保真度方面提出了更高的要求.针对可控震源资料提高保真度的问题,实现了可控震源力信号反褶积方法提取可控震源单炮记录.根据理论褶积模型,对比了可控震源参考信号互相关方法和力信号反褶积方法的优劣.得到以下结论:力信号反褶积资料子波能量更集中,无谐波干扰,子波相位更接近地下反射系数序列,是保真度更高的资料.在实际资料的对比中,力信号反褶积相比常规参考信号互相关数据,初至清晰,相位准确,波形保真度及剖面深层能量反射清晰度方面都有提升.该方法克服了参考信号互相关的固有缺陷,对于提高可控震源资料品质,特别是提高资料保真度起到了积极的作用,有较好的规模化应用前景.     

Seismic interferometry experiment in a shallow cased borehole using a seismic vibrator source‡

We present the results of a seismic interferometry experiment in a shallow cased borehole. The experiment is an initial study for subsequent borehole seismic surveys in an instrumented well site, where we plan to test other surface/borehole seismic techniques. The purpose of this application is to improve the knowledge of the reflectivity sequence and to verify the potential of the seismic interferometry approach to retrieve high‐frequency signals in the single well geometry, overcoming the loss and attenuation effects introduced by the overburden. We used a walkaway vertical seismic profile (VSP) geometry with a seismic vibrator to generate polarized vertical and horizontal components along a surface seismic line and an array of 3C geophones cemented outside the casing. The recorded traces are processed to obtain virtual sources in the borehole and to simulate single‐well gathers with a variable source‐receiver offset in the vertical array. We compare the results obtained by processing the field data with synthetic signals calculated by numerical simulation and analyse the signal bandwidth and amplitude versus offset to evaluate near‐field effects in the virtual signals. The application provides direct and reflected signals with improved bandwidth after vibrator signal deconvolution. Clear reflections are detected in the virtual seismic sections in agreement with the geology and other surface and borehole seismic data recorded with conventional seismic exploration techniques.     

SIMULTANEOUS VIBROSEIS RECORDING1

An experiment was undertaken at BP's Fulbeck Geophysical test site to compare the viability of various simultaneous vibroseis recording techniques, which are often recommended as a means of improving data acquisition production rates for 3D seismic surveys. Of particular interest were: (a) the ability to separate the signals from each source during processing, (b) the generation and suppression of harmonics and (c) the effects of any source interaction. Two vibrators were deployed with a baseplate separation of 10 m, about a borehole containing a vertical array of geophones. Our analysis concentrated on the groundforce signals measured at each vibrator and the far-field signatures measured using a vertical geo-phone at a depth of 204 m. By comparing single vibrator records with similar but separated records from a simultaneous recording sequence, signal separability, harmonic suppression and vibrator interaction could be fully studied. Separated far-field signatures from simultaneous vibroseis methods using combinations of up and downsweeps exhibited unsuppressed harmonics and substantial energy from the undesired source which leaked through the correlation process. The ‘up/down’ method was capable of separating the signal from each source by only 12.7 dB, and is therefore unsuitable as a field technique. The variphase simultaneous vibroseis methods studied afforded some harmonic suppression and gave signal separations of about 30.0 dB. Use of variphase simultaneous vibroseis methods will compromise the quality of the data recorded, when compared with single-source acquisition methods. None of the simultaneous vibroseis methods tested provided adequate signal separation and, therefore, cannot be recommended as data acquisition techniques. The ‘alternate sweeping’ method coupled with multispread recording will give the desired improvement in data acquisition rates, while preserving the necessary quality of our seismic data.     

Harmonic by harmonic removal technique for improving vibroseis data quality

In this paper, an improved method is presented to reduce vibrator harmonic distortion, one harmonic at a time and the method is illustrated with both simulated and field data. This method improves on the previous method that treated all the harmonics at once. The significant contribution in this procedure is a considerable reduction for the harmonics without any alteration for the weakest signals possibly present in positive and negative times. The core of the proposed technique depends on an accurate simulation for all the harmonics one by one existing in the positive and negative times of the data after cross‐correlation with the fundamental sweep and then subtracting the simulated harmonics from the original data using an optimization procedure. The steps and mathematical equations of the procedure are explained in detail in the body of the article in the section titled ‘harmonic by harmonic attenuation procedure’. Accordingly, a well‐developed procedure for enhancing the vibroseis data quality in both down‐ and up‐sweep data is illustrated. The procedure was tested on both synthetic and field data sets.     

地震记录的广义分维及其应用

根据分形理论,对不同信噪比地震记录的分维特征进行了分析,指出地震记录中噪声背景与信号部分具有不同的分维尺度,地震道时间序列的分维数值与计算时所用的测量尺度有关,因此,可利用广义分维的概念计算地震记录的分数维.地震记录广义分维大大提高了分形算法在计算机自动识别地震波震相时的抗噪声能力.最后用本文方法对实际地震记录进行了有效的初至波自动拾取.     

Break through the limits of vibroseis data quality

The vibroseis method has become the principal data acquisition method in land seismic exploration. It seems that this method has been extended to its limits as the search for energy resources continues. Many practical issues arising from field operations have remained theoretically unexplained, for example, variations in wavelet arrival time, inaccurate wavelet estimation and harmonics in the wavelet itself. The focus of this paper is the proposal of a new model, which is referred to as the vibrator‐coupled ground model, to simulate the filtering effects of a complex coupling system consisting of the coupling between the baseplate and the ground as well as the coupling between the captured ground mass near the vibrator baseplate and the surrounding earth. With this vibrator‐coupled ground model many of the practical issues mentioned above were reasonably addressed. Furthermore, it was demonstrated from experimental tests that both the pilot sweep and the weighted‐sum groundforce, when filtered by the vibrator‐coupled ground model, are proportional to the far‐field particle velocity whereas the unfiltered signals are not. The harmonics on the filtered weighted‐sum groundforce successfully maintain a proportional relationship with the harmonics seen in the far‐field signal.     

检测地震勘探微弱同相轴的混沌振子算法

针对地震勘探资料湮没在随机噪声中的微弱同相轴问题提出基于混沌理论的混沌振子检测算法. 利用修正的Duffing_Holmes方程建立检测微弱同相轴的混沌振子系统,之后经过对同相轴的扫描处理,构成新子波等时间间隔序列W(t),与此同时对随机噪声也进行相同的截断. 截断的随机噪声在混沌振子系统中可以具有与周期信号相同的表现;经过大量仿真实验确定出满足通常地震勘探子波延续时间的使混沌振子检测子波不呈现周期相态的随机噪声截断时间范围. 选用与松辽盆地T1、T2反射层类似的子波函数并构成待检微弱周期信号,经过MATLAB仿真试验成功地检测出该弱信号,信噪比达到约-103dB.